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Multiorgan and Renal Tropism of SARS-CoV-2
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Multiorgan and Renal Tropism of SARS-CoV-2 In this autopsy series, the authors found that SARS-CoV-2 has an organotropism beyond the respiratory tract, including the kidneys, heart, liver, and brai...
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“The finding of coronavirus RNA in brain tissue of deceased patients raised the possibility of a direct brain injury mechanism [153].”
From Cognitive decline following acute viral infections: literature review and projections for post-COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [153]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“a study detected SARS-CoV-2 in 8 of 21 postmortem brain tissues, based on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction [25].”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“In addition, human CSF samples have failed thus far to reveal CoV-2 RNA (73, 77), and autopsies from human patients have found that the brain contains the lowest levels of CoV-2 across organs sampled (78).”
From Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
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Citations
Cites
SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients
Zou, L., Ruan, F., Huang, M.-X., Liang, L.-J., Huang, H., Hong, Z.-S., Yu, J.-X., Kang, M., Song, Y.-C., Xia, J., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2001737 · Cited by 4,590
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Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China
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Renal Involvement and Early Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia
Pei, G., Zhang, Z., Peng, J., Liu, L., Zhang, C., Yu, C., Ma, Z., Huang, Y., Liu, W., Yao, Y., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2020030276 · Cited by 777
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Pathogenesis of Olfactory Disorders in COVID-19
Ziuzia-Januszewska, L., & Januszewski, M. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12040449 · Cited by 29
“Some studies reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 particles in post-mortem brain examination [67,68] and SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by RT-PCR in cerebrospinal fluid samples [60], supporting the direct brain injury hypothesis, although the brain seems to contain either the least volume of viral particles of all of the…”
BackgroundSerum extracellular vesicles profiling is associated with COVID‐19 progression and immune responses
Yim, K. H. W., Borgoni, S., & Chahwan, R. (2022) · Journal of Extracellular Biology · doi:10.1002/jex2.37 · Cited by 28
Predicted coronavirus Nsp5 protease cleavage sites in the human proteome
Scott, B. M., Lacasse, V., Blom, D. G., Tonner, P. D., & Blom, N. (2022) · BMC Genomic Data · doi:10.1186/s12863-022-01044-y · Cited by 27
The Role of Cellular Immunity in the Protective Efficacy of the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines
Sun, Z., Wu, T., Xie, H., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Su, X., & Qi, H. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10071103 · Cited by 29
“Another detection of 14 negative throat swabs of asymptomatic patient’s intestinal tissue also found SARS-CoV-2 [106,107].”
BackgroundKhanna, N. N., Maindarkar, M. A., Puvvula, A., Paul, S., Bhagawati, M., Ahluwalia, P., Ruzsa, Z., Sharma, A., Munjral, S., Kolluri, R., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd9080268 · Cited by 28
Valyaeva, A. A., Zharikova, A. A., & Sheval, E. V. (2022) · Cell Biology International · doi:10.1002/cbin.11928 · Cited by 30
COVID-19: A Review on Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prophylaxis
Fierabracci, A., Arena, A., & Rossi, P. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21145145 · Cited by 27
“The highest levels of SARS-CoV2 RNA copies/cell were detected in human autoptic samples from the respiratory tract; lower levels were assayed in kidney, liver, heart, brain, and blood cells, suggesting a broad organotropism [11].”
BackgroundRenal Involvement in COVID-19: A Review of the Literature
Migliaccio, M. G., Mauro, M. D., Ricciolino, R., Spiniello, G., Carfora, V., Verde, N., Mottola, F. F., & Coppola, N. (2021) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s288869 · Cited by 28
Zaeck, L. M., Scheibner, D., Sehl‐Ewert, J., Müller, M., Hoffmann, D., Beer, M., Abdelwhab, E. M., Mettenleiter, T. C., Breithaupt, A., & Finke, S. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13030529 · Cited by 27
Nopsopon, T., Kittrakulrat, J., Takkavatakarn, K., Eiamsitrakoon, T., Kanjanabuch, T., & Pongpirul, K. (2021) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009156 · Cited by 27
COVID-19 in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: a Review of the Current Literature
Heldman, M. R., & Kates, O. S. (2021) · Current treatment options in infectious diseases/Current treatment options in infectious disease · doi:10.1007/s40506-021-00249-6 · Cited by 26
Rapid generation of mouse model for emerging infectious disease with the case of severe COVID-19
Sun, C., Jan, J., Wang, I.-H., Ma, H., Ko, H., Wu, P., Kuo, T.-J., Liao, H.-N., Lan, Y.-H., Sie, Z., et al. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009758 · Cited by 28
“To transduce the aforementioned extrapulmonary organs with receptor expression and clinical manifestation in COVID-19 patients [31,34,35], we decided to use both AAV serotype 6 (AAV6) and serotype 9 (AAV9) for the delivery of hACE2.”
MethodPommerenke, C., Rand, U., Uphoff, C. C., Nagel, S., Zaborski, M., Hauer, V., Kaufmann, M., Meyer, C., Denkmann, S. A., Riese, P., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255622 · Cited by 26
Coagulopathy and Fibrinolytic Pathophysiology in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination
Yamada, S., & Asakura, H. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23063338 · Cited by 33
“These thrombi contain both fibrin and platelet components [86], and an autopsy report of the site of SARS-CoV-2 revealed an overwhelming amount of SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs [11].”
BackgroundCOVID-19-Related Brain Injury: The Potential Role of Ferroptosis
Zhang, R., Sun, C., Chen, X., Han, Y., Zang, W., Jiang, C., Wang, J., & Wang, J. (2022) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s353467 · Cited by 27
Drug repurposing for the treatment of COVID-19
Kato, Y., Nishiyama, K., Nishimura, A., Noda, T., Okabe, K., Kusakabe, T., Kanda, Y., & Nishida, M. (2022) · Journal of Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2022.04.007 · Cited by 35
Hallmarks of Severe COVID-19 Pathogenesis: A Pas de Deux Between Viral and Host Factors
Rovito, R., Augello, M., Ben-Haim, A., Bono, V., Monforte, A. D., & Marchetti, G. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.912336 · Cited by 27
Bowler, S. A., Παπουτσόγλου, Γ., Karanikas, A., Tsamardinos, I., Corley, M. J., & Ndhlovu, L. C. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22201-4 · Cited by 27
Control of SARS-CoV-2 infection by MT1-MMP-mediated shedding of ACE2
Guo, X., Cao, J., Cai, J.-P., Wu, J., Huang, J., Asthana, P., Wong, S. K. K., Ye, Z.-W., Gurung, S., Zhang, Y., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35590-x · Cited by 25
Overview of the potential use of fluvoxamine for COVID-19 and long COVID
Hashimoto, K. (2023) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-023-00036-3 · Cited by 25
“Several studies using autopsies from patients who died from COVID-19 showed that SARS-CoV-2 was detectable in multiple respiratory and non-respiratory tissues, including the brain [75, 76, 82, 83].”
BackgroundViruses and amyloids - a vicious liaison
Hammarström, P., & Nyström, S. (2023) · Prion · doi:10.1080/19336896.2023.2194212 · Cited by 29
“tion in several other tissue types: renal, myocardial, neurological, pharyngal and gastrointestinal [9].”
BackgroundNieuwland, J. M., Nutma, E., Philippens, I. H. C. H. M., Böszörményi, K. P., Remarque, E. J., Bakker, J., Meijer, L., Woerdman, N., Fagrouch, Z. C., Verstrepen, B. E., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02857-z · Cited by 31
“Discussion In humans, although SARS-CoV-2 initially infects cells of the respiratory tract, multiple organs may be affected such as kidney, liver, heart and brain [45].”
BackgroundAsialoglycoprotein receptor 1 promotes SARS-CoV-2 infection of human normal hepatocytes
Yang, X., Zheng, X., Zhu, Y., Zhao, X., Liu, J., Xun, J., Yuan, S., Chen, J., Pan, H., Yang, J., et al. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01754-y · Cited by 27
Contribution of CNS and extra-CNS infections to neurodegeneration: a narrative review
Kettunen, P., Koıstınaho, J., & Rõlova, T. (2024) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-024-03139-y · Cited by 30
Frydman, G. H., Streiff, M. B., Connors, J. M., & Piazza, G. (2020) · TH Open · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1718415 · Cited by 27
Paschold, L., Simnica, D., Willscher, E., Vehreschild, M. J. G. T., Dutzmann, J., Sedding, D., Schultheiß, C., & Binder, M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci142966 · Cited by 26
Case Report: Myopathy in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Consequence of Hyperinflammation?
Versace, V., Sebastianelli, L., Ferrazzoli, D., Saltuari, L. L., Köfler, M., Löscher, W. N., & Uncini, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.625144 · Cited by 26
“However, SARS-CoV-2 particles, despite its broad organotropism beyond the respiratory tract, have not been demonstrated in muscle samples so far (3).”
BackgroundNioi, M., Napoli, P. E., Finco, G., Demontis, R., Fossarello, M., & d’Aloja, E. (2021) · Signa Vitae · doi:10.22514/sv.2021.098 · Cited by 26
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Key Emphasis on Melatonin Safety and Therapeutic Efficacy
Ramos, E., Lopez-Munoz, F. J., Gil‐Martín, E., Egea, J., Álvarez‐Merz, I., Painuli, S., Semwal, P., Martins, N. A., Hernández-Guijo, J. M., & Romero, A. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10071152 · Cited by 25
Neuro-COVID-19: an insidious virus in action
Bratosiewicz‐Wąsik, J. (2021) · Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska · doi:10.5603/pjnns.a2021.0072 · Cited by 27
Species-Specific Molecular Barriers to SARS-CoV-2 Replication in Bat Cells
Aicher, S., Streicher, F., Chazal, M., Planas, D., Luo, D., Buchrieser, J., Němcová, M., Seidlova, V., Zukal, J., Cobo, J. S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00608-22 · Cited by 26
“These organs are site of viral replication in infected patients [37] and may thus be 368 physiologically relevant for bat infection as well.”
BackgroundMethodLots of long COVID treatment leads, but few are proven
Shaffer, L. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2213524119 · Cited by 26
Urinary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and metabolomics in COVID-19-mediated kidney injury
Vergara, A., Wang, K., Colombo, D., Gheblawi, M., Rasmuson, J., Mandal, R., Nonno, F. D., Chiu, B., Scholey, J. W., Soler, M. J., et al. (2022) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfac215 · Cited by 27
“However, the high prevalence of AKI [18] and the renal tropismof SARS-CoV-2 [19, 20] suggest that there are specific mechanisms for COVID-19-related AKI that need to be unravelled.”
Cai, H., Chen, Y., Feng, Y., Asadi, M., Kaufman, L., Lee, K., Kehrer, T., Miorin, L., García‐Sastre, A., Gusella, G. L., et al. (2022) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.12.008 · Cited by 28
“However, recent reports about the detection of viral mRNA and proteins in kidney biopsies of COVID-19 patients 33,34 and infection of human kidney or-ganoids by SARS-CoV-2 viruses in vitro 6 suggest that kidney cells could be infected directly by the virus.”
SARS‐CoV‐2 infection of kidney tissues from severe COVID‐19 patients
Radovic, S., Meng, W., Chen, L., Mondolfi, A. E. P., Bryce, C., Grimes, Z., Sordillo, E. M., Cordon‐Cardo, C., Guo, H., Huang, Y., et al. (2023) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.28566 · Cited by 26
Lebrun, L., Absil, L., Remmelink, M., Mendonça, R. D., D’Haene, N., Gaspard, N., Rusu, Ș., Racu, M.-L., Collin, A. M., Allard, J., et al. (2023) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-023-01566-1 · Cited by 27
“[42], a molecular setup similar to our study, using the same target genes and internal control system as Matschke and colleagues obtained a 50% positivity rate from FFPE material (4 positive samples out of 8 tested), which is comparable to what we obtained [16].”
ResultRong, Z., Mai, H., Kapoor, S., Puelles, V. G., Czogalla, J., Schädler, J., Vering, J., Delbridge, C., Steinke, H., Frenzel, H., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.04.04.535604 · Cited by 26
Self-citationAttenuation of SARS-CoV-2 infection by losartan in human kidney organoids
Rahmani, W., Chung, H., Sinha, S., Bui-Marinos, M. P., Arora, R., Jaffer, A., Corcoran, J. A., Biernaskie, J., & Chun, J. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.103818 · Cited by 25
“Indeed, postmortem analyses have identified coronavirus-like particles, SARS-CoV-2 protein, and SARS-CoV-2 RNA in kidney proximal tubular and glomerular epithelial cells (Braun et al., 2020; Puelles et al., 2020; Su et al., 2020; Varga et al., 2020; Werion et al., 2020).”
BackgroundGilbert, R. E., Caldwell, L., Misra, P. S., Chan, K., Burns, K. D., Wrana, J. L., & Yuen, D. A. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.07.003 · Cited by 25
“Although hemodynamic imbalance and cytokine release are likely contributors to the acute loss of kidney function, the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect kidney cells and to induce immunologic injury and microthrombus formation (5) suggests that the virus itself may be directly involved (6).”
Analysis of clinical pharmacist interventions in the COVID-19 units of a French university hospital
Perez, M., Masse, M., Deldicque, A., Beuscart, J., de Groote, P., Desbordes, J., Fry, S., Musy, E., Odou, P., Puisieux, F. L., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy · doi:10.1136/ejhpharm-2020-002542 · Cited by 25
Mokhtari, A. K., Maurer, L. R., Christensen, M. A., Moheb, M. N. E., Naar, L., Alser, O. H., Gaitanidis, A., Langeveld, K., Kapoen, C., Breen, K., et al. (2021) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2021.03.049 · Cited by 26
“Hospital LOS, median (IQR) 19 (10, 26) 24 (18, 32) < 0.”
The Mechanisms and Animal Models of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Jia, W., Wang, J., Sun, B., Zhou, J., Shi, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.578825 · Cited by 27
The handling of SARS-CoV-2 associated deaths - infectivity of the body
Schröder, A. S., Edler, C., Ondruschka, B., Püschel, K., Schädler, J., Heinemann, A., Heinrich, F., Lütgehetmann, M., Pfefferle, S., Aepfelbacher, M., et al. (2021) · Forensic Science Medicine and Pathology · doi:10.1007/s12024-021-00379-9 · Cited by 25
Self-citationCommunity- versus hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in hospitalised COVID-19 patients
Bell, J. S., James, B., Al‐Chalabi, S., Sykes, L., Kalra, P. A., & Green, D. (2021) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-021-02471-2 · Cited by 23
Kozak, R. A., Armstrong, S. M., Salvant, E., Ritzker, C., Feld, J. J., Biondi, M. J., & Tsui, H. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10101246 · Cited by 25
“SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to target multiple organs [16,17], potentially explaining the constellation of symptoms seen in this disease, patients may seek care from a range of specialists or practitioners depending on how their post-acute sequelae present.”
BackgroundOrganoid Studies in COVID-19 Research
Kim, J., Koo, B., & Clevers, H. C. (2022) · International Journal of Stem Cells · doi:10.15283/ijsc21251 · Cited by 27
“Moreover, viral RNA has been detected in patient brain samples (33-36).”
BackgroundInfection of liver hepatocytes with SARS-CoV-2
Barnes, E. J. (2022) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-022-00554-4 · Cited by 25
Antigenic Cross-Reactivity Between SARS-CoV-2 S1-RBD and Its Receptor ACE2
Lai, Y., Cheng, Y., Chao, C.-H., Chang, Y., Chen, C.-D., Tsai, W., Wang, S., Lin, Y., Chang, C., Chuang, W., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.868724 · Cited by 26
“Unlike 2003 SARS, COVID-19 commonly causes tissue damage in non-respiratory organs, such as the heart, liver, kidney, and brain (16, 17).”
BackgroundAcute and chronic histopathological findings in renal biopsies in COVID-19
Volbeda, M., Jou-Valencia, D., van den Heuvel, M. C., Zijlstra, J. G., Franssen, C. F. M., van der Voort, P. H. J., Moser, J., & van Meurs, M. (2022) · Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10238-022-00941-x · Cited by 25
Rovito, R., Bono, V., Augello, M., Tincati, C., Mainoldi, F., Beaudoin-Bussières, G., Tauzin, A., Bianchi, S., Hadla, M., Yellenki, V., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23923-1 · Cited by 25
Liver alterations and detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and proteins in COVID-19 autopsies
Pesti, A., Danics, K., Glasz, T., Várkonyi, T., Barbai, T., Reszegi, A., Kovalszky, I., Valyi-Nagy, I. T., Dobi, D., Lotz, G., et al. (2022) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-022-00700-6 · Cited by 24
“Our study detected SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and NP as well as viral RNA in the liver as in those by others [8, 17, 30, 31, 37, 61], albeit in low amounts and uneven distribution, in contrast to the high expression in lung tissue.”
ResultKidney outcome after mild to moderate COVID-19
Schmidt‐Lauber, C., Hänzelmann, S., Schunk, S. J., Petersen, E. L., Alabdo, A., Lindenmeyer, M. T., Hausmann, F., Kuta, P., Renné, T., Twerenbold, R., et al. (2023) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfad008 · Cited by 25
“Post-mortem studies have demonstrated that the underlying severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) not only invades the lung, but also possesses a remarkable tropism to kidney, liver and other organs [2].”
Self-citationThe viral hypothesis in Alzheimer’s disease: SARS-CoV-2 on the cusp
Liu, N., Jiang, X., & Li, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1129640 · Cited by 27
“The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the brains of COVID-19 patients supports this hypothesis (Matschke et al., 2020; Puelles et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMyhre, P. L., Prebensen, C., Jonassen, C. M., Berdal, J., & Omland, T. (2021) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.120.019756 · Cited by 25
New Insights Into the Renin-Angiotensin System in Chronic Kidney Disease
Laffer, C. L., Elijovich, F., Sahinoz, M., Pitzer, A. L., & Kirabo, A. (2020) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.120.317624 · Cited by 25
Yamada, M., Rastogi, P., İnce, D., Thayyil, A., Mansilla, M. A., Smith, R. J., Kuppachi, S. C., & Thomas, C. P. (2020) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.08.012 · Cited by 24
“Of those, coronavirus-like particles with distinctive spikes were recognized by electron microscopy; viralRNAandprotein of SARS-CoV-2were identified by in situ hybridization and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively [16,17].”
BackgroundSusceptibility of neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cell lines to SARS-CoV-2 infection
Bielarz, V., Willemart, K., Avalosse, N., Swert, K. D., Lotfi, R., Lejeune, N., Poulain, F., Ninane, N., Gilloteaux, J., Gillet, N. A., et al. (2021) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147344 · Cited by 23
Coronavirus disease–2019 and the intestinal tract: An overview
Alberca, G. G. F., Solis-Castro, R. L., Solís-Castro, M. E., & Alberca, R. W. (2021) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v27.i13.1255 · Cited by 26
Stroke in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Pictorial Overview of the Pathoetiology
Neshin, S. A. S., Shahjouei, S., Koza, E., Friedenberg, I., Khodadadi, F., Sabra, M., Kobeissy, F. H., Ansari, S., Tsivgoulis, G. K., Li, J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.649922 · Cited by 25
“Different mechanisms ranging from direct viral invasion to indirect effects such as RAS overactivation, hypovolemia, inflammation, hypercoagulability, and nephrotoxic drugs contribute to the development of AKI (7, 200).”
BackgroundSiwy, J., Wendt, R. T., Albalat, A., He, T., Mischak, H., Mullen, W., Latosińska, A., Lübbert, C., Kalbitz, S., Mebazaa, A., et al. (2021) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.202100133 · Cited by 24
“The interconnection of COVID-19 and kidney injury is now known for several months, initially identified via autoptic findings [3].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBrain Organoids: Studying Human Brain Development and Diseases in a Dish
Xu, J., & Wen, Z. (2021) · Stem Cells International · doi:10.1155/2021/5902824 · Cited by 25
“However, this proposal requires further verifications by animal models and postmortem ChP from infected patients, as current clinical data did not reveal high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the circulating bloodstream [96], raising questions on the pathway(s) of viral entry.”
ResultCOVID-19 Vaccines: Current Conditions and Future Prospects
Zieneldien, T., Kim, J., Cao, J. A., & Cao, C. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10100960 · Cited by 24
“Due to this, it could be suggested that organotropism could influence the course of COVID-19 progression [14].”
BackgroundCheung, M. D., Erman, E. N., Liu, S., Erdmann, N. B., Ghajar-Rahimi, G., Moore, K. H., Edberg, J. C., George, J. F., & Agarwal, A. (2021) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0005522021 · Cited by 25
Self-citationSeethapathy, R., Zhao, S. J., Long, J. D., Strohbehn, I. A., & Sise, M. E. (2021) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0006152021 · Cited by 24
“Inclusion criteria for remdesivirtreated patients were (1) receipt of remdesivir within 72 hours of hospital admission and (2) receipt of KRT or eGFR ,30 ml/min per 1.”
BackgroundInfluentialLi, Q., Vijaykumar, K., Phillips, S. E., Hussain, S. S., Huynh, N. V., Petty, C. F., Lever, J. E. P., Foote, J. B., Ren, J., Campos, J., et al. (2023) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.163962 · Cited by 23
Rethinking Remdesivir: Synthesis, Antiviral Activity and Pharmacokinetics of Oral Lipid ProdrugsPreprint
Schooley, R. T., Carlin, A. F., Beadle, J. R., Valiaeva, N., Zhang, X.-Q., Clark, A. E., McMillan, R. E., Leibel, S. L., McVicar, R. N., Xie, J., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.269159 · Cited by 24
“[25-29] However, RDV 169”
Ocular manifestations of COVID-19
Ng, H., Scott, D. A. R., Danesh-Meyer, H. V., Smith, J. R., McGhee, C. N. J., & Niederer, R. L. (2024) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101285 · Cited by 25
“…is limited, with data arising from two population-based studies (Ma et al., 2022; Zhao, F. et al., 2024) (quality of evidence: moderate), a meta-analysis (Azab et al., 2021a), case series (quality of evidence: very low) and case reports (quality of evidence: very low) (Puelles et al., 2020).”
Autopsy registry can facilitate COVID‐19 research
von Stillfried, S. F., Bülow, R. D., Röhrig, R., Knüchel‐Clarke, R., Boor, P., DeRegCOVID, F. T., Tholen, P., Nöthel, B., Wienströer, J., Majeed, R. W., et al. (2020) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.202012885 · Cited by 23
The Chronicle of COVID-19 and Possible Strategies to Curb the Pandemic
Kumar, R., Harilal, S., Al-Sehemi, A. G., Mathew, G. E., Carradori, S., & Mathew, B. (2020) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867327666200702151018 · Cited by 25
Can cilia provide an entry gateway for SARS-CoV-2 to human ciliated cells?
Buqaileh, R., Saternos, H. C., Ley, S. T., Aranda, A., Forero, K. V., & AbouAlaiwi, W. A. (2021) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00015.2021 · Cited by 22
Sethi, S. K., Rana, A., Adnani, H., McCulloch, M., Alhasan, K. A., Sultana, A., Safadi, R., Agrawal, N., & Raina, R. (2021) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfab073 · Cited by 24
“Finally, the virus penetrates the proximal tubule cells and the podocytes leading to renal impairment (podocytopathy and tubular epithelial cell injury) [43, 44].”
BackgroundMelkumyants, A. M., Buryachkovskaya, L. I., Lomakin, N. V., Antonova, O. A., & Serebruany, V. L. (2021) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1055/a-1551-9911 · Cited by 23
Chronic SARS-CoV-2, a Cause of Post-acute COVID-19 Sequelae (Long-COVID)?
O’Donnell, J. S., & Chappell, K. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.724654 · Cited by 24
“In addition to the pulmonary tract, SARSCoV-2 was identified in the kidneys, liver, heart, brain, and gastrointestinal tract; confirming that systemic infections can occur (Braun et al., 2020; Puelles et al., 2020).”
BackgroundChen, Z., Gao, C., Yu, H., Lu, L., Liu, J., Chen, W., Xiang, X., Hussain, H. M. J., Lee, B. J., Li, C., et al. (2021) · Renal Failure · doi:10.1080/0886022x.2021.1979039 · Cited by 23
“The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has also been reported in autopsy kidney tissue [9].”
BackgroundStasiak, M., Zawadzka-Starczewska, K., & Lewiñski, A. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13122447 · Cited by 23
“Long-term complications are not unexpected, taking into account the broad organotropism of SARS-CoV-2 and severity of tissue injuries [10].”
BackgroundRole of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in COVID-19 Progression: An Insight for Effective Treatment
Blanch‐Ruiz, M. A., Ortega‐Luna, R., Gómez-García, G., Martínez-Cuesta, M. Á., & Álvarez, Á. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10010031 · Cited by 24
“In addition, SARS-CoV-2 can infect other organs such as the heart, liver, brain, and kidneys [11], and generate a systemic immune overreaction response [12].”
BackgroundWang, Y., Li, M., Kazis, L. E., & Xia, W. (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12665 · Cited by 22
Mouse models in COVID-19 research: analyzing the adaptive immune response
Clever, S., & Volz, A. (2022) · Medical Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1007/s00430-022-00735-8 · Cited by 26
“Just to mention a few further species, cats and dogs for example, are also susceptible to SARSCoV-2 and thus could also be an interesting research field for infection studies [35, 110].”
BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 can infect human embryos
Montaño, M., Victor, A. R., Griffin, D. K., Duong, T., Bolduc, N., Farmer, A. A., Garg, V., Hadjantonakis, A., Coates, A., Barnes, F. L., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18906-1 · Cited by 24
“Expression of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry factors has been described in a wide assortment of human cells [7], and in COVID-19 patients, SARSCoV-2 virus has been detected in various organs [8-10].”
BackgroundHuman brain organoids to explore SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced effects on the central nervous system
Ostermann, P. N., & Schaal, H. (2023) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2430 · Cited by 23
“on the specific brain region tested and no analysis of the autopsied brains beyond RT‐qPCR was performed.(102) Nevertheless, the number of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA copies per cell in the brain samples of these 8 individuals overlapped with the number of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA copies per cell found in some lung tissue samples.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDelta (B1.617.2) variant of SARS-CoV-2 induces severe neurotropic patterns in K18-hACE2 mice
Yang, J.-H., Yang, M., Kim, D.-M., Kim, B., Tark, D., Kang, S., & Lee, G.-H. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-29909-x · Cited by 24
Zhang, J., Yang, W., Roy, S., Liu, H., Roberts, R. M., Wang, L., Shi, L., & Ma, W. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2218623120 · Cited by 23
“Compared with SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which mainly target human lungs leading to acute respiratory failure, the novel SARS-CoV-2 shows multiorgan tropisms in addition to the respiratory tract that can lead to severe multiple organ failures (3, 4).”
Leonhardt, S., Jürgensen, C., Frohme, J., Grajecki, D., Adler, A., Sigal, M. J., Leonhardt, J., Voll, J. M., Kruse, J. M., Körner, R., et al. (2023) · Hepatology International · doi:10.1007/s12072-023-10521-0 · Cited by 23
CD4 + and CD8 + T cells are required to prevent SARS-CoV-2 persistence in the nasal compartment
Kar, M., Johnson, K., Vanderheiden, A., Elrod, E. J., Floyd, K. A., Geerling, E., Stone, E. T., Salinas, E., Banakis, S., Wang, W., et al. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adp2636 · Cited by 22
“In individuals with weakened immune systems, the clearance of viruses may be delayed, resulting in prolonged shedding of the virus and accumulation of mutations in the virus genome ( 42 , 73 ).”
BackgroundDysfunctional purinergic signaling correlates with disease severity in COVID-19 patients
Pietrobon, A. J., Andrejew, R., Custódio, R. W. A., Oliveira, L. D. M., Scholl, J. N., Teixeira, F. M. E., de Brito, C. A., Glaser, T., Kazmierski, J., Goffinet, C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012027 · Cited by 23
“Despite the preferential tropism to the lungs, SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in several organs, triggering exacerbated inflammatory responses not only in the target tissues but also systemically, which seems to be responsible for multi-organ failure (3, 4).”
BackgroundINNOVATIONS IN EDUCATION: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF TODAY
International Science Group, & Vladlenov, D. (2024) · doi:10.46299/isg.p.2024.1.2 · Cited by 22
Romagnani, P., Tang, S. C. W., Weins, A., Huber, T. B., Osafo, C., & Anders, H. (2025) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-025-00671-w · Cited by 27
“Podocytotropic viruses, including HIV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Epstein–Barr virus, can infect glomerular cells and trigger podocyte injury through autocrine and paracrine production of type I interferons 102,103 (Fig.”
Self-citationThe clinical characteristics of coronavirus-associated nephropathy
Meijers, B. K. I., & Hilbrands, L. B. (2020) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfaa197 · Cited by 22
Is Kidney Transplantation From a COVID-19–Positive Deceased Donor Safe for the Recipient?
Перлин, Д. В., Николаевич, Д. И., Terentiev, A. V., & Perlina, A. V. P. (2021) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.01.025 · Cited by 22
Na, W., Moon, H., & Song, D. (2021) · The Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12275-021-0660-4 · Cited by 22
“Interestingly, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 presented multiorgan tropism regardless of genetic mutations (Gu et al., 2005; Cha et al., 2016; Puelles et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCardio-Pulmonary-Renal Consequences of Severe COVID-19
Güven, G., İnce, C., Topeli̇, A., & Çalişkan, K. (2021) · Cardiorenal Medicine · doi:10.1159/000516740 · Cited by 23
Wong, A. K. H., Woodhouse, I. B., Schneider, F., Kulpa, D. A., Silvestri, G., & Maier, C. L. (2021) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100321 · Cited by 26
“Althoughsevereacuterespiratorysyndromecoronavirus2(SARS-CoV-2),theetiologicalagentforcoronavirusdisease2019(COVID-19), is initially and preferentially tropic for respiratory cellular targets, 1–3 its pathogenetic effects can be widespread.”
Puodžiukaitė, L., Šerpytis, M., Kundrotaite, A., Šipylaitė, J., Miglinas, M., Janusaite, M. M., Ašakienė, E., Milisauskaite, E., Želvys, A., Aliancevic, O., et al. (2021) · Transplant Infectious Disease · doi:10.1111/tid.13666 · Cited by 22
Luo, Y., Zhang, M., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., & Zhu, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.720099 · Cited by 23
Short‐term liver transplant outcomes from SARS‐CoV‐2 lower respiratory tract NAT positive donors
Hoz, R. M. L., Mufti, A., & Vagefi, P. A. (2021) · Transplant Infectious Disease · doi:10.1111/tid.13757 · Cited by 22
The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces heme oxygenase-1: Pathophysiologic implications
Singh, R. D., Barry, M. A., Croatt, A. J., Ackerman, A. W., Grande, J. P., Díaz, R. M., Vile, R. G., Agarwal, A., & Nath, K. A. (2021) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166322 · Cited by 22
Comprehensive Oncogenic Features of Coronavirus Receptors in Glioblastoma Multiforme
Chen, A., Zhao, W., Li, X., Sun, G., Ma, Z., Peng, L., Shi, Z., Li, X., & Yan, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.840785 · Cited by 23
“detection SARS-CoV2 is detected in brain tissue (46), cortical neurons (47), neural and capillary”
BackgroundImmune features of COVID-19 convalescent individuals revealed by a single-cell RNA sequencing
Zhao, P., Zou, J., Zhou, F., Zhu, Y., Song, Q., Yu, D., & Li, X. (2022) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108767 · Cited by 21
Liang, L., Wang, W., Chen, J., Wu, W., Huang, X., Wei, B., Zhong, Y., Ronald, C. W., Yu, X., & Lan, H. Y. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01410-x · Cited by 22
“1038/s41392-023-01410-x Dear Editor, Kidney is one of major organs attacked by SARS-CoV-2, resulting in acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill COVID-19 patients, especially in the elderly and diabetic patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD).(1,2) Among SARS-CoV-2 proteins, the N protein can be detectable in d…”
BackgroundChen, S., Liang, J., Chen, D., Huang, Q., Sun, K., Zhong, Y., Lin, B., Kong, J., Sun, J., Gong, C., et al. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.016 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Puelles, V. G., Lütgehetmann, M., Lindenmeyer, M. T., Sperhake, J. P., Wong, M. N., Allweiss, L., Chilla, S., Heinemann, A., Wanner, N., Liu, S., Braun, F., Lu, S., Pfefferle, S., Schröder, A. S., Edler, C., Gross, O., Glatzel, M., Wichmann, D., Wiech, T., Kluge, S., Pueschel, K., Aepfelbacher, M., & Huber, T. B.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Huber, Tobias B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2020-08-06
- Volume
- 383
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 590-592
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC7240771
- OpenAlex
- W3024126428
- Cited by
- 1,775
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 214 · 2022: 338 · 2021: 595 · 2020: 390
- FWCI
- 50.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, kidney, heart, liver, brain, autopsy findings, viral tissue distribution
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Autopsy, Brain, Female, Heart, Humans, Kidney, Liver, Lung, Male, Middle Aged, Pharynx, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Viral Load, Viral Tropism, Pandemics
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