Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody in new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by the pathogenic action of T lymphocytes on insulin-producing beta cells. Previous clinical studies have shown that continuous immune suppression temporarily slows the loss of insulin production. Preclinical studies suggested that a monoclonal antibody against CD3 could reverse hyperglycemia at presentation and induce tolerance to recurrent disease. METHODS: We studied the effects of a nonactivating humanized monoclonal antibody against CD3--hOKT3gamma1(Ala-Ala)--on the loss of insulin production in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Within 6 weeks after diagnosis, 24 patients were randomly assigned to receive either a single 14-day course of treatment with the monoclonal antibody or no antibody and were studied during the first year of disease. RESULTS: Treatment with the monoclonal antibody maintained or improved insulin production after one year in 9 of the 12 patients in the treatment group, whereas only 2 of the 12 controls had a sustained response (P=0.01). The treatment effect on insulin responses lasted for at least 12 months after diagnosis. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels and insulin doses were also reduced in the monoclonal-antibody group. No severe side effects occurred, and the most common side effects were fever, rash, and anemia. Clinical responses were associated with a change in the ratio of CD4+ T cells to CD8+ T cells 30 and 90 days after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with hOKT3gamma1(Ala-Ala) mitigates the deterioration in insulin production and improves metabolic control during the first year of type 1 diabetes mellitus in the majority of patients. The mechanism of action of the anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody may involve direct effects on pathogenic T cells, the induction of populations of regulatory cells, or both.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The drug categories that preserve C-peptide include rituximab, teplizumab, otelixizumab, abatacept, and alefacept.
“These drugs include a monoclonal antibody against the B-cell CD20 receptor (rituximab),147 monoclonal antibodies against the T-cell CD3 receptor (teplizumab148,149 and otelixizumab150), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 (CTLA4)-immunoglobulin-mediated co-stimulatory blockade with abatacept,151 and alefacept,152”
From Type 1 diabetes (2018) · cites this paper as [149]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Eisenbarth (1986) · doi:10.1056/nejm198605223142106 · Cited by 1,659 · see citing works
Type 1 diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment
Atkinson, M. A., & Eisenbarth, G. S. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05415-0 · Cited by 1,491 · see citing works
Sloan‐Lancaster, J., & Allen, P. M. (1996) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.1 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Anti-CD3 antibody induces long-term remission of overt autoimmunity in nonobese diabetic mice.
Chatenoud, L., Thervet, É., Primo, J., & Bach, J. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.1.123 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Induction of T-cell anergy by altered T-cell-receptor ligand on live antigen-presenting cells
Sloan‐Lancaster, J., Evavold, B. D., & Allen, P. M. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/363156a0 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
T Helper Cell Subsets in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
Katz, J. D., Benoist, C. O., & Mathis, D. J. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7761837 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Effects of Cyclosporine Immunosuppression in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus of Recent Onset
STILLER, C. R., Dupré, J., Gent, M., Jenner, M., Keown, P. A., Laupacis, A., Martell, R., Rodger, N. W., von Graffenried, B., & Wolfe, B. M. J. (1984) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6367043 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
(1998) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-128-7-199804010-00001 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Rapoport, M. J., Jaramillo, A., Zipris, D., Lazarus, A. H., SERREZE, D. V., Leiter, E. H., Cyopick, P., Danska, J. S., & Delovitch, T. L. (1993) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.178.1.87 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Rabinovitch, A., & Suarez‐Pinzon, W. L. (1998) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00492-9 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
CD3 antibody-induced dominant self tolerance in overtly diabetic NOD mice
Chatenoud, L., Primo, J., & Bach, J. (1997) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.158.6.2947 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Factors Associated with Early Remission of Type I Diabetes in Children Treated with Cyclosporine
Bougneres, P. F., Carel, J., Castaño, L. A., Boîtard, C., Gardin, J. P., Landais, P., HORS, J., Mihatsch, M. J., Paillard, M., Chaussain, J., et al. (1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198803173181103 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
IN VIVO CELL ACTIVATION FOLLOWING OKT3 ADMINISTRATION
Chatenoud, L., Ferran, C. J., Legendre, C. M., Thouard, I., Merite, S., REUTER, A. M., Gevaert, Y., Kreis, H., Franchimont, P., & Bach, J. (1990) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/00007890-199004000-00009 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Silverstein, J. H., Maclaren, N. K., Riley, W. J., Spillar, R. P., Radjenovic, D., & Johnson, S. B. (1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198809083191002 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
A Comparison of Childhood and Adult Type I Diabetes Mellitus
Karjalainen, J., Salmela, P. I., Ilonen, J., Surcel, H., & Knip, M. (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198904063201401 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Specific suppression of T helper alloreactivity by allo-MHC class I- restricted CD8+CD28- T cells
Liu, Z. (1998) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/10.6.775 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Characterization of Seven C-peptide Antisera
FABER, O. K., Binder, C., Markussen, J., Hedïng, L. G., Naithani, V. K., Kuzuya, H., BLIX, P. M., Horwitz, D. L., & Rubenstein, A. H. (1978) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.27.1.s170 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
THE DCCT RESEARCH GROUP (1987) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-65-1-30 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
HLA‐DR, DO AND DP TYPING USING PCR AMPLIFICATION AND IMMOBILIZED PROBES
Erlich, H., Bugawan, T. L., Begovich, A. B., Scharf, S., Griffith, R., Saiki, R. K., Higuchi, R., & Walsh, P. S. (1991) · International Journal of Immunogenetics · doi:10.1111/j.1744-313x.1991.tb00005.x · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Smith, J. A., Tso, J. Y., Clark, M. R., Cole, M. S., & Bluestone, J. A. (1997) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.185.8.1413 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationWoodle, E. S., Xu, D., Zivin, R. A., et al. (1999) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/00007890-199909150-00003 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationRecurrence of Autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus in Recipients of Cadaveric Pancreatic Grafts
Tydén, G., Reinholt, F. P., Sundkvist, G., & Bolinder, J. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199609193351205 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Prevention of Autoimmune Diabetes With Nonactivating Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibody
Herold, K. C., Bluestone, J. A., MONTAG, A. G., et al. (1992) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.41.3.385 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationZipris, D., Greiner, D. L., Malkani, S., et al. (1996) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.156.3.1315 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Smith, J. A., Tang, Q., & Bluestone, J. A. (1998) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.160.10.4841 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationHerold, K. C., Vezys, V., Sun, Q., Viktora, D., Seung, E., Reiner, S. L., & Brown, D. R. (1996) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.156.9.3521 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationSignal transduction via the interleukin-4 receptor and its correlation with atopy.
Izuhara, K., & Shirakawa, T. (1999) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.3.1.3 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity in type 1 diabetic patients. A 7-year follow-up study.
Parving, H. ‐., Tarnow, L., Nielsen, F. S., Rossing, P. R., Mandrup-Poulsen, T. R., Østerby, R., & Nerup, J. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.3.478 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Induction of MHC-class I restricted human suppressor T cells by peptide priming in vitro
Jiang, S., Tugulea, S., Pennesi, G., et al. (1998) · Human Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0198-8859(98)00073-1 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Grajwer, L. A., Pildes, R. S., Horwitz, D. L., & Rubenstein, A. H. (1977) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(77)80762-2 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Ware, R., Jiang, H., Braunstein, N. S., Kent, J. R., Wiener, E., Pernis, B., & Chess, L. (1995) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(95)80066-2 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
T cell inactivation and cytokine deviation promoted by anti-CD3 mAbs
Smith, J. A., & Bluestone, J. A. (1997) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0952-7915(97)80044-1 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationCyclosporine in recent onset type I diabetes mellitus
Skyler, J. S., & Rabinovitch, A. (1992) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/1056-8727(92)90016-e · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Woo, W.-K., LaGasse, J. M., Zhou, Z., et al. (2000) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/s0022-1759(00)00259-3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Prevention of autoimmune diabetes with nonactivating anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody
Herold, K. C., Bluestone, J. A., Montag, A. G., et al. (1992) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.41.3.385 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationHumanized, Nonmitogenic OKT3 Antibody, huOKT3γ(Ala-Ala): Initial Clinical Experience
Woodle, E. S., Bluestone, J. A., Zivin, R. A., et al. (1998) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/s0041-1345(98)00278-4 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationSjöberg, S., Gjötterberg, M., Berglund, L., Möller, E., & Östman, J. (1991) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/0891-6632(91)90005-a · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Humoral immune response against OKT3.
Chatenoud, L. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Immunoprotection in spontaneous remission of type 1 diabetes: long-term follow-up results
Yilmaz, M. T., Devrim, A. S., Biyal, F., Satman, İ., Oral, E. A., Dınççağ, N., Karşıdağ, K., Özden, İ., Gürel, N., Sipahioğlu, F., et al. (1993) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/0168-8227(93)90108-h · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Bougneres PF, Carel JC, Castano L, et al. Factors associated with remis- sion of type 1 diabetes in children treated with cyclosporine. N Engl J Med 1988;318:663-70.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Atkinson, M. A., Eisenbarth, G. S., & Michels, A. W. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60591-7 · Cited by 2,713 · see citing works
CD127 expression inversely correlates with FoxP3 and suppressive function of human CD4+ T reg cells
Liu, W., Putnam, A. L., Xu-yu, Z., Szot, G. L., Lee, M. R., Zhu, S., Gottlieb, P. A., Kapranov, P., Gingeras, T. R., de St. Groth, B. F., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20060772 · Cited by 2,606 · see citing works
Self-citationDiMeglio, L. A., Evans-Molina, C., & Oram, R. A. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31320-5 · Cited by 1,561 · see citing works
Katsarou, A., Gudbjörnsdottir, S., Rawshani, A., Dabelea, D., Bonifacio, E., Anderson, B. J., Jacobsen, L. M., Schatz, D. A., & Lernmark, Å. (2017) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.16 · Cited by 1,475 · see citing works
An anti-CD3 antibody, teplizumab, in relatives at risk for type 1 diabetes
Herold, K. C., Bundy, B. N., Long, S. A., Bluestone, J. A., DiMeglio, L. A., Dufort, M. J., Gitelman, S. E., Gottlieb, P. A., Krischer, J. P., Linsley, P. S., et al. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1902226 · Cited by 1,189 · see citing works
Self-citationConversion of adult pancreatic α-cells to β-cells after extreme β-cell loss
Thorel, F., Népote, V., Avril, I., Kohno, K., Desgraz, R., Chera, S., & Herrera, P. L. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08894 · Cited by 1,136 · see citing works
Insulin needs after CD3-antibody therapy in new-onset type 1 diabetes
Keymeulen, B., Vandemeulebroucke, E., Ziegler, A. G., Mathieu, C., Kaufman, L., Hale, G., Gorus, F., Goldman, M., Walter, M., Candon, S., et al. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa043980 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
Rituximab, B-lymphocyte depletion, and preservation of beta-cell function
Pescovitz, M. D., Greenbaum, C. J., Krause-Steinrauf, H., Becker, D. J., Gitelman, S. E., Goland, R., Gottlieb, P. A., Marks, J. B., McGee, P. F., Moran, A. M., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0904452 · Cited by 1,093 · see citing works
Self-citationOrban, T., Bundy, B., Becker, D. J., DiMeglio, L. A., Gitelman, S. E., Goland, R., Gottlieb, P. A., Greenbaum, C. J., Marks, J. B., Monzavi, R., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60886-6 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Self-citationRecovery from diabetes in mice by β cell regeneration
Nir, T., Melton, D. A., & Dor, Y. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci32959 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Concannon, P., Rich, S. S., & Nepom, G. T. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0808284 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Palmer, J. P., Fleming, G. A., Greenbaum, C. J., Herold, K. C., Jansa, L. D., Kolb, H., Lachin, J. M., Polonsky, K. S., Pozzilli, P., Skyler, J. S., et al. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.1.250 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Self-citationTNF receptor 2 pathway: drug target for autoimmune diseases
Faustman, D., & Davis, M. (2010) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3030 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Inflammatory mediators and islet ?-cell failure: a link between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Donath, M. Y., St�rling, J., Maedler, K., & Mandrup-Poulsen, T. (2003) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-003-0450-y · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Wherrett, D. K., Bundy, B., Becker, D. J., DiMeglio, L. A., Gitelman, S. E., Goland, R., Gottlieb, P. A., Greenbaum, C. J., Herold, K. C., Marks, J. B., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60895-7 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Self-citationThe development and function of regulatory T cells
Workman, C. J., Szymczak-Workman, A. L., Collison, L. W., Pillai, M. R., & Vignali, D. A. A. (2009) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-009-0026-2 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Fall in C-Peptide During First 2 Years From Diagnosis
Greenbaum, C. J., Beam, C. A., Boulware, D., Gitelman, S. E., Gottlieb, P. A., Herold, K. C., Lachin, J. M., McGee, P., Palmer, J. P., Pescovitz, M. D., et al. (2012) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-1538 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Self-citation100 years of insulin: celebrating the past, present and future of diabetes therapy
Sims, E. K., Carr, A. L. J., Oram, R. A., DiMeglio, L. A., & Evans-Molina, C. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01418-2 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Herold, K. C., Gitelman, S., Greenbaum, C., Puck, J., Hagopian, W., Gottlieb, P., Sayre, P., Bianchine, P., Wong, E., Seyfert-Margolis, V., et al. (2009) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2009.04.007 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Self-citationWriting Committee for the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Oral Insulin Study Group, Krischer, J. P., Schatz, D. A., Bundy, B., Skyler, J. S., & Greenbaum, C. J. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.17070 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Sherry, N. A., Chen, W., Kushner, J. A., Glandt, M., Tang, Q., Tsai, S., Santamaria, P., Bluestone, J. A., Brillantes, A.-M. B., & Herold, K. C. (2007) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2007-0358 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationBeta cell mass in diabetes: a realistic therapeutic target?
Meier, J. J. (2008) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-008-0936-9 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Palmer, J. P., Hampe, C. S., Chiu, H., Goel, A., & Brooks-Worrell, B. M. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.suppl_2.s62 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Abdelsamed, H. A., Zebley, C. C., Nguyen, H., Rutishauser, R. L., Fan, Y., Ghoneim, H. E., Crawford, J. C., Alfei, F., Alli, S., Ribeiro, S. P., et al. (2020) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-020-0633-5 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Recent Lessons Learned From Prevention and Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Immunotherapy Trials
Staeva, T. P., Chatenoud, L., Insel, R., & Atkinson, M. A. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-0562 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Dabelea, D., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Andrews, J. S., Dolan, L. M., Pihoker, C., Hamman, R. F., Greenbaum, C., Marcovina, S., Fujimoto, W., Linder, B., et al. (2012) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2719-6 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Lledó-Delgado, A., Preston-Hurlburt, P., Currie, S., Clark, P., Linsley, P. S., Long, S. A., Liu, C., Koroleva, G., Martins, A. J., Tsang, J. S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci177492 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationTargeting Memory T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes
Ehlers, M. R., & Rigby, M. R. (2015) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0659-5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Immunomodulation with human recombinant autoantigens
Lernmark, Å., & Agardh, C.-D. (2005) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.015 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
New therapeutic approaches for type 1 diabetes: Disease-modifying therapies
Nagy, G., Szekely, T. E., Somogyi, A., Herold, M., & Herold, Z. (2022) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v13.i10.835 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Regulatory T Cells: Central Concepts from Ontogeny to Therapy
Khor, B. (2017) · Transfusion Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.tmrv.2016.07.003 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Herold, K. C., Hagopian, W., Auger, J. A., Poumian-Ruiz, E., Taylor, L., Donaldson, D., Gitelman, S. E., Harlan, D. M., Xu, D., Zivin, R. A., & Bluestone, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2002-05-30
- Volume
- 346
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 1692-1698
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2074463323
- Cited by
- 1,222
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 74
- FWCI
- 35.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (U19 A146132)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P60DK20595, R01-DK-57846, P60DK020595, R01DK057846)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01 RR 01271, M01RR001271, M01RR000645, M01 RR00645)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, new-onset diabetes, insulin production, islet autoimmunity, T cell tolerance, CD4/CD8 ratio, HbA1c, metabolic control, regulatory T cells
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Antibodies, Monoclonal, C-Peptide, Child, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Male, Cytokines, CD4-CD8 Ratio, CD3 Complex, Lymphocyte Count
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
