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BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: As mass vaccination campaigns against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) commence worldwide, vaccine effectiveness needs to be assessed for a range of outcomes across diverse populations in a noncontrolled setting. In this study, data from Israel's largest health care organization were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. METHODS: All persons who were newly vaccinated during the period from December 20, 2020, to February 1, 2021, were matched to unvaccinated controls in a 1:1 ratio according to demographic and clinical characteristics. Study outcomes included documented infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), symptomatic Covid-19, Covid-19-related hospitalization, severe illness, and death. We estimated vaccine effectiveness for each outcome as one minus the risk ratio, using the Kaplan-Meier estimator. RESULTS: Each study group included 596,618 persons. Estimated vaccine effectiveness for the study outcomes at days 14 through 20 after the first dose and at 7 or more days after the second dose was as follows: for documented infection, 46% (95% confidence interval [CI], 40 to 51) and 92% (95% CI, 88 to 95); for symptomatic Covid-19, 57% (95% CI, 50 to 63) and 94% (95% CI, 87 to 98); for hospitalization, 74% (95% CI, 56 to 86) and 87% (95% CI, 55 to 100); and for severe disease, 62% (95% CI, 39 to 80) and 92% (95% CI, 75 to 100), respectively. Estimated effectiveness in preventing death from Covid-19 was 72% (95% CI, 19 to 100) for days 14 through 20 after the first dose. Estimated effectiveness in specific subpopulations assessed for documented infection and symptomatic Covid-19 was consistent across age groups, with potentially slightly lower effectiveness in persons with multiple coexisting conditions. CONCLUSIONS: This study in a nationwide mass vaccination setting suggests that the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine is effective for a wide range of Covid-19-related outcomes, a finding consistent with that of the randomized trial.
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In the citing paper
“The 7-day cutoff was chosen based on previous research the BNT162b2 vaccine effectivenesss1,11.”
From Waning effectiveness of the third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Observational postmarketing studies, including this analysis, have consistently demonstrated a strong association between vaccination and risk reductions in COVID-19 hospitalization in immunocompetent individuals, suggesting that the high efficacy observed in mRNA clinical trials translates into beneficial effects in the community setting.2,3,10”
From Association Between mRNA Vaccination and COVID-19 Hospitalization and Disease Severity (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“It should be noted that high effectiveness (>80%) against severe disease and hospitalization has been reported for both BNT162b2 (refs93,94) and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (ref.95).”
From Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans (2021) · cites this paper as [93]
In the citing paper
“Some early post-implementation analyses have suggested that the mRNA vaccines also reduce the incidence of asymptomatic infection and the nasopharyngeal viral load in individuals who become infected despite the vaccination93,107, but it is yet unclear how this translates to risk of transmission.”
From Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans (2021) · cites this paper as [93]
In the citing paper
“Current epidemiological evidence is that the BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine retains its efficacy against B.1.1.7 in the UK24 and in reports from Israel.28,29”
From Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on the total CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactivity in infected or vaccinated individuals (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“A randomized, controlled trial and real-world studies have shown vaccine efficacy of 94 to 95% with the BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer–BioNTech) and vaccine effectiveness in preventing symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) 7 days or more after receipt of the second dose of vaccine.1,3-5”
From Waning Immune Humoral Response to BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine over 6 Months (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“it is substantial and occurs during a time when neutralizing antibody titers are either very low or absent (Baden et al., 2020; Dagan et al., 2021; Polack et al., 2020).”
From SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2 (2021) · cites this paper as Dagan et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“Since its rollout in late 2020 in Israel, the BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine (Pfizer–BioNTech) has been highly effective in preventing clinically significant coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).1-3”
From Covid-19 Breakthrough Infections in Vaccinated Health Care Workers (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Variability in estimates of vaccine effectiveness between studies could result from differences in study design, testing protocols, and study populations”
In the citing paper
“BNT162b2, a messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccine, has demonstrated a high efficacy rate with an acceptable safety profile. 1 2”
In the citing paper
“Likewise, clinical studies have reported somewhat reduced efficacy and effectiveness against the B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.617.2 variants (10–12).”
From Durability of mRNA-1273 vaccine–induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“In a mass vaccination study which included 3,159,136 participants from Israel, vaccine effectiveness of BNT162b2 as a two-dose scheme was 94%.397”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [397]
In the citing paper
“>90% efficacy in real-world conditions in USA132 and Israel126”
From mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation (2021) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“In a mass vaccination campaign involving 3,159,136 participants in Israel, two doses of BNT162b2 were 94% effective at preventing symptomatic COVID-19, 87% effective at preventing hospitalizations and 92% effective at preventing the onset of severe COVID-19 (ref.126).”
From mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation (2021) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“Although BNT162b2 is a two-dose regimen, early protection after a single dose has been reported in clinical trials and on the basis of real-world data.5,19,20”
From Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the BNT162b2 covid-19 vaccine in adolescents (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Recent real-world data suggest that BNT162b2 prevents asymptomatic infection.19,27”
From Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the BNT162b2 covid-19 vaccine in adolescents (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) vaccines are highly effective against symptomatic disease and, more so, against severe disease and fatal outcomes caused by the original strain of SARS-CoV-2 as well as the alpha (B.1.1.7) variant that predominated in early 2021.”
From Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of concern (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
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ResultBahl, A., Johnson, S., Maine, G. N., Garcia, M. H., Nimmagadda, S., Qu, L., & Chen, N. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2021.100065 · Cited by 115
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“In settings where mass vaccination programs have been implemented for some of the first licensed vaccines, vaccine effectiveness studies have begun to demonstrate effectiveness estimates that are similar to clinical efficacy results from phase 3 studies [26,27].”
ResultSARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a triumph of science and collaboration
Golob, J. L., Lugogo, N. L., Lauring, A. S., & Lok, A. S.-F. (2021) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.149187 · Cited by 113
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From COVID-19 to Cancer mRNA Vaccines: Moving From Bench to Clinic in the Vaccine Landscape
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“All 402,485 (100); 56 (38-69) 351,206 (100); 58 (40-70) 51,290 (100); 42 (28-57) 62,690 (100); 70 (60-77) 58,287 (100); 70 (61-77) 4,405 (100); 63 (53-73)”
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Effectiveness in a High-Risk National Population in a Real-World Setting
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“Three studies, all of which assessed VE of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in the general population and IC subgroups, were conducted in Israel [22,23,24,25], including the largest matched population analysis of vaccinated and unvaccinated persons (N=596,618 matched pairs) conducted to date by Dagan et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBajema, K. L., Dahl, R. M., Prill, M. M., Meites, E., Rodriguez‐Barradas, M. C., Marconi, V. C., Beenhouwer, D. O., Brown, S. T., Holodniy, M., Lucero-Obusan, C. A., et al. (2021) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7037e3 · Cited by 105
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“The introduction of highly effective vaccines, such as the SARSCoV-2 mRNA vaccines produced by Pfizer and Moderna, provides an effective intervention to reduce the risk and severity of COVID-19 infection [4,5].”
Brockman, M. A., Mwimanzi, F. M., Lapointe, H. R., Sang, Y., Agafitei, O., Cheung, P. K., Ennis, S., Ng, K., Basra, S., Lim, L. Y., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab592 · Cited by 108
“While COVID-19 vaccines offer hope to end the pandemic [4-7], real world assessments have revealed weaker vaccine-induced immune responses in certain groups including the elderly [8-16], though few studies have adjusted for potential”
Reporting of Observational Studies Explicitly Aiming to Emulate Randomized Trials
Hansford, H. J., Cashin, A. G., Jones, M. D., Swanson, S. A., Islam, N., Douglas, S. R. G., Rizzo, R. R. N., Devonshire, J. J., Williams, S. A., Dahabreh, I. J., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.36023 · Cited by 116
Self-citationEarly Humoral Responses of Hemodialysis Patients after COVID-19 Vaccination with BNT162b2
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“This could be due to a number of factors: noise due to limited data from the very recent states which mandated lifting, positive effect of vaccines on the more severe, downstream hospitalization and death effects of the virus [61, 62], or symptom management and relief practices [63–65].”
BackgroundCausal inference and effect estimation using observational data
Igelström, E., Craig, P., Lewsey, J., Lynch, J. W., Pearce, A., & Katikireddi, S. V. (2022) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2022-219267 · Cited by 103
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“This finding was consistent with previously reported clinical trial finding (86, 89).”
ResultOutcomes Among Patients with Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infection After Vaccination
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“in months (range) 66 (1-362) 97 (3-341) <10”
Impact of vaccination on the COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. states
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“A recent study with real-world data from Israel further confirmed that this vaccine is highly effective in preventing COVID-19 [31].”
Effectiveness of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Bivalent Vaccine
Shrestha, N. K. M., Burke, P. C., Nowacki, A. S., Simon, J. F., Hagen, A. E. F., & Gordon, S. M. (2023) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad209 · Cited by 98
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“The estimated BNT162b2 vaccine effectiveness at seven or more days after the second dose among 596,618 persons was 94% against symptomatic COVID-19, 87% against hospitalization, and 92% against severe disease [31].”
BackgroundSuperior immunogenicity and effectiveness of the third compared to the second BNT162b2 vaccine dose
Lustig, Y., Gonen, T., Meltzer, L., Gilboa, M., Indenbaum, V., Cohen, C., Amit, S., Jaber, H., Doolman, R., Asraf, K., et al. (2022) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-022-01212-3 · Cited by 95
“1): (1) the immunogenicity arm, in which serological tests of samples from vaccinated HCWs at three time points were assessed and compared (after receiving second dose, before receiving the third dose and after receiving the third dose); (2) the correlates of risk arm, in which antibody levels of breakthrough cases fo…”
MethodPopulation impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants with enhanced transmissibility and/or partial immune escape
Bushman, M., Kahn, R. J., Taylor, B. P., Lipsitch, M., & Hanage, W. P. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.026 · Cited by 93
Self-citationCurrent and future nanoparticle vaccines for COVID-19
Vu, M. N., Kelly, H. G., Kent, S. J., & Wheatley, A. K. (2021) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103699 · Cited by 101
“Similarly high effectiveness has been observed in mass vaccination settings such as Israel, where the BioNTech/Pfizer BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine (Comirnaty࣪) has been used to vaccinate more than 80% of the adult population with at least one dose [21].”
Prevention of host-to-host transmission by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines
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“[35] Yes 596,618 72% <60 28% ≥60 50 Pf/B 92% reduction in COVID-19 cases, 87% reduction in hospitalisation, 72% reduction in deaths: at 7 days after second dose”
BackgroundPeeters, M., Verbruggen, L., Teuwen, L.-A. M. N., Vanhoutte, G., Kerckhove, S. V., Peeters, B., Raats, S., der Massen, I. V., Keersmaecker, S. D., Debie, Y., et al. (2021) · ESMO Open · doi:10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100274 · Cited by 91
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Conditional cash lotteries increase COVID-19 vaccination rates
Barber, A., & West, J. (2021) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2021.102578 · Cited by 97
“Panel [B] shows values for state covariates during 2019 or 2020, as indicated, or over the full pre-treatment period of February 19 through May 11, 2021.”
InfluentialSwift, M. D., Breeher, L. E., Tande, A. J., Tommaso, C. P., Hainy, C. M., Chu, H., Murad, M. H., Berbari, E. F., & Virk, A. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab361 · Cited by 98
“We aim to provide an estimate of vaccine effectiveness (VE) in the subpopulation of HCP reached through employer vaccination programs, to enrich the rapidly growing body of evidence in this area (5-7).”
Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccine against Delta Variant in Adolescents
Reis, B. Y., Barda, N., Leshchinsky, M., Kepten, E., Hernán, M. Á., Lipsitch, M., Dagan, N., & Balicer, R. D. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2114290 · Cited by 96
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“a nationwide mass vaccination setting [22].”
The importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 vaccine rollout
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“Despite these first signs of the vaccine impact in the real world are extremely encouraging [16, 17], these figures might end up to be lower.”
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“Thus, the emphasis on the generally high levels of vaccine safety as indicated by the results of clinical trials and the different studies at the general population levels in various settings appears of utmost value to properly address the phenomenon of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy [43-45].”
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Engineered ACE2 decoy mitigates lung injury and death induced by SARS-CoV-2 variants
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Antibody response to the BNT162b2 vaccine in maintenance hemodialysis patients
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“Vaccination is a priority for this at-risk group who are relatively immunosuppressed, and the effectiveness of vaccines has not been explicitly tested in patients with chronic kidney disease and on dialysis, meaning vaccine efficacy or immunogenicity is not well-understood.(2) To achieve maximum population coverage, i…”
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“In a phase III trial with over 43,000 participants, the vaccine demonstrated a remarkable 95% overall efficacy in preventing COVID-19 infection and was also effective in a mass vaccination campaign [132, 133].”
The Mucosal and Serological Immune Responses to the Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccines
Chan, R. W. Y., Liu, S., Cheung, J. Y., Tsun, J. G., Chan, K. C. C., Chan, K. Y. Y., Fung, G. P. G., Li, A. M., & Lam, H. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.744887 · Cited by 86
“Thus, the importance of systemic SARS-CoV-2 IgA in vaccine-induced immunity against COVID-19 warrants further validation (13, 15).”
BackgroundBNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting
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The impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on Alpha and Delta variant transmissionPreprint
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Antibody response to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine among dialysis patients—a prospective cohort study
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Autoimmune phenomena following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination
Ishay, Y., Kenig, A., Tsemach-Toren, T., Amer, R., Rubin, L., Hershkovitz, Y., & Kharouf, F. (2021) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107970 · Cited by 87
“Real life results concerning vaccine efficacy in Israel have been recently published in peer-reviewed journals [4,5], and results match up to those presented in clinical trials.”
Vaccines for COVID-19: Where do we stand in 2021?
Sharma, K., Koirala, A., Nicolopoulos, K., Chiu, C., Wood, N., & Britton, P. N. (2021) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2021.07.001 · Cited by 85
“5) [40] Israel – 92% (55–100) [36] Hospitalisation: Scotland – 91% (85–94) [41]”
COVID-19 vaccines for low- and middle-income countries
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“26 This is corroborated by laboratory analyses of blood samples from vaccinees that found little or no loss of antibody neutralising ability towards the UK variant.”
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BNT162b2 Vaccine Effectiveness against Omicron in Children 5 to 11 Years of Age
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Self-citationMultimorbidity and adverse events of special interest associated with Covid-19 vaccines in Hong Kong
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Global public health security and justice for vaccines and therapeutics in the COVID-19 pandemic
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“[17], and may protect against at least severe disease caused by VOCs [18].”
González, S. E., Olszevicki, S., Salazar, M. R., Calabria, A., Regairaz, L., Marín, L., Campos, P., Varela, T., González, V., Ceriani, L., et al. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101126 · Cited by 82
“First, for that purpose, we created a fictional vaccination date which acted as the starting date of monitoring for the unvaccinated group [13,26].”
Vaccine development: Current trends and technologies
Poria, R., Kala, D., Nagraik, R., Walia, Y., Dhir, S., Singh, B., Kaushik, N. K., Noorani, M. S., Kaushal, A., & Gupta, S. (2023) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122331 · Cited by 90
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“To date,severalofthesehavebeenapprovedonthebasisofahighly favorable safety and efficacy profile (Baden et al., 2021; Dagan et al., 2021; Polack et al., 2020; Sadoff et al., 2021; Voysey et al., 2021).”
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“Indeed, a cohort of nearly 600 000 individuals was required to determine the efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine at the national level (11).”
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“7 million people Israel.(5) The investigators extracted data on matched cohorts of vaccinees and non-vaccinated controls and analysed study endpoints using rules that emulated the steps taken in a randomized trial.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAssociation of COVID-19 Vaccination With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients With Cancer
Wu, J. T.-Y., La, J., Branch‐Elliman, W., Huhmann, L., Han, S. S., Parmigiani, G., Tuck, D. P., Brophy, M. T., Do, N., Lin, A. Y., et al. (2021) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.5771 · Cited by 79
A look into the future of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe: an expert consultation
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“Importantly, they seem especially likely to prevent severe symptoms and hospitalization, reaching relative risk reductions of about 70 95% [30,32,35-37].”
Hitchings, M. D. T., Ranzani, O., Dorión, M., D’Agostini, T. L., de Paula, R. C., de Paula, O. F. P., Villela, E. F. D. M., Torres, M. S. S., de Oliveira, S. B., Schulz, W. L., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26459-6 · Cited by 78
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“Dagan et al. (2021) discovered that mass vaccination reduced the risk of COVID-19-related deaths by 72% and 84% from 14 to 20 days and from 21 to 27 days after the first dose, respectively [8].”
BackgroundKoerber, N., Priller, A., Yazici, S., Bauer, T., Cheng, C., Mijočević, H., Wintersteller, H., Jeske, S. D., Vogel, E., Feuerherd, M., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27649-y · Cited by 75
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“4087 In observational studies of vaccine effectiveness to date, cases have often been identified in whoever gets tested, for whatever reason [7,35,36].”
Self-citationVaccination status and COVID-19 related mortality: A hospital based cross sectional study
Muthukrishnan, J., Vardhan, V., Mangalesh, S., Koley, M., Shankar, S., Yadav, A. K., & Khera, A. (2021) · Medical Journal Armed Forces India · doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2021.06.034 · Cited by 76
“Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 virus causing COVID-19, achieved after infection, was shown to be variable in its duration and efficacy.(1,2) Vaccines studied in trials were noted to achieve significant immunity in both previously infected and naı̈ve subjects and varied from 92% for documented infection, 87% for hospitali…”
BackgroundSex and Gender in COVID-19 Vaccine Research: Substantial Evidence Gaps Remain
Vassallo, A. J., Shajahan, S., Harris, K., Hallam, L., Hockham, C., Womersley, K., Woodward, M., & Sheel, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2021.761511 · Cited by 78
Counoupas, C., Johansen, M. D., Stella, A. O., Nguyen, D. H., Ferguson, A. L., Aggarwal, A., Bhattacharyya, N. D., Grey, A., Hutchings, O., Patel, K., et al. (2021) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-021-00406-4 · Cited by 78
Stefanski, A., Rincón-Arévalo, H., Schrezenmeier, E. V., Karberg, K., Szelinski, F., Ritter, J., Jahrsdörfer, B., Schrezenmeier, H., Ludwig, C., Sattler, A., et al. (2021) · Arthritis & Rheumatology · doi:10.1002/art.42060 · Cited by 75
“DISCUSSION SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been approved based on their protection against COVID-19 in clinical trials (5-8).”
Delayed Antibody and T-Cell Response to BNT162b2 Vaccination in the Elderly, Germany
Schwarz, T., Tober‐Lau, P., Hillus, D., Helbig, E. T., Lippert, L. J., Thibeault, C., Koch, W., Landgraf, I., Michel, J., Bergfeld, L., et al. (2021) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2708.211145 · Cited by 76
Achiron, A., Mandel, M., Dreyer-Alster, S., Harari, G., Dolev, M., Menascu, S., Magalashvili, D., Flechter, S., Givon, U., Guber, D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577746 · Cited by 76
Metadata
- Authors
- Dagan, N., Barda, N., Kepten, E., Miron, O., Perchik, S., Katz, M. A., Hernán, M. A., Lipsitch, M., Reis, B., & Balicer, R. D.
- Affiliations
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- From the Clalit Research Institute, Innovation Division, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv (N.D., N.B., E.K., O.M., S.P., M.A.K., R.D.B.), and the School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva (O.M., M.A.K., R.D.B.) — both in Israel; University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor (M.A.K.); and the Department of Biomedical Informatics (N.D., N.B.), Harvard Medical School (B.R.), the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.A.H.), and the Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Departments of Epidemiology and of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (M.L.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard–MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (M.A.H.), and the Predictive Medicine Group, Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital (B.R.) — all in Boston.
- Corresponding author
- Balicer, Ran D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2021-04-15
- Volume
- 384
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1412-1423
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC7944975
- OpenAlex
- W3131688063
- Cited by
- 2,527
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 202 · 2023: 367 · 2022: 831 · 2021: 926
- FWCI
- 184.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Morris–Singer Fund
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness, SARS-CoV-2 infection prevention, symptomatic COVID-19, COVID-19 hospitalization, severe COVID-19, COVID-19 mortality, mass vaccination campaigns, real-world effectiveness, comorbidities, Israel
- MeSH terms
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine, COVID-19, COVID-19 Vaccines, BNT162 Vaccine, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Israel, Male, Middle Aged, Incidence, Treatment Outcome, Mass Vaccination, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Young Adult
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