Genetic differentiation and the evolution of cooperation in chimpanzees and humans.
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It has been proposed that human cooperation is unique among animals for its scale and complexity, its altruistic nature and its occurrence among large groups of individuals that are not closely related or are even strangers. One potential solution to this puzzle is that the unique aspects of human cooperation evolved as a result of high levels of lethal competition (i.e. warfare) between genetically differentiated groups. Although between-group migration would seem to make this scenario unlikely, the plausibility of the between-group competition model has recently been supported by analyses using estimates of genetic differentiation derived from contemporary human groups hypothesized to be representative of those that existed during the time period when human cooperation evolved. Here, we examine levels of between-group genetic differentiation in a large sample of contemporary human groups selected to overcome some of the problems with earlier estimates, and compare them with those of chimpanzees. We find that our estimates of between-group genetic differentiation in contemporary humans are lower than those used in previous tests, and not higher than those of chimpanzees. Because levels of between-group competition in contemporary humans and chimpanzees are also similar, these findings suggest that the identification of other factors that differ between chimpanzees and humans may be needed to provide a compelling explanation of why humans, but not chimpanzees, display the unique features of human cooperation.
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Estimates of between-group genetic differentiation in hunter-gatherers and other small-scale human societies are similar to those among chimpanzees, if not slightly higher among chimpanzees.
“Yet estimates of the degree of between-group genetic differentiation in hunter-gatherers and other small-scale human societies likewise prove to be similar to those among chimpanzees, if not slightly higher among chimpanzees (Langergraber et al., 2011).”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Langergraber et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Langergraber, K., Schubert, G., Rowney, C., Wrangham, R., Zommers, Z., & Vigilant, L.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Langergraber, Kevin
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2011-01-19
- Volume
- 278
- Issue
- 1717
- Pages
- 2546-2552
- ISSN
- 0080-4649 (ISSN-L)
- 0962-8452
- 1471-2954
- PMC
- PMC3125631
- OpenAlex
- W2131559081
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 147.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- evolution of cooperation, human cooperation, chimpanzees, genetic differentiation, between-group competition, war, altruism, human uniqueness
- MeSH terms
- Altruism, Animals, Pan troglodytes, Competitive Behavior, Cooperative Behavior, Emigration and Immigration, Biological Evolution, Humans, Cote d'Ivoire, Social Behavior, Uganda, Genetic Variation, Animal Migration
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