A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas

“The value of a more differentiated and context-sensitive approach to understanding complex human problems has been shown in the environmental domain (28, 29).”

“20–30% placed in no-take reserves [99,100,101]) and robust social institutions with the capacity to enforce regulations and build social adaptive capacity [102].”

“This work is particularly relevant in a monitoring context because, rather than considering resources in isolation, it builds on Ostrom’s (63) concept of resource systems that draw on ecosystem services.”

“Some initialfindings have pointed out that when institutional arrangements are appropriately matched to the biophysical scales in which they are embedded, the probability of successful CPR governance increases (Schlager et al., 1994; Berkes and Folke, 1998; Levin, 1999; Wilson, 2002; Turner et al., 2003; Lansing, 2006…”

“…Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 3Wildlife Conservation Society, 4Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, 5ENVISION features with ecological processes to effectively manage biological resources (Ostrom 1990, Hughes et al. 2005, Wilson 2006, Ostrom 2007).”

“…system and an ecological system that are linked through two arrows representing feedbacks between them (Berkes & Folke, 1998) The SES framework (Ostrom, 2007) that separates a SES into four firstlevel tiers, two ecological (resource unit and resource system) and two social (resource user and…”

“…began to contribute more directly to international regime formation (Keohane and Ostrom, 1995), the role of knowledge and epistemic communities within environmental policy (Hess and Ostrom, 2007), and the integration of diverse actors and institutions within systems (Ostrom, 2007b; Ostrom, 2007a).”

“Management of an SoS may at times be predicated on effective management of stakeholders and their level (and capacity) of involvement (Ostrom, 2007; Boone and Fragaszy, 2018).”

“Indeed, if local people are thoroughly engaged in a certain initiative, there is better potential for full-time physical presence and effective local surveillance, as they are residents in the target areas (Jentoft et al., 1998; Ostrom, 2007; Pomeroy, Katon, & Harkes, 2001).”

“We choose to apply Agrawal's framework instead of the more recent framework presented by Ostrom (2007, 2009, 2010), because it includes relationships between resources and user groups and their external environment (markets, technology), which may play an important role in the Chinese context.”

“Ostrom (2007) suggested organizing variables of interest in the study of social-ecological system in a nested, multi-tiered framework.”

“…interdependent, and subjective qualities of well-being; accommodates multidirectional relationships among ecological, social, and management factors; and encourages broadly comparable categories based on contextually defined factors (Biedenweg et al. 2014; Ostrom 2007; Leslie et al. 2015).”

“…accumulated over the past decades (Dietz, Ostrom, & Stern 2003), which highlight the complexity arising from interactions among multiple actors, multiple levels of organization and multiple objectives and the failures arising from not dealing with these effectively (Ostrom 2007;Walters 2007).”

“This approach also allows the management system and its social and ecological components to be framed in terms of multi-scale, integrative frameworks for SES analysis (Ostrom 2007).”

“This implies the importance of having a sound understanding of the underlying dynamics of the complex social-ecological system within which the direct payments interventions are implemented (Ostrom, 2007).”

“E) systems, also called social–ecological systems, can be a useful integrated analytical framework (Ostrom 2007, 2009; Reynolds et al. 2007, 2011; Scholz 2011a).”

“Panaceas have proven to be weak in their explanatory power and not very useful or even detrimental for policy advice (Ostrom, 2007; Ingram, 2008).”

“Ostrom ( 2007 ) has argued that successful common pool resource management regimes often have simple and clear rules .”

“This idea can be traced back to the SES framework (Ostrom 2007), which allows sophisticated analyses and comparisons of SESs to overcome the promotion of panaceas in resources management.”

“Many authors have pointed out the need for simpler assessment and management procedures, in which fishers are actively involved, based on indicators collected directly from the catch and/or from simple surveys (Johannes 1998; Berkes et al. 2001; Hilborn 2003; Orensanz et al. 2005; Ostrom 2007; Prince 2010).”

“…social-ecological problems such as natural-resource management or poverty reduction is a prominent theme in contemporary development thinking: Ostrom (2007) urges diagnostic frameworks that identify solution-pathways ‘beyond panaceas’, while Rodrik (2006) and Collier (2008) urge appropriate…”

“Ostrom proposed IAD as a foundation to explore the underlying complexity of interrelated social and ecological sustainability challenges “to build a solid field of sustainability science” (Ostrom, 2007).”

“Ostrom’s SES framework depicts components of the SES that are thought to influence outcomes in situations involving common-pool natural resources such as biodiversity (Ostrom 2007).”

“Multilevel research that draws on diverse disciplines (e.g., Diez-Roux 2000; Raudenbush & Bryk 2002; Erez & Gati 2004; Ostrom 2007; Bennett 2016) promises a more comprehensive understanding of why individuals think and behave the way they do in conservation contexts.”

“Ostrom‘s SES definition (Ostrom 2007) captures empirically observable social and economic diversity at the local level (e.”

“2015b) and sustainability hinges on the feedback and balances between social and ecological systems (Ostrom 2007; van Vliet et al. 2015b).”

“Social–ecological systems are defined as unique biogeographical physical units that are linked with, and affected by, associated human actors and institutions (Berkes and Folke 1998; Berkes et al. 2003; Ostrom 2007, 2009).”

“…simple problems of consumption, the model is both broad and structured enough to examine a diverse range of dimensions to the issue, thus averting the dangers of mono-consequentialism in the analysis of SES (Agrawal and Chhatre 2011) and oversimplified diagnoses (Ostrom 2007; Ostrom and Cox 2010).”

“In other fields, notably public policy, governance, and public administration, the concept of “panacea bias” has even emerged to describe this tendency to become bonded to particular prescriptive measures—where scholars come to deceive themselves into thinking a single, monolithic policy solution (such as a carbon tax…”

“By the 2000s cross-disciplinary conservation had emerged through purposeful incorporation of social science, including anthropology (Berkes 2007; Colding and Folke 2001; Ostrom 2007).”

“The principal insight to be drawn from these observations is that we need to strengthen our skills in the realm of what I (and others) call institutional diagnostics (Young 2002a, 2008; Ostrom 2007).”

“In presenting a basic framework for the analysis of social-ecological systems (SESs), Ostrom (2007, 2009) provides one response to this challenge.”

“But learning lessons from what does work helps focus attention on some of the key factors in a diagnostic fashion (Berkes 2007; Ostrom 2007).”

“Fourth, governors should not lapse into binary thinking, as this tends to produce panaceas and other naïve prescriptions (Ostrom, 2007).”

“substantial risk of losing their previous level of social-ecological resilience [115,116].”

“The fishers, mud crabs, estuarine and coastal fisheries and governing organisations and rules are the main subsystems of a complex socio-ecological system that, while being relatively independent, interact to produce outcomes (Ostrom, 2007; McGinnis and Ostrom, 2014).”

“Our approach draws on Ostrom et al. (1994)’s multi-level rule hierarchy described in the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework and subsequently the Social Ecological Systems (SES) framework (Ostrom 2007, 2009).”

“Following conceptual works on SES elaborated by Folke (2006), Ostrom (2007) and the theoretical transdisciplinary approach of Institute for SocialEcological Research (Hummel, 2008; Hummel, Jahn, & Schramm, 2011; Jahn, Bergmann, & Keil, 2012; Liehr, Röhrig, Mehring, & Kluge, submitted for…”

“[35] Ostrom E (2007) A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas.”

“However, given the complexity of a SES in a river basin and its historical legacies there are no panaceas for a transition of a water management regime towards and integrated and adaptive one (Ostrom, 2007; Pahl-Wostl, 2009).”

“…when linked to existing theories connecting landscapes among multiple jurisdictions using a polycentric and devolved approach to governance (Ostrom, 2007), landscape theory based on sustainable practices (Arts et al., 2017; Curtin, 2015) and a sound ecological understanding using…”

“the Social-Ecological Systems Framework (Ostrom, 2007).”

“Such complex problems require an integrated, interdisciplinary approach that recognizes the interdependence of social, economic, and ecological processes inherent in the system (Eigenbrode et al., 2007; Ostrom, 2007; Botey et al., 2014).”

“Likewise, it is important to recognize the dynamics and interactions that the market causes at different scales affecting household livelihoods and decision-making (Ostrom, 2007).”

“There are no ‘optimal’ rules that can be applied to all fisheries, all forests, or all water systems (Grafton, 2000; Ostrom, 2007).”

“This framework divides an SES into seven categories for analysis: resource systems, resource units, governance, users, interactions, outcomes, and related (or adjacent) ecosystems (Ostrom 2007, 2009).”

“The SES framework provides a template for cataloguing the social and ecological components that make up an institutional setting, and their resulting social and ecological outcomes (McGinnis and Ostrom, 2014; Ostrom, 2007; Ostrom and Cox, 2010).”

“These four components of any particular social-ecological system “jointly affect and are indirectly affected by interactions and resulting outcomes achieved at a particular time and place” (Ostrom, 2007:15181).”

“In order to counter these challenges, Ostrom (2007; 2009) crafted a multilevel social-ecological system (SES) framework as a common diagnostic tool for analysing factors that influence outcomes for complex environmental and human systems.”

“Diagnos9c SES Framework (SESF) Second-level variables under core subsystems for analyzing socialecological systems (Ostrom, 2007)”

“1; Ostrom 2007, 2009).”

“We proceed by using the framework of SES developed by Ostrom (2007), along with this typology of disturbances, in order to present an adapted framework that enables 6 M.”

“COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; MERS: Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome; OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; PEP: Post-exposure prophylaxis; R0: Basic reproductive number; SARS: Severe acute respiratory syndrome; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SES: Social-e…”

“Concepts such as mental models, belief systems, and values were recognized by Ostrom (2005) as playing important roles in explaining the behavior of stakeholders engaged in collective action (Fig.”

“At one end of the spectrum are the frameworks developed for considering placebased problems, e.g., SESF, which emphasizes the importance of identifying and bounding the focal, local SE system (Ostrom 2007).”

“Because collective action problems require the involvement of multiple stakeholders with a diversity of values and perceptions across scales (Ostrom, 2007), the emphasis is often on forms of collective learning rather than on individual types of learning.”

“In the nomenclature of Ostrom (2007, 2009b), the decoupling of users (households) from resource units (herds) triggered a recoupling of the resource system (rangelands) to the resource units (herds).”

“Realizing such complexity has challenged natural resource management worldwide; scholars have thus introduced the concept of the social-ecological system (SES) into the field of natural resource management (Anderies et al. 2004, Folke et al. 2005, Ostrom 2007, 2009).”

“The classical example is that of a meadow where areas grazed by one user’s animals cannot be grazed anymore by other users’ animals (Hardin, 1968; Ostrom, 2007).”

“, 2008); and an appreciation of multi-variable, cross-scale constituents of socioecological systems (Ostrom, 2007) and how these apply to irrigation systems (Meinzen-Dick, 2007; van Rooyen et al.”