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A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas
Open accessAbstract
The articles in this special feature challenge the presumption that scholars can make simple, predictive models of social–ecological systems (SESs) and deduce universal solutions, panaceas, to problems of overuse or destruction of resources. Moving beyond panaceas to develop cumulative capacities to diagnose the problems and potentialities of linked SESs requires serious study of complex, multivariable, nonlinear, cross-scale, and changing systems. Many variables have been identified by researchers as affecting the patterns of interactions and outcomes observed in empirical studies of SESs. A step toward developing a diagnostic method is taken by organizing these variables in a nested, multitier framework. The framework enables scholars to organize analyses of how attributes of ( i ) a resource system (e.g., fishery, lake, grazing area), ( ii ) the resource units generated by that system (e.g., fish, water, fodder), ( iii ) the users of that system, and ( iv ) the governance system jointly affect and are indirectly affected by interactions and resulting outcomes achieved at a particular time and place. The framework also enables us to organize how these attributes may affect and be affected by larger socioeconomic, political, and ecological settings in which they are embedded, as well as smaller ones. The framework is intended to be a step toward building a strong interdisciplinary science of complex, multilevel systems that will enable future diagnosticians to match governance arrangements to specific problems embedded in a social–ecological context.
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“Typically, CHANS are difficult to study because of their non-linearity characteristics, multiple space-time scales, complex feedback mechanisms, and unique local contexts that are linked to forces of globalization.”
From Modelling Tourism in the Galapagos Islands: An Agent-Based Model Approach (2014) · cites this paper as Ostrom 2007
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“The collection and evaluation of evidence in our approach is organized according to modes of accumulation identified by the CEQ (1997), including those such as nonlinear and cross-boundary effects that are of widely recognized importance in complex social-ecological systems like the salmon fisheries of the Pacific Northwest (Ostrom 2007).”
From Evidence‐based evaluation of the cumulative effects of ecosystem restoration (2016) · cites this paper as Ostrom 2007
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“The concept of near decomposability has been extended to the analysis of natural resource systems, which are typically conceived as having multiple levels of subsystems that function independently in many respects but are also functionally linked with higher-level and lower-level subsystems within the larger natural resource system (see E. Ostrom, 2007).”
From Polycentric Systems of Governance: A Theoretical Model for the Commons (2019) · cites this paper as E. Ostrom, 2007
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“11 See James I. Stewart (2009) for an important study that links size of group, acceptance of norms of cooperation, and support of property rights in 25 mining camps in the American Southwest. source: Adapted from E. Ostrom 2007: 15182.”
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BackgroundEvolution of co-management: Role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning
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“Given the general understanding that no one set of variables could produce the answer in a common management situation (Ostrom, 2007), a more useful approach may be to produce ‘‘diagnostic’’ questions that may be adapted to the context of a given case (Berkes et al., 2007, Box 16.1).”
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“23 Ostrom, E. (2008) The challenge of common-pool resources.”
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Self-citationHard choices: Making trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and human well-being
McShane, T. O., HIRSCH, P. D., Trung, T. C., Songorwa, A. N., Kinzig, A. P., Monteferri, B., Mutekanga, D. R., Thang, H. V., Dammert, J. L., Pulgar‐Vidal, M., et al. (2010) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.04.038 · Cited by 914
“There are no panaceas or one-size fits all solutions (Ostrom, 2007), nor are there necessarily solutions with long-term staying power (Sayer and Campbell, 2004): decisions and strategies will have to be revisited as new knowledge emerges, and as the social, political, economic, and ecological…”
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“Such complexity challenges any attempt to create institutions to manage natural resources, especially those that propose free-market privatization, top-down centralized control, or bottom-up decentralized control as the ‘‘only’’ way to organize ( Ostrom 2007 ).”
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“nology or resource opportunity to another (Holling et al. 1998; Ostrom 2007).”
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Pascual, U., Phelps, J., Garmendia, E., Brown, K., Corbera, E., Martin, A., Gómez‐Baggethun, E., & Muradian, R. S. (2014) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biu146 · Cited by 618
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“…alternative approaches, based on theories of polycentricity that go beyond markets and states and that integrate institutional systems on multiple scales, have been discussed and applied to water governance (McCord et al., 2016; Neef, 2009; Ostrom, 2007, 2010a, 2010b; Pahl-Wostl et al., 2012).”
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“We used Ostrom’s diagnostic framework (11, 40) to build a se-”
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Our future in the Anthropocene biosphere
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“There is also the need for awareness of the shadow side of all innovation, the consequences of intervention in a complex system (Holling et al. 1998; Ostrom 2007).”
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Defining biocultural approaches to conservation.
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A pluralistic and integrated approach to action-oriented knowledge for sustainability
Caniglia, G., Luederitz, C., von Wirth, T., Fazey, I., Martín-López, B., Hondrila, K., König, A., von Wehrden, H., Schäpke, N. A., Laubichler, M. D., et al. (2020) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-020-00616-z · Cited by 510
From applying panaceas to mastering complexity: Toward adaptive water governance in river basins
Pahl-Wostl, C., Lebel, L., Knieper, C., & Nikitina, E. (2012) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2012.07.014 · Cited by 479
“To support a generic but contextual diagnostic approach (Ostrom, 2007; Pahl-Wostl, 2009; Young, 2008, 2011) we developed an analytical framework that makes a distinction between (a) water governance regime, (b) regime performance and (c) environmental and socio-economic context.”
BackgroundMethodPrivate and Common Property RightsPreprint
Elinor Ostrom, B., & Hess, C. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1304699 · Cited by 323
Self-citationWhat drives the development of community energy in Europe? The case of wind power cooperatives
Bauwens, T., Gotchev, B., & Holstenkamp, L. (2016) · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2015.12.016 · Cited by 452
“In this perspective, we build the conceptual framework of this paper using insights from the Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework developed by Elinor Ostrom and her collaborators [17].”
MethodCoulthard, S., Johnson, D. S., & McGregor, J. A. (2011) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.003 · Cited by 433
Scale-Crossing Brokers and Network Governance of Urban Ecosystem Services: The Case of Stockholm
Ernstson, H., Barthel, S., Andersson, E., & Borgström, S. T. (2010) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-03692-150428 · Cited by 446
“However, to sustain actor diversity requires awareness of the general tendency of powerful actors (including the scale-crossing broker) to superimpose top-down ideas and practices on other actors (Agrawal and Ostrom 2001, Ostrom 2008).”
BackgroundGovernance, complexity, and resilience
Duit, A., Galaz, V., Eckerberg, K., & Ebbesson, J. (2010) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.04.006 · Cited by 453
Analyzing complex water governance regimes: the Management and Transition Framework
Pahl‐Wostl, C., Holtz, G., Kastens, B., & Knieper, C. (2010) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2010.08.006 · Cited by 462
Preiser, R., Biggs, R., Vos, A. D., & Folke, C. (2018) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-10558-230446 · Cited by 678
“SES research methods grounded in CAS-based approaches will not provide fool-proof strategies that can be utilized blindly in the search for answers to difficult questions (Ostrom 2007).”
MethodPopa, F., Guillermin, M., & Dedeurwaerdere, T. (2015) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2270568 · Cited by 409
Global Groundwater Sustainability, Resources, and Systems in the Anthropocene
Gleeson, T., Cuthbert, M., Ferguson, G., & Perrone, D. (2019) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science · doi:10.31223/osf.io/6dvm8 · Cited by 407
“…scientific understanding of groundwater systems (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations et al., 2016): (1) Institutional arrangements are the global, national, regional, or local formal or informal rules, norms, and beliefs we use to frame or organize our actions (Ostrom, 2005).”
Transitions to Sustainable Development
Schlaile, M. P., & Urmetzer, S. (2020) · Encyclopedia of the UN sustainable development goals · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95867-5_52 · Cited by 13
Prno, J. (2013) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.09.010 · Cited by 395
The Multiple Facets of Co-Production: Building on the work of Elinor Ostrom
Alford, J. (2013) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2013.806578 · Cited by 436
“What works well in one set of circumstances may be unsuitable for another – a theme that permeated much of Ostrom’s work (Ostrom 2007; Ostrom et al. 2007; see also Alford and O’Flynn 2012, esp. ch. 10).”
BackgroundMarine reserves as linked social–ecological systems
Pollnac, R. Β., Christie, P. J., Cinner, J. E., Dalton, T. M., Daw, T. M., Forrester, G. E., Graham, N. A. J., & McClanahan, T. R. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0908266107 · Cited by 362
“These case studies have provided important insights, but idiosyncratic approaches have made larger-scale comparisons difficult, consequently limiting their contribution to understanding general relationships between social and ecological aspects of marine reserve functioning (11).”
BackgroundOperationalizing the social-ecological systems framework to assess sustainability
Leslie, H. M., Basurto, X., Nenadovic, M., Sievanen, L., Cavanaugh, K. C., Cota-Nieto, J. J., Erisman, B. E., Finkbeiner, E., Hinojosa-Arango, G., Moreno-Báez, M., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1414640112 · Cited by 375
Devolution of environment and resources governance: trends and future
BERKES, F. (2010) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s037689291000072x · Cited by 377
“…affecting the outcome in each case, IFRI studies illustrate the importance of having ‘large-n’ data sets to help eliminate some variables and combine the others in a diagnostic manner to arrive at indicators of successful commons use, both in terms of institutions and resources (Ostrom 2007).”
BackgroundNavigating the transition to ecosystem-based management of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Olsson, P., Folke, C., & Hughes, T. P. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0706905105 · Cited by 378
General Resilience to Cope with Extreme Events
Carpenter, S. R., Arrow, K. J., Barrett, S. A., Biggs, R., Brock, W., Crépin, A., Engström, G., Folke, C., Hughes, T. P., Kautsky, N., et al. (2012) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su4123248 · Cited by 428
“For general resilience such attributes should not be subject to planning and control in a narrowly prescribed way [33], but instead supported by enabling legislation and economic incentives that allow for self-regulation and innovation.”
Young, O. R. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1111690108 · Cited by 416
“This issue explains the importance of the propositions that we must go beyond panaceas in devising regimes to address real world problems (30) and that it is essential to adopt a diagnostic approach in efforts to design regimes to solve specific problems (29–31).”
BackgroundNEW HORIZONS FOR MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT: A REVIEW OF COUPLED SOCIAL‐ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS MODELING
Schlüter, M., McAllister, R. R. J., Arlinghaus, R., Bunnefeld, N., Eisenack, K., Hölker, F., Milner‐Gulland, E. J., Müller, B. H., Nicholson, E., Quaas, M. F., et al. (2011) · Natural Resource Modeling · doi:10.1111/j.1939-7445.2011.00108.x · Cited by 397
“Conceptualizing natural resource systems as SESs challenges some of the basic assumptions on which traditional approaches are based, such as that it is possible to fully predict and control system dynamics by addressing single system elements in isolation (Pahl-Wostl et al. [2011]; Table 1). This traditional view of n…”
BackgroundPartelow, S. (2018) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-10594-230436 · Cited by 518
“This transition has brought wider engagement over the last 10 years, and the framework’s core literature (i.e., Ostrom 2007, 2009, Poteete et al. 2010, McGinnis and Ostrom 2014) has now been cited in combination more than 7,700 times (Google Scholar, as of November 2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOcean Solutions to Address Climate Change and Its Effects on Marine Ecosystems
Gattuso, J., Magnan, A., Bopp, L., Cheung, W. W. L., Duarte, C. M., Hinkel, J., Mcleod, E., Micheli, F., Oschlies, A., Williamson, P. C., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00337 · Cited by 499
“On that basis, the governability of a scheme increases with its effectiveness (Ostrom, 2007), the predictability of its effects (Hagedorn, 2008; Ostrom, 2009), its co-benefits, the absence of disbenefits together with the presence of national-level net benefits, the presence of enabling…”
BackgroundThe Challenge of Common-Pool Resources
Ostrom, E. (2008) · Environment Science and Policy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.3200/envt.50.4.8-21 · Cited by 363
Self-citationWeaving Indigenous and sustainability sciences to diversify our methods
Johnson, J. T., Howitt, R., Cajete, G., Berkes, F., Louis, R. P., & Kliskey, A. D. (2015) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-015-0349-x · Cited by 454
“Ostrom (2007) noted there are no easy answers in coupled human–natural systems: no panaceas—and no simple way of representing, understanding or responding to the complexity in settings that are simultaneously biophysical and cultural (Wilcock et al. 2013).”
BackgroundCherp, A., & Jewell, J. (2011) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2011.07.001 · Cited by 367
“For example, Ostrom’s [63] success in studying co-evolution of resource systems, their users and governance mechanisms shows the feasibility of co-analyzing scien-tific, economic, and policy variables in specific contexts and then using the results of such analyses to enrich more general theories.”
BackgroundForest commons and local enforcement
Chhatre, A., & Agrawal, A. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0803399105 · Cited by 371
“Nor do most existing studies take into account the different factors that the literature on the commons has identified as being relevant to observed outcomes (15).”
BackgroundResearch core and framework of sustainability science
Kajikawa, Y. (2008) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-008-0053-1 · Cited by 384
“Ostrom (2007) proposed an analytic framework consisting of a resource system (for example, fishery, lake, grazing area), resource units generated by that system (for example, fish, water, fodder), the users of that system, and the governance system, where all these components and their interactions…”
BackgroundSpatial resilience: integrating landscape ecology, resilience, and sustainability
Cumming, G. S. (2011) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-011-9623-1 · Cited by 372
“Social resilience is (in general) thought be enhanced by increased financial capital, the diversification of livelihoods, increases in trust and community cooperation, higher levels of education, the enhancement of local response capacity through appropriate institutions and organizations, and the creation of appropri…”
BackgroundResponsible Approach to Marine Stock Enhancement: An Update
Lorenzen, K., Leber, K. M., & Blankenship, H. L. (2010) · Reviews in Fisheries Science · doi:10.1080/10641262.2010.491564 · Cited by 374
“…where boundaries of the resource and those who can use it are clearly defined, fishers are involved in designing rules and in monitoring, and low-cost mechanisms exist for setting sanctions and resolving disputes—attributes most commonly found in local, small-scale fisheries (Ostrom, 1990, 2008).”
BackgroundLearning through evaluation: A tentative evaluative scheme for sustainability transition experiments
Luederitz, C., Schäpke, N., Wiek, A., Lang, D. J., Bergmann, M., Bos, J. J., Burch, S., Davies, A., Evans, J. W., König, A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.005 · Cited by 336
“The framework e developed and advanced by Elinor Ostrom and others (e.g. Ostrom, 2007; Ostrom and Cox, 2010; McGinnis and Ostrom, 2014; Leslie et al., 2015; Vogt et al., 2015) e departs from conditions in common-pool resource systems that are considered crucial for enabling self-organization.”
MethodPotschin, M., & Haines-Young, R. H. (2011) · Progress in Physical Geography Earth and Environment · doi:10.1177/0309133311423172 · Cited by 552
“She argues that such frameworks can help bridge ‘the contemporary chasm separating biophysical and social science research’ (Ostrom, 2007: 15186), and build the kind of interdisciplinary science needed to address problems of sustainability.”
InfluentialEnvironmental Literacy in Science and Society: From Knowledge to Decisions
Scholz, R. W. (2011) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511921520 · Cited by 332
Ahsan, M., & Warner, J. (2014) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.12.009 · Cited by 331
“For assessing vulnerability, Ostrom [18] and Wisner [19] also urged for an inductive approach where adaptive capacity and flexible governance structure were suggested to include.”
BackgroundPolycentric governance of multifunctional forested landscapes
Nagendra, H., & Elinor Ostrom, B. (2012) · International Journal of the Commons · doi:10.18352/ijc.321 · Cited by 353
“…Woolcock (2004) Meyfroidt and Lambin 2011 Berkes 2007 Geist and Lambin 2002 Nagendra 2007 Southworth and Nagendra 2010 Geist and Lambin 2002 Ostrom and Nagendra 2006 Ostrom 2007 Sugden 1986 models of resource systems but now conduct empirical research of the operation of these models in practice.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMinimising the harm to biodiversity of producing more food globally
Phalan, B., Balmford, A. P., Green, R. E., & Scharlemann, J. P. W. (2011) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.008 · Cited by 317
“Given the flexibility and variety of social institutions (Ostrom, 2007), one approach is to assess potential solutions from a biophysical perspective initially, before evaluating and developing equitable ways to achieve them.”
BackgroundInstitutional fit and the sustainability of social–ecological systems
Epstein, G., Pittman, J. B., Alexander, S. M., Berdej, S. M., Dyck, T., Kreitmair, U. W., Rathwell, K., Villamayor‐Tomás, S., Vogt, J., & Armitage, D. R. (2015) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2015.03.005 · Cited by 398
“Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2015, 14:34–40 Introduction The sustainability of social–ecological systems (SESs) depends in part upon the fit between institutions, the problems they are meant to address and the contexts in which they operate [1–3].”
Networks of Adjacent Action Situations in Polycentric Governance
McGinnis, M. D. (2011) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2010.00396.x · Cited by 399
“This may not be quite the right representation, but analysis of any closely-coupled social-ecological system requires that the ecological side be given careful consideration as well (see Ostrom, 2007a, 2009, this issue).”
BackgroundMethodInstitutional challenges for mining and sustainability in Peru
Bebbington, A. J., & Bury, J. T. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0906057106 · Cited by 319
“Fourth, appropriate institutional innovations (and appropriate means of introducing them) cannot be blueprinted (11).”
InfluentialWhen we cannot have it all: Ecosystem services trade-offs in the context of spatial planning
Turkelboom, F., Leone, M., Jacobs, S., Kelemen, E., García-Llorente, M., Baró, F., Termansen, M., Barton, D., Berry, P., Stange, E., et al. (2017) · Ecosystem Services · doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.10.011 · Cited by 317
“The implication for trade-off research is that when they aim to support spatial planning, it is recommended to embrace the full complexity, rather than dissecting simple sub-systems of the trade-off at hand (Ostrom 2007).”
BackgroundPandey, R., & Jha, S. K. (2011) · Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change · doi:10.1007/s11027-011-9338-2 · Cited by 332
“External support is thus often considered vital to the engineering of transformative institutional change that will enable poor communities to better cope with climate shocks (Ostrom 2007).”
BackgroundCrafting analytical tools to study institutional change
Elinor Ostrom, B., & Basurto, X. (2010) · Journal of Institutional Economics · doi:10.1017/s1744137410000305 · Cited by 367
“In the social sciences, we not only struggle to explain the processes behind institutional change, but also how to identify what is changing (E. Ostrom, 2007b: 23).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKoontz, T. M., & Newig, J. (2014) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/psj.12067 · Cited by 334
Designing coupled innovations for the sustainability transition of agrifood systems
Meynard, J.-M., Jeuffroy, M., Bail, M. L., Lefèvre, A., Magrini, M.-B., & Michon, C. (2016) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2016.08.002 · Cited by 402
Clément, F. (2009) · Policy Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11077-009-9100-8 · Cited by 359
“their size, abundance, uncertainty (Wilson 2002), resilience or vulnerability (Ostrom 2007).”
BackgroundExplaining people's perceptions of invasive alien species: A conceptual framework
Shackleton, R. T., Richardson, D. M., Shackleton, C. M., Bennett, B. M., Crowley, S. L., Dehnen‐Schmutz, K., Estévez, R. A., Fischer, A., Kueffer, C., Kull, C. A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.045 · Cited by 359
Cooper, N., Brady, E., Steen, H., & Bryce, R. (2016) · Ecosystem Services · doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.07.014 · Cited by 294
Levers and leverage points for pathways to sustainability
Chan, K. M. A., Boyd, D. R., Gould, R. K., Jetzkowitz, J., Liu, J., Muraca, B., Naidoo, R., Olmsted, P., Satterfield, T. A., Selomane, O., et al. (2020) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10124 · Cited by 379
“Following the logic that there are no governance panaceas for social–ecological sustainability (Ostrom, 2007), implementation would surely vary considerably across contexts.”
BackgroundManaging fisheries for human and food security
McClanahan, T. R., Allison, E. H., & Cinner, J. E. (2013) · Fish and Fisheries · doi:10.1111/faf.12045 · Cited by 333
“We argue that progressive and successful policies and management are most likely to take a diagnostic or context-specific and forward-looking approach where these responses are specific to the socialecological context and identify key factors limiting progress towards the desired social-ecological or food security sta…”
BackgroundBrooks, J., Waylen, K., & Mulder, M. B. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1207141110 · Cited by 290
“This study was inspired by Ostrom’s (22) call for researchers to recognize the complex, multivariate, and multilevel nature of socioecological systems.”
BackgroundInfluentialIson, R. L., Blackmore, C., & Iaquinto, B. L. (2013) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.12.016 · Cited by 185
Applying evolutionary biology to address global challenges
Carroll, S. P., Jørgensen, P. S., Kinnison, M. T., Bergstrom, C. T., Denison, R. F., Gluckman, P. D., Smith, T. B., Strauss, S. Y., & Tabashnik, B. E. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1245993 · Cited by 321
Basurto, X., Gelcich, S., & Elinor Ostrom, B. (2013) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.08.001 · Cited by 299
“Here we contend that the SES framework’s multitiered organizational structure could be useful to develop a diagnostic approach for the study and governance of SESs (McGinnis and Ostrom, 2013; Ostrom, 2007, 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationResilience, experimentation, and scale mismatches in social-ecological landscapes
Cumming, G. S., Olsson, P., Chapin, F. S., & Holling, C. S. (2012) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9725-4 · Cited by 302
“A starting point for the design of institutions for sustainable environmental management is provided by the principles developed by Lin Ostrom and colleagues (e.g., Ostrom 1990, 2003, 2007, 2009).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Ostrom, E.
- Affiliations
- Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and Environmental Change, Indiana University, 408 North Indiana Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47408; Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University, 513 North Park, Bloomington, IN 47408; and Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2007-09-25
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 39
- Pages
- 15181-15187
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2000497
- OpenAlex
- W2071962320
- Cited by
- 2,728
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 109 · 2025: 124 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 146 · 2022: 167 · 2021: 209 · 2020: 196 · 2019: 158 · 2018: 197 · 2017: 156 · 2016: 163 · 2015: 168 · 2014: 168 · 2013: 165 · 2012: 135
- FWCI
- 60.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Ford Foundation
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Sustainability and Climate Change Governance
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Coastal and Marine Management
- Keywords
- social-ecological systems, panacea, diagnostic framework, multilevel systems, governance arrangements, resource utilization (natural resources), nonlinear interactions, cross-scale analysis, resource degradation, interdisciplinary research, fisheries, lake ecosystems, grazing systems
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecology, Environment, Environmental Health, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollution, Humans, Models, Biological, Public Policy, Social Environment, Ecosystem
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