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A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas
Open accessAbstract
The articles in this special feature challenge the presumption that scholars can make simple, predictive models of social–ecological systems (SESs) and deduce universal solutions, panaceas, to problems of overuse or destruction of resources. Moving beyond panaceas to develop cumulative capacities to diagnose the problems and potentialities of linked SESs requires serious study of complex, multivariable, nonlinear, cross-scale, and changing systems. Many variables have been identified by researchers as affecting the patterns of interactions and outcomes observed in empirical studies of SESs. A step toward developing a diagnostic method is taken by organizing these variables in a nested, multitier framework. The framework enables scholars to organize analyses of how attributes of ( i ) a resource system (e.g., fishery, lake, grazing area), ( ii ) the resource units generated by that system (e.g., fish, water, fodder), ( iii ) the users of that system, and ( iv ) the governance system jointly affect and are indirectly affected by interactions and resulting outcomes achieved at a particular time and place. The framework also enables us to organize how these attributes may affect and be affected by larger socioeconomic, political, and ecological settings in which they are embedded, as well as smaller ones. The framework is intended to be a step toward building a strong interdisciplinary science of complex, multilevel systems that will enable future diagnosticians to match governance arrangements to specific problems embedded in a social–ecological context.
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“Typically, CHANS are difficult to study because of their non-linearity characteristics, multiple space-time scales, complex feedback mechanisms, and unique local contexts that are linked to forces of globalization.”
From Modelling Tourism in the Galapagos Islands: An Agent-Based Model Approach (2014) · cites this paper as Ostrom 2007
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“The collection and evaluation of evidence in our approach is organized according to modes of accumulation identified by the CEQ (1997), including those such as nonlinear and cross-boundary effects that are of widely recognized importance in complex social-ecological systems like the salmon fisheries of the Pacific Northwest (Ostrom 2007).”
From Evidence‐based evaluation of the cumulative effects of ecosystem restoration (2016) · cites this paper as Ostrom 2007
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“The concept of near decomposability has been extended to the analysis of natural resource systems, which are typically conceived as having multiple levels of subsystems that function independently in many respects but are also functionally linked with higher-level and lower-level subsystems within the larger natural resource system (see E. Ostrom, 2007).”
From Polycentric Systems of Governance: A Theoretical Model for the Commons (2019) · cites this paper as E. Ostrom, 2007
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Cites
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“Although pastoralists, in many cases, have cooperated tomake their own rules and sanctioning mechanisms, governance systems must be careful when implementing incentive-based mechanisms (Ostrom, 2007; Spiteri and Nepal, 2006).”
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“, 2005), timing (Ostrom, 2007), location (Bird et al.”
InfluentialRoss, H., Adhuri, D., Abdurrahim, A. Y., & Phelan, A. (2019) · Ecosystem Services · doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100969 · Cited by 34
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“Based on an extensive review of empirical studies, in collaboration with other scholars, Ostrom (2007, 2009) proposed a social – ecological system (SES) framework that structures the variables affecting the likelihood of self-organisation and sustainable resource use into four core subsystems.”
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BackgroundFalk, T., Spangenberg, J., Siegmund-Schultze, M., Kobbe, S., Feike, T., Kuebler, D., Settele, J., & Vorlaufer, T. (2018) · Ecosystem Services · doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.07.012 · Cited by 34
“No governance regime is intrinsically superior to the other (Williamson, 2000, Ostrom, 2007, Woodhill, 2010).”
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“In the specific case of communal ownership, it has been demonstrated that not always the governance of public land leads to the “tragedy of the commons” (Hardin 1968; Ostrom 2007, 2010).”
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“Rather than adopting blueprints, sustainable governance of natural resources therefore requires that governance arrangements are matched with the respective social-ecological setting and with the specific problems the involved actors face (Ostrom 2007).”
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“…themselves to speculations about the applicability of CPR theory, without attempting to seriously grapple with the theoretical complexities of such a process, nor systematically comparing their predictions to actual cases (e.g. Keohane and Ostrom 1995; Dietz et al. 2003; McGinnis and Ostrom 2007).”
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Carrillo, I. I. C., Partelow, S., Madrigal, R., Schlüter, A., & Gutiérrez-Montes, I. A. (2019) · International Journal of the Commons · doi:10.18352/ijc.923 · Cited by 42
“This supports the need to understand each AMPR as unique, and that each will require contextually appropriate governance within the co-management model to avoid viewing co- management as generic solution (Jentoft 2000; Ostrom 2007).”
BackgroundMethodA diagnostic for collaborative monitoring in forest landscape restoration
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“Organizing variables into a nested framework such as this one is precisely the sort of diagnostic approach that generates cumulative capacities to find solutions to problems in complex, cross-scale, and changing systems (Ostrom 2007).”
BackgroundHarnessing values to save the rhinoceros: insights from Namibia
Muntifering, J. R., Linklater, W. L., Clark, S. G., Uri-Khob, S., Kasaona, J. K., Uiseb, K., du Preez, P., Kasaona, K., Beytell, P., Ketji, J., et al. (2015) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605315000769 · Cited by 41
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“Although social-ecological systems such as this are inherently complex, their composite parts can be identified for structural analyses (Ostrom, 2007).”
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“While this framing may help to leverage funding and bolster political support, it can also fuel a cycle of optimism and disenchantment as purported panaceas fail to fulfil their promise (Hirsch et al. 2010; see also Brosius & Russell 2003; Ostrom 2007; Redford & Adams 2009).”
BackgroundBlythe, J. L., Cohen, P. J., Eriksson, H., Cinner, J. E., Boso, D., Schwarz, A., & Andrew, N. L. (2017) · Marine Policy · doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.008 · Cited by 33
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“The SES framework initially proposed by Ostrom (2007), is a multi-tiered framework that provides the researcher with a set of categories to examine how characteristics of the resource systems, household attributes, local governance systems, and external interactions influence resource management.”
BackgroundSustainable development: Agents, systems and the environment
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“…Initiative – in rural Central America to elucidate a social–ecological systems-based approach (Berkes, Folke, & Colding, 2000; McGinnis & Ostrom, 2014; Ostrom, 2007, 2009) to investigate water resource conflicts that fills knowledge gaps and provides synthesis to existing analytical frameworks.”
BackgroundDelgado-Serrano, M. D. M., Vanwildemeersch, P., London, S., Ortiz-Guerrero, C. E., Semerena, R. E., & Rojas, M. L. (2016) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-08505-210236 · Cited by 46
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“Since its first publication (Ostrom 2007), the SES framework has been updated (Ostrom 2009, 2011; McGinnis and Ostrom 2014), and enhanced through the provision of clear criteria for ordering concepts into tiers, refining the existing concepts, adding new concepts, defining outcome metrics, and…”
BackgroundCollaborative and Transformational Leadership in the Environmental Realm
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“Social learning is recommended, alongside related work on social-ecological systems (Ostrom, 2007) and deliberative processes (Schusler, Decker, & Pfeffer, 2003), as important for environmental management (Bos et al.”
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Into the deep blue sea: Commons theory and international governance of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna
Epstein, G., Nenadović, M., & Boustany, A. M. (2014) · International Journal of the Commons · doi:10.18352/ijc.410 · Cited by 34
Horstkotte, T., Sandström, C., & Moen, J. (2014) · Human Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10745-014-9687-z · Cited by 32
“This is especially the case where rights to land ownership and usufruct rights differ among stakeholders (Dietz et al. 2003; Ostrom 2007).”
BackgroundAnderies, J. M., Barreteau, O., & Brady, U. (2019) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-019-01529-0 · Cited by 50
“1 The Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework on the left (adapted from Ostrom 2011) is mapped on to the SES Framework in the center (adapted from Ostrom 2007) and the Robustness of SES Framework on the right (adapted from Anderies et al. 2004).”
MethodFishery Science in Galapagos: From a Resource-Focused to a Social–Ecological Systems Approach
Castrejón, M., Defeo, O., Reck, G. K., & Charles, A. T. (2013) · Social and ecological interactions in the Galapagos Islands · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02769-2_8 · Cited by 58
Bavinck, M., Sowman, M., Menon, A., Pellegrini, L., & Mostert, E. (2014) · doi:10.1201/b16498-10 · Cited by 32
Adaptive and integrated management of water resources
Pahl-Wostl, C., Jeffrey, P., & Sendzimir, J. (2010) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511974304.016 · Cited by 32
Negotiating discord in sustainability transformations
Patterson, J., Feola, G., & Kim, R. E. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2310186121 · Cited by 44
A framework for conceptualizing and modeling social-ecological systems for conservation research
Anderies, J. M., Cumming, G. S., Clements, H. S., Lade, S. J., Seppelt, R., Chawla, S., & Müller, B. H. (2022) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109769 · Cited by 39
Participatory scenario planning to facilitate human–wildlife coexistence
Jiren, T. S., Riechers, M., Kansky, R., & Fischer, J. (2021) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.13725 · Cited by 31
“This framework is itself rooted in the social-ecological systems framework (Ostrom, 2007) and the ecosystem services framework (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005) and was designed to facilitate structured data collection in human–wildlife contexts (Ceauşu et al., 2019).”
BackgroundAnalyzing constraints in the water-energy-food nexus: The case of eucalyptus plantation in Ethiopia
Bazzana, D., Gilioli, G., Simane, B., & Zaitchik, B. (2021) · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106875 · Cited by 31
Policy issue interdependency and the formation of collaborative networks
Hedlund, J., Bodin, Ö., & Nohrstedt, D. (2020) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10170 · Cited by 40
“Research on institutional (or ‘social-ecological’) fit (Epstein et al., 2015; Galaz et al., 2008; Lebel et al., 2013; Ostrom, 2007; Young, 2002) emphasises how the alignment of collaborative arrangements with characteristics of the environmental problem can enhance governance effectiveness.”
BackgroundLópez-Rodríguez, M. D., Ruiz-Mallén, I., Oteros-Rozas, E., March, H., Keller, R., Lo, V., Cebrián-Piqueras, M., & Andrade, R. (2020) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2020.09.019 · Cited by 31
“2), adopts Cox’s (2014) modified social-ecological systems (SES) framework from Ostrom (2007, 2009).”
Rahmasary, A. N., Koop, S. H., & van Leeuwen, C. (2020) · Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management · doi:10.1002/ieam.4334 · Cited by 31
“In fact, the governance of water‐related challenges is increasingly being recognized as a main priority for becoming climate proof and for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Ostrom 2007; OECD 2015; UN Environment 2018).”
BackgroundRe-Envisioning Sanitation As a Human-Derived Resource System
Trimmer, J. T., Miller, D. C., Byrne, D. M., Lohman, H. A. C., Banadda, N., Baylis, K. R., Cook, S. M., Cusick, R. D., Jjuuko, F., Margenot, A. J., et al. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c03318 · Cited by 31
Horcea‐Milcu, A., Martín‐López, B., Lam, D. P. M., & Lang, D. J. (2020) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-11332-250113 · Cited by 70
Water: The Environmental, Technological, and Societal Complexity of a Simple Substance
Hering, J. G. (2019) · Encyclopedia of Water · doi:10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0038 · Cited by 36
Patterson, J., Voogt, D. L., & Sapiains, R. (2019) · Environmental Policy and Governance · doi:10.1002/eet.1865 · Cited by 31
“Most broadly, this suggests that there is definitely “no panacea” (following Ostrom, 2007) for addressing the institutional aspects of climate adaptation.”
BackgroundGu, Y., Zhang, X., Deal, B. M., Han, L., Zheng, J.-L., & Ben, H. (2019) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c8gc03611j · Cited by 34
Improving pond aquaculture production on Lombok, Indonesia
Senff, P., Partelow, S., Indriana, L., Buhari, N., & Kunzmann, A. (2018) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.07.027 · Cited by 31
Reform and efficiency of state-owned forest enterprises in Northeast China as “social firms”
Han, X., Frey, G. E., Geng, Y.-D., Cubbage, F., & Zhang, Z. (2018) · Journal of Forest Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfe.2018.02.002 · Cited by 31
Using the “regime shift” concept in addressing social–ecological change
Kull, C. A., Kueffer, C., Richardson, D. M., Vaz, A. S., Vicente, J. R., & Honrado, J. P. (2017) · Geographical Research · doi:10.1111/1745-5871.12267 · Cited by 52
“Discomfort with emphasis on generalization and simplification Systems approaches tend to emphasize generalization, at least at an intermediate level (Pahl-Wostl, 2009, Ostrom, 2007), rather than context dependence, differentiation, individual agency, and geographical context (Coenen et al., 2012).”
BackgroundManaging Water Scarcity at a River Basin Scale with Economic Instruments
Gómez, C. M., Pérez-Blanco, C., Adamson, D., & Loch, A. (2018) · doi:10.1142/s2382624x17500047 · Cited by 31
Bridging for Better Conservation Fit in Indonesia's Coastal-Marine Systems
Berdej, S., & Armitage, D. (2016) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2016.00101 · Cited by 31
“For example, fit has been discussed as part of institutional dimensions of global environmental change (Young, 2002; Ekstrom and Young, 2009), resilience of social-ecological systems (Folke et al., 1998/2007; Galaz et al., 2008; Epstein et al., 2015), and common pool resources (Ostrom, 2007).”
BackgroundNYERGES, T. L., Roderick, M. J., Prager, S. D., Bennett, D., & Lam, N. (2013) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/13658816.2013.853304 · Cited by 27
“The findings accumulated across case studies about fisheries as common pool resources viewed as sustainable systems is an excellent example (Ostrom 2007, 2009), but the spatial–temporal nuances have yet to be explicated.”
BackgroundInfluentialSustainability science: accounting for nonlinear dynamics in policy and social–ecological systems
Garmestani, A. S. (2014) · Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy · doi:10.1007/s10098-013-0682-7 · Cited by 31
Cinti, A., Duberstein, J., Torreblanca, E., & Moreno-Báez, M. (2014) · doi:10.5751/es-05570-190115 · Cited by 31
Hunting with Polar Bears: Problems with the Passive Properties of the Commons
Schmidt, J. J., & Dowsley, M. (2010) · Human Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10745-010-9328-0 · Cited by 27
“…the common-pool resource perspective, strict categories such as “common property” are replaced with a more nuanced evaluation of what constitutes a “resource unit” and what social and institutional norms operate to make that unit discrete from other aspects of the environment (see Ostrom 2007).”
BackgroundDeliberation, learning, and institutional change: the evolution of institutions in judicial settings
Blomquist, W., & Ostrom, E. (2008) · doi:10.1007/s10602-008-9045-5 · Cited by 31
“We plan to pursue a research program on the diagnosis of complex, nested social-ecological system and which factors may contribute to problematic outcomes, better information about the structure of these systems, and successful adaptation and reform (see Anderies et al. 2004; Ostrom 2007).”
MethodSelf-citationThe cultural evolution of collective property rights for sustainable resource governance
Andrews, J., Clark, M., Hillis, V., & Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (2024) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-024-01290-1 · Cited by 31
Tàbara, J. (2023) · Environmental Sociology · doi:10.1080/23251042.2023.2239538 · Cited by 30
“Whilst most institutional arrangements and logics tend to be environmentally alienated from biophysical rhythms and dynamics, it may, however, be possible to demonstrate the feasibility of alternative institutional configurations, such as those with more polycentric forms (Ostrom 2007, 2009).”
BackgroundKelman, C. C., Brady, U., Raschke, A. B., & Schoon, M. (2023) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920.2023.2228234 · Cited by 38
“More rigorous analyses of large numbers of case studies are needed to reveal the connection between institutional elements including rules, processes, and contexts (Cumming et al. 2020), and utilizing a common set of core factors linking these elements together is necessary to do so (Ostrom 2007).”
BackgroundThe Continuing Case for a Polycentric Approach for Coping with Climate Change
Lofthouse, J. K., & Herzberg, R. Q. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15043770 · Cited by 36
Soil-targeted interventions could alleviate locust and grasshopper pest pressure in West Africa
Word, M. L., Hall, S. J., Robinson, B. E., Manneh, B., Beye, A., & Cease, A. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.313 · Cited by 39
Akamani, K., & Hall, T. E. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01125 · Cited by 31
“Since Hardin’s (1968) publication of “The tragedy of the commons,” evidence from decades of research has led to the conclusion that no particular type of institution (states, markets, or communities) can function efficiently, equitably, and sustainably in all common pool resources (Ostrom et al. 1999, 2007; Acheson, 2…”
BackgroundDonoso, R. E., & Elsinga, M. (2016) · International Journal of Housing Policy · doi:10.1080/14616718.2016.1248608 · Cited by 36
“Co-owners in low-income condominiums have similar collective action problems to those in other communities involved in either common pool or common property resource (CPR) management (Agrawal, 2001; Orban, 2006; Ostrom, 2007).”
BackgroundTambora and the mackerel year: Phenology and fisheries during an extreme climate event
Alexander, K. E., Leavenworth, W. B., Willis, T. V., Hall, C. J., Mattocks, S., Bittner, S. M., Klein, E. S., Staudinger, M. D., Bryan, A. M., Rosset, J., et al. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601635 · Cited by 33
“Time period Year 1800 (baseline) Historical events Dams (48) Census (5,615) Towns Dams (30) Census (8,520) Towns Dams (3) Census (562) Towns”
BackgroundA Multi-Tier Social-Ecological System Analysis of Protected Areas Co-Management in Belize
Williams, K. W., & Tai, H.-S. (2016) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su8020104 · Cited by 32
“What explains the different trajectories of outcomes? How can we understand the conditions that influence protected areas co-management outcomes to improve policy and practice? In this paper, we apply Ostrom’s multi-tier SES framework [22,23] to carry out a dynamic diagnosis of two cases of protected areas co-manageme…”
MethodInfluentialDunning, K. (2014) · Ecosystem Services · doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.11.010 · Cited by 33
“In addition to quantitative findings this study seeks to contribute qualitative details on institutions that are often inadequately reported (Wamukota et al., 2012; Ostrom, 2007; Agrawal, 2001).”
BackgroundMills, M., Adams, V., Pressey, R., Ban, N., & Jupiter, S. (2012) · doi:10.1111/j.1755-263x.2012.00258.x · Cited by 30
“interconnected social, economic and political factors will also influence whether villages will undertake conservation (Ostrom 2007).”
BackgroundThe resilience of big river basins
Cumming, G. S. (2011) · Water International · doi:10.1080/02508060.2011.541016 · Cited by 28
“The temptation to blame problems on a single cause or driver (such as population growth or institutional failure), and build expectations around working towards a single overarching solution or “panacea”, must be avoided (Ostrom 2007 ).”
BackgroundNacke, L., Cherp, A., & Jewell, J. (2022) · Oxford Open Energy · doi:10.1093/ooenergy/oiac002 · Cited by 35
“Ostrom aimed for a ‘serious study of complex, multi-variable, non-linear, cross-scale and changing systems’ [29] (p.”
InfluentialIwane, M., Leong, K. M., Vaughan, M. B., & Oleson, K. L. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2021.669105 · Cited by 31
“It is essential in problem-solving endeavors to embrace the full range of systemslevel complexity of natural resource management problems (Ostrom, 2007; Palsson et al., 2013; Aswani et al., 2018).”
BackgroundNtuli, H., Sundström, A., Sjöstedt, M., Muchapondwa, E., Jagers, S. C., & Linell, A. (2021) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-12201-260118 · Cited by 29
“In this case, the whole community forms a view about whether subsistence poaching is tolerable or not, and this affects the costs that individuals suffer when they make a decision to go poaching (Ostrom 2007).”
BackgroundMethodOn the frontiers of collaboration and conflict: how context influences the success of collaboration
Schoon, M., Chapman, M., Loos, J., Speranza, C. I., Kelman, C. C., Aburto, J. A., Alexander, S., Baggio, J. A., Brady, U., Cockburn, J. J., et al. (2021) · Ecosystems and People · doi:10.1080/26395916.2021.1946593 · Cited by 33
“We find great value in scaling up the cross-case comparisons within this framework to allow researchers to take a diagnostic approach to assess how key variables like trust or social learning interact with other important variables (Young 2002; Ostrom 2007).”
BackgroundResultZhou, B., & Lv, L. (2020) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-020-01074-w · Cited by 32
“…landscape sustainability, emphasizing ‘‘linking knowledge to action;’’ what remains underused is the problem-driven, diagnostic approach (WBGU 1997; Ostrom 2007), which emphasizes ‘‘understanding human–environment interactions’’ that underlie various urgent landscape-relevant sustainability…”
BackgroundKruijf, J. V., Pahl‐Wostl, C., & Knieper, C. (2018) · Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.eist.2018.09.004 · Cited by 37
Understanding and Managing Social–Ecological Tipping Points in Primary Industries
Yletyinen, J., Brown, P. H., Pech, R. P., Hodges, D., Hulme, P. E., Malcolm, T. F., Maseyk, F. J. F., Peltzer, D. A., Perry, G. L. W., Richardson, S. J., et al. (2019) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biz031 · Cited by 36
“However, we should be cautious with blueprint approaches in tipping point management, even if simple solutions to complex problems appear attractive (Ostrom 2007).”
BackgroundCo-management of protected areas to alleviate conservation conflicts: Experiences in Norway
Fedreheim, G. E., & Blanco, E. (2017) · doi:10.18352/ijc.749 · Cited by 29
“We first develop an operational characterization of actors of protected areas in Norway based on their relationships to the protected area following the social-ecological systems (SES) framework of Ostrom and colleagues (Ostrom 2007, 2009; Ostrom et al. 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Ostrom, E.
- Affiliations
- Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and Environmental Change, Indiana University, 408 North Indiana Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47408; Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University, 513 North Park, Bloomington, IN 47408; and Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2007-09-25
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 39
- Pages
- 15181-15187
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2000497
- OpenAlex
- W2071962320
- Cited by
- 2,728
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 109 · 2025: 124 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 146 · 2022: 167 · 2021: 209 · 2020: 196 · 2019: 158 · 2018: 197 · 2017: 156 · 2016: 163 · 2015: 168 · 2014: 168 · 2013: 165 · 2012: 135
- FWCI
- 60.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Ford Foundation
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Sustainability and Climate Change Governance
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Coastal and Marine Management
- Keywords
- social-ecological systems, panacea, diagnostic framework, multilevel systems, governance arrangements, resource utilization (natural resources), nonlinear interactions, cross-scale analysis, resource degradation, interdisciplinary research, fisheries, lake ecosystems, grazing systems
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecology, Environment, Environmental Health, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollution, Humans, Models, Biological, Public Policy, Social Environment, Ecosystem
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