A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas

“…SES into a multitier hierarchy that can be unfolded when needed, and for facilitating the selection of variables in a case study This study based on Ostrom (2007, 2009) and others Amazon Delta For analyze collective action problems in socio-ecological deltas; conceptualization of the social system…”

“Ostrom’s nested framework (Ostrom 2007, 2009) allows us elaborate the coupled nature of dryland socio-environmental system components as also to integrate different disciplinary approaches for an improved understanding of the processes, feedbacks, dynamics, and transitions characterizing specific…”

“In fact, communication allows group members to identify the best strategy in the game by exchanging information, building norms, and forming a sense of group identity (Ostrom 2007).”

“The authors present a four-stage diagnostic framework, based on Ostrom s previous work on social-ecological systems (Ostrom 2007; 2009), that moves from system description to characterization of challenges and opportunities, through two stages of analysis and validation, to the definition and…”

“The role of governance in PAs effectiveness should be assessed relative to local dynamics (see [116]) and researchers have to develop in-depth understanding of institutional, contextual and historical diversity to be able to conduct more rigorous analysis and decompose governance processes into elements that can be mo…”

“This qualitative model involves an application of the social-ecological framework by Ostrom (2007).”

“…approaches are dedicated to the analysis of either coupled ‘human–environment systems’ (e.g., Turner et al. 2003), ‘socio-ecological systems’ (e.g., Gallopı́n et al. 2001) or ‘social-ecological systems’ (e.g., Berkes et al. 2003; Gunderson and Holling 2002; Folke 2006; Ostrom 2007).”

“…(e.g. fish), rather than to humanconstructed biophysical subsystems [other than those accounted for by the second-tier attribute human-constructed facilities to capture those humanmade biophysical supplements (e.g. irrigation infrastructure) to natural systems (e.g. rivers)] (Ostrom 2007, 2009).”

“As climate change impacts are increasingly observed, existing challenges within policy and legislative frameworks are being exacerbated by the rate of change within the physical system (Ostrom, 2007).”

“Operationalisation of ‘One Health’ We have shown that ‘One Health’ is well integrated into broader conceptual thinking like ‘Ecosystem health’ or ‘Health in Social-Ecological Systems’.”

“Certain properties of both the resources and their governance increase the likelihood of sustainable use (Dietz et al. 2003, Ostrom 2009), although no single formula or strategy has been identified that guarantees sustainability (Ostrom 2007).”

“I did not discuss any experiments that tested the effect of face-to-face communication between rounds, enabling participants to discuss what they all should do and build norms to encourage conformance (Nash 1953, Ostrom 1998, Ostrom 2001, Ostrom 2007).”

“Ostrom (2007) has developed a multi-tier framework of key variables believed to be important for studying complex social-ecological systems; the framework includes six top tier variables and 51 second tier variables.”

“…et al. 2004; Ostrom 2007; Janssen et al. 2007; McGinnis and Ostrom 2014) posits a ‘theoryneutral framework’ to analyze the linkages and relations of an ecological (non-human, physical or material) system with one or more social systems (Anderies et al. 2004; Ostrom 2007; McGinnis and Ostrom 2014).”

“…at defining a common language, framing research and guidance towards sustainable development of SES (Gallopı́n et al. 2001; Holling and Allen 2002; Turner et al. 2003; Ostrom 2007), and the SES frameworks variables have been key in identifying sustainable outcomes in natural resource management.”

“In this context, both Noble prize laureates, such as Elinor Ostrom [8] and Sir John Sulston [9], and high-level science officials [10] have stressed the need of an in depth transformation of the modes of organizing scientific research for governing the transition to sustainable societies.”

“The multi-tier framework presented by Ostrom (2007) can provide a useful starting point for theory-based IEs of climate change interventions and suggests a range of different variables researchers might want to consider when designing IEs.”

“Our repeated finding from field research is that government, private, or community ownership is not the primary cause of resource sustainability over time (Ostrom, 2007).”

“An approach that effectively breaks down and communicates the complexity of CBC can provide a valuable mechanism for translating scientific theory into context-specific “diagnostics” to guide conservation practice (as per Ostrom, 2007).”

“This limitation is especially true for land systems, i.e. social-ecological systems (SESs; Ostrom 2007), in which the interactions of different agents can be mediated through direct and indirect linkages and feedbacks with the physical environments (Letourneau et al 2012).”

“Indeed, in her later work, Ostrom explicitly recognized the roles of norms and heuristics, trust, communication, and large-scale contextual factors in creating conditions for successful CPR management (Ostrom 2007, Ostrom and Cox 2010).”

“The availability of such information can be enhanced through opportunities for communication (Ostrom, 2007).”

“Due to water’s characteristics of a common pool resource (see introduction) and the complex interaction between nature, technology and humans for local water governance, we selected the Social-Ecological Systems framework and the design principles (Ostrom 1990, 2007).”

“The social-ecological framework of ecosystem services and disservices (SEEDS) adapts the components of social-ecological systems (Ostrom, 2007, 2009) to the context of human–wildlife interactions by defining six key elements: wildlife units, ecosystem services, ecosystem disservices, ecosystem…”

“At the heart of this complexity lies the high diversity of the social, institutional, and ecological entities in SSF, the interactions within and among these entities, and the range of outcomes that arise from these interactions (Degnbol and McCay, 2007; Ostrom, 2007; Smith and Basurto, 2019).”

“Disagreements between actors engaged in collective action activities and resulting conflicts are also reported for local CPR management groups (Ostrom 2015; Ravikumar et al.”

“Certainly, context matters; but context is not the only thing thatmatters and it matters more if the focal action situations are scrutinized within an integrated SES diagnostic framework (Ostrom, 2007; Blomquist et al., 2010).”

“To address this problem, Ostrom and her colleagues (Ostrom 2007; Ostrom & Cox 2010) have recently developed an interdisciplinary framework for the analysis of SESs (Fig.”

“Indeed, there is a growing appreciation that policy instruments must be designed to match the ecological, economic, and social systems in which they are implemented (Ostrom 2007, 2009).”

“Such an institutional grammar would consist of multiple tiers, where the upper categories would be more general and the lower categories would be more casespecific, similar to the general institutional framework developed in (Ostrom, 2007).”

“In this context reference frameworks to transparently cover framework conditions are required, such as that provided by the five capitals approach (Thaler and Seebauer, 2019), Ostrom’s socio-ecological-systems (Ostrom, 2007), or technological innovation systems (Bergek et al., 2008).”

“Ostrom (1990, 2007) explained how many common pool resource dilemmas were not actually instances of market failure (to be resolved with effective property rights, or regulated public ownership) but would yield to private ordering solutions when the relevant ‘community of use’ could come together…”

“It 1 One implication of this treatment is that those boxes might be replaced by the first-tier variables of Ostrom’s subsequently developed SES framework (see E. Ostrom, 2007, 2009).”

“Although no panaceas to the sustainability of fisheries exist, governance systems that incorporate the elements of successful common pool resource institutions into place-based management strategies are more likely to result in social and ecological successes (Ostrom 2007; Basurto and Ostrom 2009).”

“…to adapt to climate change and disaster risk reduction in mountain regions (Smit and Pilifosova 2001; Huq 2007; Lemos et al. 2007) and instead of more bottomup forms of assistance, the adaptive capacities and flexible governance structures to be emerged (Ostrom 2007; Hahn et al 2009; Wisner 2010).”

“Consequently, more interdisciplinary approaches were conceived (e.g. Folke 2006; Young et al. 2006; Ostrom 2007).”

“In her current work, she is extending this framework to encompass more of the biophysical aspects of coupled social-ecological systems (Ostrom 2007a, 2009).”

“Environmental policy deals with complex socialecological systems that respond to change in unpredictable, non-linear ways and requires much more than linear predictive models and simple solutions (Ostrom 2007).”

“Ecosystem service (ES) approaches—based on an understanding that ecosystems provide myriad benefits called ecosystem services (ESs) to people—are increasingly showing promise inmoving environmental decision-making processes toward better outcomes for ecosystems and people (Daily, 2000; Clark and Dickson, 2003; Ostrom,…”

“…of conservation and international development, scholars have repeatedly called for diagnostic tools and associated theories to assess not only whether, but under what conditions, a specific policy tool works (Basurto & Ostrom, 2009; Deaton, 2010; Miteva, Pattanayak, & Ferraro, 2012; Ostrom, 2007).”

“Collecting data to create models that generate single, seemingly elegant solutions (Ostrom, 2007) introduces bias andmisses nuances in datawhen findings are ascribed to higher (macro) or lower (micro) level processes (Gibson et al.”

“…SES and 1School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of the West of England complex systems literature, in particular, Anderies et al. (2004), Ostrom (2007, 2009), and Binder et al. (2013).”

“…there is a growing appreciation of the shortfalls associated with a one-size-fits-all approach to environmental governance (Meinzen-Dick 2007, Ostrom 2007) and an awareness that centralized and bureaucratic attempts to manage the environment tend to be exclusionary, reactive, insensitive to…”

“They are recognized by institutional economists and natural resource economists (North 1990; Ostrom 1990; 2007; Vatn 2010; Brouwer et al. 2011).”

“Combinations of robust quantitative information with more qualitative information can so represent a valuable contribution to sustainability science (Kates et al. 2001; Ostrom 2007).”

“Schl¨uter et al. (2012) do not make specific recommendations about which approach to use, but instead propose using Ostrom’s framework (Ostrom, 2007, 2009) as a basis for justifying modelling choices and making comparisons among various models conceptualising SESs.”

“Particularly, as emphasized in this volume, Ostrom (2007) developed a diagnostic multi-tier framework as a starting point in the analysis of social and ecological systems.”

“…efforts, an urgent need has arisen for a holistic understanding of politico- and socio-economic systems and the resources and users within them (Young et al. 2006; Ostrom 2007; Armitrage 2008; Berkes 2008; Pahl-Wostl 2009; Plummer 2009, Plummer and Armitage 2010; Ostrom 2009; Engle 2011).”

“However, there are a range of factors that may influence the on-ground success of a particular conservation action within a given socioecological context (Ostrom, 2007) and act as barriers to the integration of different management actions.”

“Key Words: adaptive cycle; Alaska; forest management; resource governance; rigidity traps; U.S. National Forests”

“This is arguably the case with even the most widely used SES framework, introduced by Elinor Ostrom (Ostrom, 2007; Ostrom, 2009), which does not provide any suggestions for integrating SES dynamic feedbacks.”

“Ostrom [91] proposes a foundational SocialEcological Systems (SESs) framework which investigates interactions between "(i) a resource system (e.”

“2015; Ostrom 2007; Homburg and Stolberg 2006; Kollmuss and Agyeman 2002).”

“Examples include ecological economics (Costanza 1989), panarchy theory (Holling 2001), conservation psychology (Saunders 2003), the human ecosystem approach (Machlis and others 1997), and the frameworks developed by Elinor Ostrom and others for analyzing linked socio-ecological systems ( Ostrom 1999, 2007, 2009 ).”

“multilevel analysis of institutions (Ostrom, 2007; Cox et al., 2010; Cox, 2011) and employing”

“This claim has been frequently made in the literature on the determinants of successful collective action (see e.g. Ostrom, 2007), but our study is (to our best knowledge) the first experimental one, that provides 23 An elected quota rule did not improve cooperation in Vollan (2008) for Namibia but…”

“We embed the causal relationships between DFM and poverty/deforestation in Ostrom (2007)’s generic analytic framework for conservation dynamics.”

“A number of frameworks have been developed to study SES, including the socialecological system framework (SESF) (Ostrom 2007, 2009; McGinnis and Ostrom 2014), the vulnerability framework (Turner et al. 2003) and the driver-pressure-state-impactresponse (DPSIR) framework (Gari et al. 2015; EC 1999; Lewison et al. 2016).”

“Ostrom [5] acknowledged that there are no easy solutions to problems in coupled human–natural systems: no panaceas.”

“The literature on common-pool resource (CPR) systems has become closely associated with that of social-ecological systems (SES) (Ostrom 2007; Cox 2014).”

“The fact that many studies are able to study the urban system in terms of its components or categories, that is, social, economic, political, etc., is a result of this system property (Ostrom 2007).”

“Second, we combine the social41 ecological systems framework (Ostrom, 2007), which highlights the influence 42 of institutions(3) on resource exploitation, with political ecology’s emphasis on 43 the perceptions and agency of key actors, and the contribution of justice and 44 equity to measuring the success of institu…”

“Governance includes all people affecting and affected by water systems as potential actors who might coordinate their activities toward collective goals (Ludwig 2001; Ostrom 2007).”

“In order to avoid the mistakes associated with panaceas-types of policies [14 ], national and regional level policy formulations for sustainable management of ecosystems and biodiversity need to offer macroeconomic frameworks for ecosystem accounting which are, however, flexible enough to account for inter-regional di…”

“Given the ever increasing number of MPAs and limited conservation funds, establishing performance is critical and case study approaches have limited contribution to understanding general relationships of marine reserve functioning (Ostrom 2007; Pollnac and others 2010).”

“…many macro-level outcomes of micro-level interaction may be either constructive or destructive, depending upon the cooperative or competitive nature of this interaction, as is succinctly illustrated in the many instances of the failure or success of producing public goods (e.g. Ostrom 2007).”

“In an innovative manner, this paper will use the multi-tier framework developed by Ostrom in order evaluate the ability of our models to analyze complex SESs (Ostrom, 2007).”

“A growing body of literature (e.g., Ostrom, 2007; Resilience Alliance, 2007a; 2007b) examines the management of SESs, but treats them as “neat” systems in which humans and their resources are reduced to “blocks” representing subsystems with simple and relatively clear flows (Anderies et al. 2007).”