A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas

“The effectiveness of those policies, legal, and institutional provisions depends on the land governance state and its capacity (Cumming, 2016; Bodin & Beatrice, 2009; Ostrom, 2007).”

“Demand Response; Trust & Reciprocity [25] Process dynamics”

“Instead, the job of management and enforcement often falls into the hands of fishers themselves (Pomeroy 1991; Ostrom 2007).”

“The general framework for analyzing the sustainability of socio-ecological systems (SES) presented by Ostrom (2007, 2009) is a valuable lens to analyze irrigation systems.”

“Conversely, when information to estimate low-level variables is insufficient or unavailable, aggregated values can be used as estimations of first- or second-tier categories (see [1], p.”

“In stressing the decomposability of complex systems, she has also employed a multiple-tier approach to demonstrate specificity at deeper levels and the range of interactive effects across them ( Ostrom, 2007 ).”

“Different factors like the characteristics of the resource, users’ attributes, and the governance structure affect the capacity of people to solve collective action problems in common-pool resource settings [5,6].”

“To be sure, Ostrom did deliberate over the problemsolving capacity of GTC ’s original framework (Ostrom 2007), going so far as to acknowledge “that humans have a more complex motivational structure … than posited in earlier rational-choice theory” (Ostrom 2010), but still insisted that this…”

“These steps convey a general ambition to abandon overly simplistic and predictive models in favor of approaches that acknowledge more dynamic complex systems and unanticipated effects [12].”

“, 2008 [11,12,18] Urban environmental stewardship; Urban-ecological network structure; Analysis of dynamics within urban SES”

“This framework states that the complex outcomes of SESs (e.g., sustainability and equity) are the function of both the ecological and the human components, and the interactions between these components (Ostrom, 2007a,b; Ostrom, 2009; Vogt et al., 2015).”

“Spatial boundaries are a key element needed to map ecosystems, services, and the distribution of benefits, and consequently defining access rights to natural resources for users and beneficiaries (Ostrom, 2007).”

“…of a lack of social-ecological fit resulting from the application of institutional and technological panaceas [14, 15] has received quite a bit of attention in the literature on community-based natural resource management and the governance of complex social-ecological systems (Ostrom 1990, 2007).”

“…literature on the commons is directed towards understanding how different contextual factors influence emergence and dynamics of cooperation (Ostrom 2007; Dietz and Henry 2008) but, as far as we understand, relatively little attention has been directed towards understanding the specific…”

“…biomass energy (Colocousis, 2013; McPartland, 2012; Pasqualetti, 2001), unconventional natural gas extraction (Perry, 2012; Schafft et al., 2013), or production of timber or other forest products marketed under a new sustainability-oriented certification scheme (Overdevest and Rickenbach, 2006).”

“Resource characteristics: The characteristics of CPR systems and their resource units, such as their mobility, productivity and renewability (Ostrom 2007) affect their ‘governability’ (Jentoft 2007).”

“Poor consideration of these socioeconomic and perception considerations and the open-access nature of fisheries are arguably the reasons for poor compliance with fisheries management (Ostrom 2007).”

“…most basic level, a simulation game intended to convey sustainability challenges must clearly express the underlying interactions of social and ecological systems including resource and governance systems (Ostrom 2007; Ostrom 2009; McGinnis and Ostrom 2014) as well as different public discourses.”

“…as related to the intensity of production systems and associated land covers, the size of the producers, and the presence of farmers’ cooperatives (Ostrom 2007); • the value chain characteristics, including producing, processing, distributing, and retailing goods to consumers (Gereffi et…”

“Drawing on Ostrom (2007), we conceptualise the provision of ecosystem services as a social-ecological system involving complex and dynamic human–ecosystem interactions.”

“…reconciling a balance between a multitude of actors with different stakes and interests in natural resources (e.g. Dietz, Ostrom, & Stern, 2003), while simultaneously acknowledging the resources that themselves are characterized by complex dynamics and inherent uncertainties (Ostrom, 2007).”

“Similarly, other scholars warn against generalized solutions or blueprint approaches and emphasize the need for diagnostic analyses in dealing with complex problems (Edquist, 2011; Moser & Ekstrom, 2010; Ostrom, 2007).”

“Ostrom (2007), whose work is the basis for our ontology, initially proposed a multilevel SES framework, arranging the relevant variables within four primary components at the first level, as shown in Figure 1.”

“In 2007, Elinor Ostrom, published ‘‘A Diagnostic Approach for Going beyond Panaceas,’’ a framework for making inferences from comparative social-ecological studies (Ostrom, 2007).”

“Indeed over 50 variables have been identified which may influence the sustainability of such social-ecological systems (Blythe et al., 2017; Ostrom, 2007, 2009).”

“In Ostrom’s “diagnostic approach,” the Social-Ecological System (SES) framework was designed to address coordination problems of natural resource management and help prioritize the most relevant variables (7, 8).”

“Even though one has to be cautious not to look for a panacea solution to such complex issues as socio-ecological interactions (Ostrom 2007), implementing these principles in research will facilitate more comprehensive and integrated assessments thereby strengthening forest management decision…”

“Though many studies research human-environment interactions, the complexity of coupled SESs remains not well understood (Liu et al., 2007; Ostrom, 2007).”

“A detailed description of the SES framework can be found in Ostrom (2007, 2009) and Poteete et al. (2010).”

“There are many dimensions to building adaptive, resilient SESs, including the capacity to both detect imminent change and to respond appropriately and the literature on this topic is expanding rapidly [26,27].”

“A possible way forward is offered by the SES framework (McGinnis and Ostrom, 2014; Ostrom, 2009, 2007), aimed at providing a common language to organize findings and analyze outcomes at the SES level.”

“The SES framework is a particularly noteworthy addition to the set of frameworks, theories, and models used for the study of sustainability (Ostrom 2007 , 2009 ).”

“Recent investigations have highlighted that these converging ideas have had some traction in infrastructure resilience theory [18,20,26]; however, they limited the influence on industry practice.”

“• There is no panacea to natural resource governance (cf Ostrom, 2007).”

“The variables are nested in a larger socio-economic and ecological context which affects the interactions and outcomes and enables ‘diagnosticians to match governance arrangements to specific problems embedded in’ this wider context (Ostrom, 2007, p. 15181).”

“Among the most advanced approaches in sustainability science is certainly systems thinking, which taps into a wide and diverse set of data and methods [15].”

“Instead of using the more sophisticated socio-ecological systems framework (Ostrom, 2007), we use a specialized framework developed for reindeer herding (Riseth, 2009; Riseth and Vatn, 2009).”

“A method of analysis of social-ecological systems (Ostrom 2007) that evaluates tiers through decomposable systems (or subsystems) could be of help by picking up the secondtier variables of a community (a subsystem) where important variables within the culture could be found.”

“…approaches to environmental degradation, economic decline, or lack of social cohesion, our perspective of urban sustainability requires linking these adverse phenomena, evaluating their harmfulness and urgency, and tracing them back to their root causes (Ostrom, 2007; Wiek, Ness, et al., 2012).”

“As CBM is often based on the subsidiary principle, the nestedness of social organization is easy to ignore when policies are put into practice [2,3,5].”

“Due to the complexity of SES, understanding global environmental change is critical for developing effective responses (Ostrom, 2007; Turner et al., 2007; Lambin and Meyfroidt, 2010).”

“According to Pickett et al. (2007), the goal of scientific theory is to facilitate understanding.”

“The specific issue that challenges ecosystem management varies greatly globally, therefore no single formula, or institutional arrangement, is applicable to all situations (Ostrom 2007).”

“The seminal work of Ostrom [56] highlights the need to move beyond panaceas, i.e., simple universal recipes, to resolve the problems of overuse of natural resources.”

“Although there is no governance panacea (Ostrom, 2007), collaborative governance is likely to be more effective in complex systems than a strictly hierarchical, linear governance structure (Bunderson et al., 2016), which may be more efficient for more clearly defined problems associated with…”

“Governance systems are understood as a fundamental component of social-ecological systems and have potential to greatly affect conservation outcomes (Ostrom, 2007).”

“There is an expanding body of research on community management of natural resources and on the factors affecting success (e.g., Gibson et al. 2005; Agrawal & Chhatre 2006; Ostrom 2007).”

“36 Direct drivers are defined as factors that exert an immediate and observable influence on trade volumes, prices, or flows.”

“57–60 Such an understanding is prerequisite to transforming these systems and curbing resource use and generation of emissions/waste, changes that can result in attainment of equitable cardiometabolic outcomes and climate goals.”

“The SES framework (Ostrom 2007) serves as an analytical tool with which to study and fully appreciate system dynamics in coupled human–nature systems.”

“Among these challenges is the fact that widespread interventions, such as enforcement, do not always perform as planned or yield beneficial results (Agrawal & Ribot, 2014; Ostrom, 2007).”

“Ostrom (2007) expanded on previous CPR work and developed a framework to understand social and ecological dynamics and processes that occur at local to global scales.”

“Important moves in this direction are underway (19), but no single theory or framework successfully deals with all of these contextual factors (20).”

“Owing to the diverse methods of introduction, the number of species and the myriad ways by which invasive species negatively impact ecosystems, commodities and economies, decision-makers cannot rely on a simple solution to raise awareness (Ostrom 2007, Fischer et al. 2015).”

“These models include socio-political norms and rules as inter-related variables and they can serve as a diagnostic tool for studying sustainability problems (Ostrom 2007).”

“Whilst a number of earlier versions were proposed (e.g. Anderies et al. 2004; Ostrom 2007), Ostrom’s (2009) conceptualisation of SESs was more specifically framed towards the design of sustainable institutions to govern the use of common property resources (CPR): natural resources shared by a…”

“The prime motivation was that applying the SES framework in this analysis was useful for building a common language for social-ecological analysis and thus enabling comparisons to be made across studies of different natural resource systems (Ostrom 2007).”

“Interdisciplinarymethodologies in the sciences are a response to overwhelming evidence that human activities are a dominant force of change in natural environments (Crutzen and Stoermer, 2000; Haff, 2003; Holling et al., 1998; Hooke, 1994, 2000; Ostrom, 2007; Vitousek et al., 1997).”

“From this perspective, the SES framework provides an open approach able to integrate different theories [9].”

“Recent literature argues the need to avoid panaceas in planning and managing integrated systems, instead proposing that diagnostic approaches are a better alternative (e.g., Ostrom 2007, 2009, Pahl-Wostl 2009, Cox 2011).”

“The evidence that the same institutional arrangements can be successful in one setting and fail in another (Acheson 2006) has led to the conclusion that there is no institutional panacea (Meinzen-Dick 2007; Ostrom 2007).”