Infants ask for help when they know they don’t know
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Although many animals have been shown to monitor their own uncertainty, only humans seem to have the ability to explicitly communicate their uncertainty to others. It remains unknown whether this ability is present early in development, or whether it only emerges later alongside language development. Here, using a nonverbal memory-monitoring paradigm, we show that infants are able to strategically ask for help to avoid making mistakes. These findings reveal that infants are capable of monitoring and communicating their own uncertainty. We propose that explicit metacognition develops earlier than previously thought, enabling infants to communicate their own uncertainty nonverbally to gain knowledge from others.
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A unified account of why optimism declines in childhood
Leonard, J., & Sommerville, J. A. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00384-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Recent developments in regenerative ophthalmology
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- Authors
- Goupil, L., Romand-Monnier, M., & Kouider, S.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2016-03-07
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 3492-3496
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4822620
- OpenAlex
- W2294167968
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 38.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UEL Research Repository (University of East London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- EC | European Research Council (263623, 648480)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-LABX-0087, ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, uncertainty monitoring, infant development, help-seeking, nonverbal communication, memory monitoring, error prevention, strategic decision-making, nonverbal memory
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Humans, Infant, Memory, Nonverbal Communication, Infant Behavior, Uncertainty
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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