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Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Current research linking biodiversity and human diets has used metrics without justification from a nutritional point of view. Diet species richness, or a count of the number of different species consumed per day, assesses both nutritional adequacy and food biodiversity of diets for women and children in rural areas. The positive association of food species richness with dietary quality was observed in both the wet and the dry season. Food biodiversity contributes to diet quality in vulnerable populations in areas with high biodiversity. Reporting the number of species consumed during dietary assessment provides a unique opportunity to cut across two critical dimensions of sustainable development—human and environmental health—and complements existing indicators for healthy and sustainable diets.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Dietary species richness (DSR), a count of species consumed per day, was positively associated with micronutrient adequacy in women and children in seven low- and middle-income countries. The authors recommend DSR as a simple cross-cutting indicator linking food biodiversity and diet quality.
Key findings
- All three food biodiversity indicators were positively associated with mean adequacy ratio (MAR): per z-score increase, MAR rose by 0.03 for species richness (SR), 0.70 for Simpson’s index (D), and 0.52 for functional diversity (FD); standardized coefficients were 0.10, 0.08, and 0.06, respectively (all P < 0.001).
- SR showed stronger and more consistent associations with diet quality than D or FD; mean SR was lower in children than women (8.24 ± 1.17 vs. 10.19 ± 3.52; P < 0.001).
- A total of 234 species were consumed; 94% of energy intake was identified at species level. In the wet season, nine species consumed in all countries provided 61% of energy, 10% of vitamin A, 24% of vitamin C, 42% of folate, 51% of iron, 65% of zinc, and 35% of calcium.
- Adding SR to dietary diversity score (DDS) improved detection of higher nutrient adequacy in women: DDS × SR ≥24 gave sensitivity 81% and specificity 60%, versus DDS ≥5 with sensitivity 42% and specificity 96%.
Methods
- Existing dietary datasets were identified through a systematic literature review and selected if they used quantitative, comparable 24-h recalls, identified foods/drinks to at least species level, and assessed women and/or children. Wet-season data came from rural Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ecuador, Kenya, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam; dry-season data also came from Vietnam, Kenya, and Benin; data were collected July 2009–April 2015.
- Dietary intake data were obtained for n = 3,449 and n = 2,777 participants in wet and dry seasons, respectively; the sample included n = 2,188 women and n = 4,038 children.
- The study calculated SR, Simpson’s D, and FD from species consumed; MAR from vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, calcium, iron, and zinc; and DDS. Associations were modeled with random-effects linear regression (season fixed, country random), with energy adjustment by the residual method, and cutoffs assessed with ROC curves.
Limitations
- Stated: nutrient-composition data were missing for some foods, species, and varieties, so values from similar foods were substituted; a single 24-h recall per subject does not capture within-person variability or usual intake; data came from rural areas of middle-income countries where locally produced food dominates, so validity in urban, high-income, or highly processed-food diets is uncertain; food-source information (own production, market, wild) was not included, so the relative contribution of agricultural versus wild biodiversity could not be assessed.
- Stated: previous studies have misidentified 6–10% of species, and species-level identification can be challenging.
- Evident from the text: the analysis is observational and cross-sectional, so the positive associations cannot establish causality.
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Claims the paper makes
41 Own result · 22 Not checked yet · 12 Own method · 12 Own interpretation · 7 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The area under the curve for DDS, SR, and DDS × SR to define MAR ≥50% was comparable for both women and children (Fig. 4).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MAR was comparable for children and women (0.61 ± 0.09 vs. 0.63 ± 0.06; P = 0.85; Table 1).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“mean SR was lower in children than in women (8.24 ± 1.17 vs. 10.19 ± 3.52; P < 0.001)”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All three food biodiversity indicators were positively associated with MAR (Fig. 1).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“All three biodiversity indicators assessed food biodiversity in the diet and were positively associated with micronutrient adequacy.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 6,226 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The best cutoff to define a diet with higher nutrient adequacy was an MAR of 50% (SI Appendix, Table S7).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The associations of MAR and DDS with Simpson’s index and FD, however, were less consistent (SI Appendix, Figs. S3 and S4).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
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In the paper
“Diets were particularly inadequate with regard to iron (SI Appendix, Table S3).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the wet season, nine species [Arachis hypogaea L., Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758, Glycine max (L.) Merr, Manihot esculenta Crantz, Oryza sativa L., Solanum lycopersicum L., Solanum tuberosum L., Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758, and Zea mays L.] were consumed in all countries”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
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In the paper
“In brief, adding SR to DDS considerably increased the ability to identify higher-quality diets in women.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Compared with the other food biodiversity indicators, ROC analysis also indicated a slightly higher ability for SR to define higher nutrient-adequate diets (Fig. 2).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
hedgedcorrelationaln = 6,226- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dietary intake data were obtained for n = 3,449 (55%) and n = 2,777 participants during the wet and dry season, respectively.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
plainn = 3,449- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Overall, 58% (n = 143) and 40% (n = 98) of species were consumed only in a single country in the wet and dry season, respectively.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
plainn = 143- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Of all species, 53% (n = 125) were consumed during both seasons and 40% (n = 93) and 7% (n = 16) of the species were unique to the wet or dry season, respectively.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
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In the paper
“The quantity of staple food consumption was only marginally higher in the dry season.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
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In the paper
“Per increase in SR, D, or FD z score, MAR increased, on average, by 0.03, 0.7, and 0.52, respectively (Table 2).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
plaindirectn = 6,226 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Those foods that were not assigned to a food group of the DDS were consumed in small quantities (∼5 g/d) (SI Appendix, Table S2).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
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In the paper
“For vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, and calcium, nutrient adequacy increased by 0.07 and for iron and zinc by 0.02 and 0.05, respectively (all P < 0.001) per additional species consumed.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
plaindirectn = 6,226 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“NAR were also comparable, except for vitamin A, which was particularly higher in the wet season (SI Appendix, Table S3).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
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In the paper
“The dry season and being a woman were associated with an average increase of 0.03 and 0.01 (both P < 0.001) in MAR per additional species consumed, respectively.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 6,226 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The positive association with nutrient adequacy was consistent between the countries for SR (Fig. 3) and FD (SI Appendix, Fig. S1) but less apparent for Simpson’s index (SI Appendix, Fig. S2).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
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In the paper
“Women (n = 2,188; 34%) were mainly of childbearing age (mean age: 31.0 ± 11.7 y).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
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In the paper
“provided, on average, 61%, 10%, 24%, 42%, 51%, 65%, and 35% of the total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, folic acid, iron, zinc, and calcium intakes, respectively.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
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In the paper
“Apart from n = 32 Kenyan children, all children (n = 4,038) were between 6 and 24 months old.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
plainn = 4,038- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although test Se of a DDS × SR cutoff was lower compared with MDD, overall acceptable Se and Sp estimates were obtained in children (Table 3).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
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In the paper
“MAR increased with both the SR and DDS (Fig. 4).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
plaindirectn = 6,226- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For processed food specifically, only five foods accounting for 0.04% of total energy from food were not identified.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
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In the paper
“Compared with the MDD, a cutoff of 24 DDS × SR increased Se by 39% in women, with an acceptable Sp (SI Appendix, Tables S8 and S9).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The improvement in test diagnostic properties, however, was small and not observed in children.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Discussion
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In the paper
“Neither of these indicators specifically captures the biological contribution of diverse plant and animal species to human diets.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“While hunger, food security, and sustainability are addressed in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the current indicators used for SDGs 2 and 15 capture nutritional status, sustainable management of terrestrial ecosystems, and agricultural sustainability dimensions separately and do not consider diet quality or food biodiversity loss (16).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] United Nations 2017 Report of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal indicators. E/CN.3/2017/2. Available at https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/48th-session/documents/2017-2-IAEG-SDGs-E.pdf. Accessed July 14, 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Existing diet diversity indicators such as the diet diversity score (DDS) or food variety score are used as proxies for dietary quality and measure the diversity of unique food groups and food items consumed, respectively (19).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Steyn NP Nel JH Nantel G Kennedy G Labadarios D 2006 Food variety and dietary diversity scores in children: Are they good indicators of dietary adequacy? Public Health Nutr 9 644 650 16923296 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adjustments for bioavailability were considered as per previous protocols for calcium (29), iron (30), and zinc (31).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Methods > Nutritional Indicators.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Kennedy G Nantel G 2006 Basic Guidelines for Validation of a Simple Dietary Diversity Score as an Indicator of Dietary Nutrient Adequacy for Non-Breastfeeding Children 2-6 Years FAO Rome
- Not checked yetcites [30] FAO/WHO 2004 Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements FAO Rome 2nd Ed
- Not checked yetcites [31] Brown KH International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG) 2004 Assessment of the risk of zinc deficiency in populations and options for its control Food Nutr Bull 25 Suppl 2 S99 S203, IZiNCG Technical Document 1 18046856
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Foods and drinks were identified at the species level following best-practice guidelines (27) using local taxonomical references and technical expertise.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Methods > Food Biodiversity Indicators.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Nesbitt M McBurney RPH Broin M Beentje HJ 2010 Linking biodiversity, food and nutrition: The importance of plant identification and nomenclature J Food Compost Anal 23 486 498 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All data were collected between July 2009 and April 2015, and samples were representative of the village population.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Methods > Data Sources.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Food systems are a key driver of biodiversity loss worldwide (1).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Maxwell SL Fuller RA Brooks TM Watson JE 2016 Biodiversity: The ravages of guns, nets and bulldozers Nature 536 143 145 27510207 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sustainable management of food biodiversity—the diversity of plants, animals, and other organisms used for food, both cultivated and from the wild—is essential for sustainable food systems (15).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] FAO and Bioversity International 2017 Guidelines on Assessing Biodiverse Foods in Dietary Intake Surveys (FAO, Rome). Available at www.fao.org/3/a-i6717e.pdf. Accessed June 20, 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Luckett et al. (20) applied the nutritional functional diversity score to diets, but within the context of measuring the contribution of different food source outlets to diet diversity and without validating the nutritional adequacy of the measure.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Luckett BG DeClerck FA Fanzo J Mundorf AR Rose D 2015 Application of the nutrition functional diversity indicator to assess food system contributions to dietary diversity and sustainable diets of Malawian households Public Health Nutr 18 2479 2487 26027595 PMC10271332 source
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In the paper
“Reduced biodiversity of both wild and agricultural species can have detrimental effects for diet quality and environmental sustainability by reducing availability and access to nutritious, seasonal foods and loss of ecosystem functions (14).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Myers SS 2013 Human health impacts of ecosystem alteration Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110 18753 18760 24218556 PMC3839693 source
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The diversity of species used in agricultural and livelihood systems is essential for human nutrition and sustainable food systems (9).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Powell B 2015 Improving diets with wild and cultivated biodiversity from across the landscape Food Secur 7 535 554 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present analysis was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ghent University (NR B670201422403).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Methods > Nutritional Indicators.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Except in Sri Lanka where the protocol was exempted from clearance, all studies were approved by an ethics committee.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Methods > Nutritional Indicators.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because not all studies had a repeated recall, only the first day was included.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Methods > Data Sources.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Adequate management and use of biodiversity can help to restore ecosystems and address micronutrient deficiencies in vulnerable populations (11).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Ruel MT Alderman H Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group 2013 Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: How can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? Lancet 382 536 551 23746780 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, it is not possible to perform a more in-depth analysis of the exact role markets or wild foods played in the diet.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The DSR thus captures both the dimension of biodiversity as well as diet diversity.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although this method is appropriate to estimate population average intakes, it does not allow accounting for within-person variability and estimation of usual dietary intake.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, information on food sources (own production, market, wild) was not included in the analysis.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“On the other hand, assessing DSR can be challenging, because it was estimated that previous studies misidentified between 6% and 10% of species (39).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Łuczaj LJ 2010 Plant identification credibility in ethnobotany: A closer look at Polish ethnographic studies J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 6 36 21167056 PMC3022638 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, international food security efforts have hence focused on the production of a handful of staple foods (mostly cereals) to meet human energy needs (6).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] FAO 2010 Second Report on the State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO, Rome). Available at www.fao.org/3/a-i4465e.pdf
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The composition of various indigenous, wild, neglected, or underutilized species was often not available and was substituted with values from similar foods.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We used DSR, which captures both agricultural and wild food biodiversity.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This was unexpected, because an earlier systematic literature review (38) reported considerable intra-annual variations in diet quality.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Phalkey RK Aranda-Jan C Marx S Höfle B Sauerborn R 2015 Systematic review of current efforts to quantify the impacts of climate change on undernutrition Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112 E4522 E4529 26216952 PMC4547305 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Guidelines were recently prepared to adequately record species during food-intake studies (15).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] FAO and Bioversity International 2017 Guidelines on Assessing Biodiverse Foods in Dietary Intake Surveys (FAO, Rome). Available at www.fao.org/3/a-i6717e.pdf. Accessed June 20, 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Scholars have called for dietary indicators that consider multiple dimensions to provide more comprehensive assessments of diet quality (18).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Jones AD 2017 Critical review of the emerging research evidence on agricultural biodiversity, diet diversity, and nutritional status in low- and middle-income countries Nutr Rev 75 769 782 29028270 PMC5914317 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Earlier research showed that DDS is positively associated with farm production diversity as well as with market access (18).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Jones AD 2017 Critical review of the emerging research evidence on agricultural biodiversity, diet diversity, and nutritional status in low- and middle-income countries Nutr Rev 75 769 782 29028270 PMC5914317 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The large number of foods consumed, but not captured by the DDS, highlights the contribution of these biodiverse foods that are consumed in small serving sizes, but with likely nutritional benefits.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Monitoring the contribution of species in the diet enables identifying species with the greatest potential to improve diets in different local contexts and provides additional granularity to assess the importance of food diversity in ensuring diet quality.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Identifying foods consumed at the species level adds information that supports both conservation and sustainable food system initiatives.”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Nutrition-sensitive agricultural and ecosystem conservation interventions, specifically those related to diversification, clearly have an untapped potential to address global hunger and micronutrient deficiencies (11).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Ruel MT Alderman H Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group 2013 Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: How can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? Lancet 382 536 551 23746780 source
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Every sample was considered equally representative.
“Because every sample was considered equally representative, the overall summary statistics were calculated averages for women and children separately, per country and across countries.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
No previous studies have applied common measures of biodiversity to measure levels of food biodiversity in the diet.
“To our knowledge, no previous studies have applied common measures of biodiversity to measure levels of food biodiversity in the diet.”
The paper relies on this without support.
SR can more easily be calculated in comparison with D and FD.
“Given that SR can more easily be calculated in comparison with D and FD, we recommend Dietary Species Richness (DSR) as the most appropriate measure of food biodiversity in diets.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Communities are not entirely composed of subsistence farmers.
“Communities are not entirely composed of subsistence farmers.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The availability of legumes, vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables, and dark-green leafy vegetables is highly seasonal.
“The availability of these foods is highly seasonal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Food systems in (peri)urban areas and high-income countries have a higher degree of complexity than in rural areas and middle-income countries.
“Food systems in (peri)urban areas and high-income countries have a higher degree of complexity than in rural areas and middle-income countries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This complexity is mainly caused by the consumption of processed foods that have often not been locally produced but have been obtained from retail outlets or urban markets.
“This complexity is mainly caused by the consumption of processed foods that have often not been locally produced but have been obtained from retail outlets or urban markets.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Global datasets such as FAOSTAT identify general food items or food groups and do not facilitate valorization of the full range of food biodiversity.
“Global datasets such as FAOSTAT identify general food items or food groups and do not facilitate valorization of the full range of food biodiversity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
DDS is a common measure to assess diversity and diet quality and is widely applied in population surveys.
“DDS is a common measure to assess diversity and diet quality and is widely applied in population surveys.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, species richness on farm, one measure of biodiversity, has been found to be highly correlated with micronutrient adequacy in human diets (Lachat et al., 2018).”
From Assessing Transitions to Sustainable Agricultural and Food Systems: A Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation (TAPE) (2020) · cites this paper as Lachat et al., 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
“| D | 0.70 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.08 |”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
“All β coefficients are P < 0.001.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
“Per increase in SR, D, or FD z score, MAR increased, on average, by 0.03, 0.7, and 0.52, respectively (Table 2).”
§ Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets > Results
“| Biodiversity measures | Unstandardized β | Unstandardized SE | Standardized β | Standardized SE | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | SR | 0.03 | 0.001 | 0.10 | 0.003 | | D | 0.70 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.08 | | FD | 0.52 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.002 |”
Citations
Cites
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“Surprisingly, the world’s wild and agricultural biodiversity hot spots often coincide with low-income areas with high poverty levels, ecosystem degradation, and malnutrition (12, 13).”
BackgroundAdjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies
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MethodGlobal diets link environmental sustainability and human health
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“As a result, human diets that used to be composed of a wide variety of plants and animals have gradually shifted to a diet composed of mostly processed foods and comprising a limited number of species (5).”
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“Low-quality diets are the leading risk factor for ill health worldwide (7) and are determined by socioeconomic and political factors including income, education, social cohesion, gender empowerment, and inequality (8).”
BackgroundBrown, K. H., Rivera, J. A., Bhutta, Z. A., Gibson, R. S., King, J. C., Lönnerdal, B. L., Ruel, M. T., Sandtröm, B., Wasantwisut, E., & Hotz, C. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 1,069
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wezel, A., Herren, B. G., Kerr, R. B., Barrios, E., Gonçalves, A. L. R., & Sinclair, F. (2020) · Agronomy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1007/s13593-020-00646-z · Cited by 926
“Application of the social values and dietary principle (9) impact nutrition directly, supported by maintaining and enhancing biodiversity (5) on fields and farms (Bellon et al. 2016; Bezner Kerr et al. 2019b; Demeke et al. 2017; Jones et al. 2014; Lachat et al. 2018; Powell et al. 2015).”
BackgroundOur future in the Anthropocene biosphere
Folke, C., Polasky, S., Rockström, J., Galaz, V., Westley, F. R., Lamont, M., Scheffer, M., Österblom, H., Carpenter, S. R., Chapin, F. S., et al. (2021) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01544-8 · Cited by 863
Social-ecological outcomes of agricultural intensification
Rasmussen, L. V., Coolsaet, B., Martin, A., Mertz, O., Pascual, U., Corbera, E., Dawson, N. M., Fisher, J., Franks, P., & Ryan, C. M. (2018) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0070-8 · Cited by 337
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“By empowering women and supporting diversified diets, agroecology can contribute to food and nutrition security while maintaining the health of ecosystems and their agro-biodiversity (Jones et al. 2014; Lachat et al. 2018).”
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“Food security of access scales and diet diversity scores have been favorably assessed as proxies for nutrient adequacy (Torheim et al., 2004; Steyn et al., 2006; Lachat et al., 2017), diet quality (Savy et al.”
BackgroundBorelli, T., Hunter, D., Padulosi, S., Amaya, N., Meldrum, G., de Oliveira, D. M., Samarasinghe, G. W. L., Wasike, V. W., Güner, B., Tan, A., et al. (2020) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy10020231 · Cited by 133
“The leafy vegetable chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius), an evergreen, hardy shrub that was domesticated by the Mesoamericans in pre-Columbian times and is typically cultivated on a small scale in gardens and field margins for household use [64], contains high amounts of several macro– and micronutrients, including prot…”
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Self-citationAquatic biodiversity enhances multiple nutritional benefits to humans
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Biodiverse food plants in the semiarid region of Brazil have unknown potential: A systematic review
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“As a matter of availability, native plants have the potential to increase the diversity of food in local communities [10].”
BackgroundAgrobiodiversity Index scores show agrobiodiversity is underutilized in national food systems
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Self-citationTransforming food systems with trees and forests
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Self-citationThe next era of crop domestication starts now
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“And, although crop diversity is linked to improved nutrition (13, 15) as well as economic resilience (16), current major crops are the foundation of agricultural and food systems that diminish, rather than enhance, diversity at the landscape scale (17).”
BackgroundAdubra, L., Savy, M., Fortin, S., Kameli, Y., Kodjo, N. E., Fainke, K., Tanimoune, M., Port, A. L., & Martin‐Prével, Y. (2019) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/cdn/nzz002 · Cited by 79
“It has been used to explore linkages between diet and coronary artery disease (21), pregnancy-related outcomes (22, 23), and child growth (24), but also to develop new metrics for food biodiversity in diets (25).”
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“[62] Global Assessed the relationship between food biodiversity and diet quality of women and young children using diet species richness for wet and dry seasons The dietary species richness showed stronger and more consistent associations with the diet quality indicators (Mean Adequacy Ratios and Dietary Diversity Sco…”
BackgroundGlobal plant diversity as a reservoir of micronutrients for humanity
Cantwell‐Jones, A., Ball, J., Collar, D. C., Diazgranados, M., Douglas, R., Forest, F., Hawkins, J. A., Howes, M. R., Ulian, T., Vaitla, B., et al. (2022) · Nature Plants · doi:10.1038/s41477-022-01100-6 · Cited by 88
“All edible species (6,740) Only source species (1,044) All edible species (6,740) Only source species (1,044)”
BackgroundEthnobotanical Survey of Wild Edible Fruit Tree Species in Lowland Areas of Ethiopia
Dejene, T., Agamy, M. S. A.-H., Agúndez, D., et al. (2020) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f11020177 · Cited by 73
“In some cases, nutritional deficiencies are due to a lack of diversity in the diet [2] and an inadequate supply of micronutrients [3].”
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The role of traditional knowledge and food biodiversity to transform modern food systems
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“Food composition data for Ca (mg), folate (μg), Fe (mg), vitamin A (μg retinol equivalents), vitamin C (mg) and Zn (mg), available for all five LMIC, were mostly sourced from national food composition tables, to capture the substantial variations in content and density of essential micronutrients betweenand within-foo…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationA Scoping Review of Indicators for Sustainable Healthy Diets
Harrison, M. R., Palma, G., Buendia, T., Bueno-Tarodo, M., Quell, D., & Hachem, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2021.822263 · Cited by 75
“guidelines for optimal nutrient intake (Tyszler et al., 2016; Kramer et al., 2017; Lachat et al., 2018; Rao et al., 2018), however, some articles noted that bioavailability of nutrients may not have been considered (de Ruiter et al.”
BackgroundJansen, M., Guariguata, M. R., Raneri, J., Ickowitz, A., Chiriboga‐Arroyo, F., Quaedvlieg, J., & Kettle, C. J. (2020) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10159 · Cited by 71
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“Indigenous groups oftentimes rely on diverse and traditional agricultural systems [11], which offer a range of crops that contribute to overall human nutrition [12].”
BackgroundGergel, S. E., Powell, B., Baudron, F., Wood, S. L. R., Rhemtulla, J. M., Kennedy, G., Rasmussen, L. V., Ickowitz, A., Fagan, M. E., Smithwick, E. A. H., et al. (2020) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biaa048 · Cited by 62
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Seasonal trends of nutrient intake in rainforest communities of north-eastern Madagascar
Golden, C. D. W., Vaitla, B., Ravaoliny, L., Vonona, M. A., Anjaranirina, E. J. G., Randriamady, H. J., Glahn, R. P., Guth, S. E., Fernald, L. C. H., & Myers, S. S. (2019) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980019001083 · Cited by 54
“it is beyond the scope of the current study(12).”
BackgroundExploring solution spaces for nutrition-sensitive agriculture in Kenya and Vietnam
Timler, C. J., Alvarez, S., DeClerck, F., Remans, R., Raneri, J., Estrada-Carmona, N., Mashingaidze, N., Chatterjee, S. A., Chiang, T.-W., Termote, C., et al. (2020) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102774 · Cited by 57
Self-citationForest pattern, not just amount, influences dietary quality in five African countries
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Self-citationFood insecurity during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in four African countries
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The scale dependency of spatial crop species diversity and its relation to temporal diversity
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Vogliano, C., Raneri, J., Coad, J., Tutua, S., Wham, C. A., Lachat, C. K., & Burlingame, B. (2021) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-021-01167-7 · Cited by 57
“DSR was statistically significantly positively correlated with MAR (Coef.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHanley‐Cook, G., Huybrechts, I., Biessy, C., Remans, R., Kennedy, G., Deschasaux, M., Murray, K. A., Touvier, M., Skeie, G., Kesse‐Guyot, E., et al. (2021) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003834 · Cited by 48
“diversity, was associated with increased micronutrient adequacy of diets in approximately 2,200 women of reproductive age and approximately 4,000 children aged 6 to 23 months in LMICs [26].”
InfluentialSelf-citationJacobi, J., Mukhovi, S. M., Llanque, A., Giger, M., Bessa, A., Golay, C., Speranza, C. I., Mwangi, V., Augstburger, H., Buergi-Bonanomi, E., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-76284-y · Cited by 44
de la Riva, E. G., Ulrich, W., Batáry, P., Baudry, J., Beaumelle, L., Bucher, R., Čerevková, A., Felipe‐Lucia, M. R., Gallé, R., Kesse‐Guyot, E., et al. (2023) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103659 · Cited by 50
“Therefore, purely taxonomic definitions of biodiversity are most likely not sufficient to understand the relationships between ecological richness and ecosystem functioning (Birkhofer et al., 2021; Lachat et al., 2018).”
BackgroundContribution of Home Gardens to Sustainable Development: Perspectives from A Supported Opinion Essay
Santos, M., Moreira, H., Cabral, J. A., Gabriel, R., Teixeira, A. S., Bastos, R., & Aires, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013715 · Cited by 62
“Dietary diversity scores have been developed as an indicator of the micronutrient adequacy of diets [101], and many studies showed that home gardening might lead to an overall increase in nutrient intake [23,102].”
BackgroundFood biodiversity: Quantifying the unquantifiable in human diets
Hanley‐Cook, G., Daly, A. J., Remans, R., Jones, A. D., Murray, K. A., Huybrechts, I., Bernard De Baets, C., & Lachat, C. K. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2051163 · Cited by 45
“…priori defined detail in food frequency questionnaires (Hanley-Cook, Huybrechts, et al. 2021) or respondents’ ability to recall short-term consumption (Lachat et al. 2018), while food composition data is limited for many underutilized, neglected, and even common species (Charrondière et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCan the 5-colour nutrition label “Nutri-Score” improve the health value of food?
Hau, R. C., & Lange, K. W. (2023) · Journal of Future Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jfutfo.2023.03.002 · Cited by 45
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“Furthermore, another study among low- and middle-income countries showed a positive association between both biodiversity and food diversity and nutrient adequacy [23].”
BackgroundDave, L. A., Hodgkinson, S. M., Roy, N. C., Smith, N. W., & McNabb, W. C. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.2012753 · Cited by 47
Immunonutrition: Diet Diversity, Gut Microbiome and Prevention of Allergic Diseases
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Dietary Zn deficiency, the current situation and potential solutions
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Measuring food insecurity: An introduction to tools for human biologists and ecologists
Piperata, B. A., Scaggs, S. A., Dufour, D. L., & Adams, I. K. R. (2022) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23821 · Cited by 38
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“Previous research provides evidence on the linkages between biodiversity and dietary diversity of nutrient-dense foods (Lachat et al., 2018; Gergel et al., 2020).”
BackgroundGlobal Trends in the Availability of Dietary Data in Low and Middle-Income Countries
de Quadros, V. P., Balcerzak, A., Allemand, P., de Sousa, R. F., Bevere, T., Arsenault, J. E., Deitchler, M., & Holmes, B. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14142987 · Cited by 35
“Cameroon Cameroon—2013—Ghent University [83,84]”
Zhu, C., Yan, H., Zheng, Y., Santos, H. O., Macit, M. S., & Zhao, K. (2020) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102517 · Cited by 33
Diversity of plant DNA in stool is linked to dietary quality, age, and household income
Petrone, B. L., Aqeel, A., Jiang, S., Durand, H. K., Dallow, E. P., McCann, J. R., Dressman, H. K., Hu, Z., Tenekjian, C. B., Yancy, W. S., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2304441120 · Cited by 32
“In this form, dietary data could be directly connected to environmental biodiversity monitoring (33) or food system sustainability (61).”
Yang, C., Ambayo, H., Bernard De Baets, C., Kolsteren, P. W., Thanintorn, N., Hawwash, D., Bouwman, J., Bronselaer, A., Pattyn, F., & Lachat, C. K. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11061300 · Cited by 31
“Firstly, an existing manuscript [34] and one of its corresponding datasets were annotated manually using ONE terms (Syntax available on Bioportal).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationAccounting shadow benefits of non-market food through food-sharing networks on Hachijo Island, Japan
Tatebayashi, K., Kamiyama, C., Matsui, T., et al. (2018) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-018-0580-3 · Cited by 29
“Adequate management of regional landscapes and biodiversity enriches food diversity, which is essential for human nutrition and resilience in a regional food system (Lachat et al. 2018).”
BackgroundMethodMeat products in human nutrition and health – About hazards and risks
SMET, S. D., & HECKE, T. V. (2024) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109628 · Cited by 33
Peñafiel, D., Cevallos-Valdiviezo, H., Espinel, R., & Damme, P. V. (2019) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s136898001900226x · Cited by 30
“Recent research indicates that species richness in the diet of ruralwomen is an adequate indicator for nutrient adequacy in developing countries(9).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationEstrada-Carmona, N., Raneri, J., Alvarez, S., Timler, C. J., Chatterjee, S. A., Ditzler, L., Kennedy, G., Remans, R., Brouwer, I. D., den Berg, K. J. B., et al. (2019) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-019-00985-0 · Cited by 27
“We found that the usefulness of SR was limited in the context of Doan Ket even though it was proposed as an appropriate metric for measuring food diversity in individual diets and nutritional adequacy of diets (Lachat et al. 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVogliano, C., Raneri, J., Maelaua, J., Coad, J., Wham, C. A., & Burlingame, B. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010030 · Cited by 35
“NSFV intakes were extracted from 24 h MPRs and compared to the WHO/FAO recommendation of 400 g/day.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationHarris, J., Tan, W., Raneri, J. E., Schreinemachers, P., & Herforth, A. (2022) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/03795721211068652 · Cited by 29
Self-citationHanley‐Cook, G., Hoogerwerf, S., Parraguez, J. P., Gie, S. M., & Holmes, B. (2024) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102097 · Cited by 26
“…data from 438 NPNL adolescent girls from 5 low-income countries [27 – 32], 3571 boys from 3 and 4023 NPNL girls from 7 lower-middle income counties [7,33 – 44], 33,596 boys and 41,434 NPNL girls from 4 upper-middle-income countries [45 – 48], and 428 and 445 boys and NPNL girls from 2 high-income…”
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Jóźwik, A., Marchewka, J., Strzałkowska, N., et al. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23051150 · Cited by 25
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“The reduction in the number of food groups consumed (i.e. roots, tubers and fruits) and food items consumed is also worrying, as dietary nutrient adequacy is likely to increase with every additional plant or animal species consumed (Lachat et al. 2018).”
BackgroundFood tree species consumed during periods of food shortage in Burkina Faso and their threats
Vinceti, B., Termote, C., Thiombiano, N., et al. (2018) · Forest Systems · doi:10.5424/fs/2018272-12157 · Cited by 25
“In most cases, these are due to a lack of diversity in the diet (Lachat et al., 2017) and a poor supply of micronutrients (Black et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationKuczmarski, M. F., Brewer, B. C., Rawal, R., Pohlig, R. T., Zonderman, A. B., & Evans, M. K. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11051034 · Cited by 25
Dawson, I. K., Hendre, P. S., Powell, W., Sila, D. N., McMullin, S., Simons, T., Revoredo‐Giha, C., Odeny, D. A., Barnes, A. P., Graudal, L., et al. (2018) · doi:10.5716/wp18003.pdf · Cited by 24
“(2015) found a positive association between crop diversity and dietary diversity in six of the eight available studies that reported a relationship, supporting the utility of a nutritional improvement strategy based on crop diversification (assuming that dietary diversity and dietary nutritional quality are related; L…”
BackgroundThe need to include wild foods in climate change adaptation strategies
Powell, B., BHATT, I. D., Mucioki, M., Rana, S. K., Rawat, S., & Kerr, R. B. (2023) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2023.101302 · Cited by 26
Hanley‐Cook, G., Gie, S. M., Parraguez, J. P., Hoogerwerf, S., de Quadros, V. P., Balcerzak, A., Neufeld, L. M., & Holmes, B. (2024) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.07.010 · Cited by 25
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“The benefits of eating fruit cannot be overestimated [14, 85-86] and the more types of fruit we eat, the more benefits for our health [87].”
Biodiverse food plants: Which gaps do we need to address to promote sustainable diets?
Jacob, M. C. M., & Albuquerque, U. P. (2020) · Ethnobiology and Conservation · doi:10.15451/ec2020-04-9.09-1-6 · Cited by 24
Jacob, M. C. M., Souza, A. M., de Carvalho, A. M., Neto, C. F. A. D. V., Tregidgo, D., Hunter, D., Pereira, F. D. O., Brull, G. R., Kunhlein, H. V., da Silva, L. J. G., et al. (2023) · Ethnobiology and Conservation · doi:10.15451/ec2023-02-12.05-1-14 · Cited by 24
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Biodiversity and Human Health Interlinkages in Higher Education Offerings: A First Global Overview
Cianfagna, M., Bolon, I., Martins, S. B., MUMFORD, E. L., Romanelli, C., Deem, S. L., Pettan-Brewer, C., Figueroa, D., Velásquez, J. C. C., Stroud, C. M., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.637901 · Cited by 25
“These applications can include the contribution of biodiversity to dietary quality and nutritional assessment, green prescriptions and conservation psychology (31–33).”
BackgroundFassil, A., Mazengia, E., Gebreamanule, B., et al. (2024) · Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine · doi:10.1186/s13002-024-00696-7 · Cited by 23
Self-citationDietary adequacy and nutritional status of Meitei community of Manipur, Northeast India
Loukrakpam, B., Rajendran, A., Madhari, R. S., Boiroju, N. K., & Longvah, T. (2020) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13046 · Cited by 23
Nguyen, T., & Qaim, M. (2025) · Nature Food · doi:10.1038/s43016-024-01096-6 · Cited by 24
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“Such agricultural systems are well-established and sustainable in food supply; thus, they can provide competitive benefits over the modern agriculture systems (Carl et al., 2017).”
BackgroundCorlett, R. T. (2018) · Biodiversity Science · doi:10.17520/biods.2018020 · Cited by 21
“…2017), 许多 物种受到威胁, 主要的自然生态系统已经变成小面 积的、受干扰的残存区域; 因此, 生物多样性保护 是东亚热带和亚热带地区的一项紧迫任务。但是有 超过十亿人生活在这一地区, 保护必然与经济发展 竞争土地和资源。因此, 理解和正确评估自然对人 类、对社会和经济的贡献至关重要, 这也是本文的 重点内容。 人类从大自然获得的惠益被称为生态系统服 务。生态系统服务有多种定义和分类方法, 但最常 见的为以下4类: (1)供给型服务, 包括提供食品、药 品、材料(木材、纤维、树脂等)、能源和遗传资源; (2)调节型服务,…”
BackgroundAssessing the Potential for Sustainable Aquaculture Development in Cambodia
Joffre, O. M., Freed, S., Bernhardt, J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2021.704320 · Cited by 21
“Shifting consumption from diverse fish species sourced from capture fisheries, including many micronutrient-rich small fish species, to few larger less nutrition farmed fish species could negatively affect nutrient intake and dietary quality (Roos et al., 2007b; Lachat et al., 2018; Bernhardt and Connor, 2021).”
BackgroundVansant, E. C., Mausch, K., Ickowitz, A., McMullin, S., Karanja, A., & Rasmussen, L. V. (2022) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10306 · Cited by 21
“Policies promoting specialized crop production in LMICs, often at the expense of biodiversity and tree cover, may contribute to micronutrient deficiencies for rural populations (Ickowitz et al., 2019; Lachat et al., 2018; Vira et al., 2015).”
BackgroundHanley‐Cook, G., Argaw, A., de Kok, B., Toe, L. C., Dailey-Chwalibóg, T., Ouédraogo, M., Kolsteren, P. W., Huybregts, L., & Lachat, C. K. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxac104 · Cited by 20
“In contrast, the lack of intra-annual variability in the consumption of dark green, leafy vegetables, for example, might be explained by the different seasonal harvesting patterns of species and varieties within the same FG (61) or by processing techniques (e.”
BackgroundSelf-citationdos Santos, O. V., Langley, A. C. D. C. P., de Lima, A. J. M., Moraes, V. S. V., Soares, S. D., & Teixeira-Costa, B. E. (2022) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2022.105123 · Cited by 16
Moore, M. R., Alpaugh, M., Razafindrina, K., Trubek, A., & Niles, M. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2022.929308 · Cited by 21
Food allergy prevention: Where are we in 2023?
Venter, C., Smith, P. K., & Fleischer, D. M. (2023) · Asia Pacific Allergy · doi:10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000001 · Cited by 20
Zhu, Y., An, Q., & Rao, J. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18172-y · Cited by 20
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Tan, N., Zhao, M., Luo, Z., Li, Z., Zhang, X., Xu, J., Gu, X., Wang, Q., Ding, S., Ying, M., et al. (2024) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140361 · Cited by 21
Hanley‐Cook, G., Deygers, J., Daly, A. J., Berden, J., Remans, R., Termote, C., Ibsen, D. B., Baudry, J., Damme, P. V., Kesse‐Guyot, E., et al. (2025) · Nature Food · doi:10.1038/s43016-025-01147-6 · Cited by 20
“…to as the LMIC study, and the sub-sample of enroled females aged 18–90 years with dietary intake data ( n = 2,149) from the Democratic Republic of Congo ( n = 461), Ecuador ( n = 251), Kenya ( n = 770), Sri Lanka ( n = 36) and Viet Nam ( n = 631) have been extensively described previously 23 .”
Self-citationAssessment of Biodiversity in Food Consumption Studies: A Systematic Review
de Medeiros, M. F. A., Silva, S. G. B., Teixeira, C. D., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.832288 · Cited by 18
“Among them, one used secondary data previously classified (4), and another highlighted the lack of taxonomic classification as a weakness of the investigation (22).”
BackgroundInfluentialTraditional Agriculture and Food Sovereignty: Quilombola Knowledge and Management of Food Crops
Gonçalves, M. C., da Silva, F. R., Cantelli, D., dos Santos, M. R., Aguiar, P. V., Pereira, E. S., & Hanazaki, N. (2022) · Journal of Ethnobiology · doi:10.2993/0278-0771-42.2.241 · Cited by 18
“Even so, traditional varieties, together with other neglected food species, contribute to a diversified and sustainable diet, favoring the acquisition of micronutrients (Jacob and Albuquerque 2020; Lachat et al. 2018), and provide unique eating experiences and encourage choice in self-consumption cultivation.”
BackgroundBiodiversity is overlooked in the diets of different social groups in Brazil
Gomes, S. M., Chaves, V. M., de Carvalho, A. M., da Silva, E. B., Neto, E. J. D. M., Moura, G. D. F., Chaves, L. D. S., Alves, R. R. N., Albuquerque, U. P., Pereira, F. D. O., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34543-8 · Cited by 22
Kalemba-Drożdż, M., Kwiecień, I., Szewczyk, A., Cierniak, A., & Grzywacz, A. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9111121 · Cited by 21
Kaminski, A. M., Cole, S. M., Johnson, J. W., et al. (2024) · Agriculture & Food Security · doi:10.1186/s40066-023-00452-2 · Cited by 17
“The score has been regularly used in analyses of dietary and agricultural diversity [14, 58].”
Food tree species selection for nutrition‐sensitive forest landscape restoration in Burkina Faso
Vinceti, B., Fremout, T., Termote, C., Conejo, D. F., Thomas, E., Lachat, C. K., Toe, L. C., Thiombiano, A., Zerbo, I., Lompo, D., et al. (2022) · Plants People Planet · doi:10.1002/ppp3.10304 · Cited by 16
Self-citationDonhouedé, J., Salako, K. V., Assogbadjo, A. E., Ribeiro-Barros, A. I., & Ribeiro, N. S. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19012 · Cited by 16
“From a nutritional perspective, wild edible fruit trees were further reported to be a valuable source of proteins, lipids, fibers, ashes, oils, vitamins, and various minerals with benefits for the human diet and health[9,10].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Lachat, C., Raneri, J. E., Smith, K. W., Kolsteren, P., Van Damme, P., Verzelen, K., Penafiel, D., Vanhove, W., Kennedy, G., Hunter, D., Odhiambo, F. O., Ntandou-Bouzitou, G., De Baets, B., Ratnasekera, D., Ky, H. T., Remans, R., & Termote, C.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Alliance Bioversity International - CIAT (IT)
- Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agronomy and Ethnobotany, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- KERMIT, Department of Mathematical Modeling, Statistics, and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- University of Ruhuna (LK)
- HealthBridge Foundation of Canada (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Lachat, Carl
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2017-12-18
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 127-132
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC5776793
- OpenAlex
- W2776954001
- Semantic Scholar
- bc9e24cd03970b13349c909942fe54516b59bd63
- Cited by
- 248
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 15.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs Finland (FoodAfrica 29891501)
- Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad (ICP PhD 2010-012)
- Global environmental facility (Biodiversity for food and nutrition project GFL-2328-2715-4B07)
- Daniel and Nina Carasso Foundation (PG008608)
- International institute for Tropical Agriculture and Bioversity International (Humidtropics A4NH: CRP4-002)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Keywords
- food biodiversity, diet quality, nutritional adequacy, women and children, rural population, seasonal variation, healthy eating, sustainable diets
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child, Preschool, Eating, Female, Food Preferences, Humans, Infant, Male, Nutritive Value, Rural Population, Micronutrients
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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