Regulation of myeloid cell phagocytosis by LRRK2 via WAVE2 complex stabilization is altered in Parkinson’s disease
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Determining the role for LRRK2, the most common Parkinson’s disease (PD) gene in neurons has been a challenge for the field. Combining interaction data from an unbiased screen in flies and a conserved physical relationship, we show that LRRK2 binds and phosphorylates the actin remodeling protein WAVE2 specifically in myeloid cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this relationship is important for WAVE2 stability and the dynamics of the phagocytic response. Finally, we provide evidence that in both mammalian cocultures, flies, and a murine model of PD that LRRK2s action on WAVE2 may be important for neuronal survival. This work supports the role for LRRK2 in immune-signaling and the role for the immune system in the pathogenesis and progression of PD.
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The WAVE regulatory complex regulates actin cytoskeleton organization and participates in cytokinesis, migration, endocytosis, and phagocytosis.
“This complex regulates actin cytoskeleton organization and participates in cytokinesis, migration, endocytosis, and phagocytosis (14, 15).”
From Deletion of <i>Abi3</i> gene locus exacerbates neuropathological features of Alzheimer’s disease in a mouse model of Aβ amyloidosis (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
The paper’s introduction says WAVE proteins promote actin nucleation and links actin remodeling to motility and phagocytosis; the Discussion also connects WAVE2 complex stabilization to actin remodeling. Our copy does not attribute cytokinesis or endocytosis to the WAVE complex. The endocytosis mention found in the references concerns LRRK2, not WAVE. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAn LRRK2 kinase inhibitor or an ARP2/3 inhibitor prevents microglial activation and neurotoxicity in vitro, suggesting the involvement of the LRRK2-WAVE2 pathway in microglia in PD pathogenesis.
“An LRRK2 kinase inhibitor or an ARP2/3 inhibitor prevents microglial activation and neurotoxicity in vitro169,170, suggesting the involvement of the LRRK2-WAVE2 pathway in microglia in PD pathogenesis.”
From The WAVE complex in developmental and adulthood brain disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [169]
The Results report that LRRK2 kinase inhibitors suppressed bead engulfment by microglia, and that the ARP2/3 inhibitor CK-869 reduced dopaminergic neuronal loss in microglia–neuron cocultures. They do not show that LRRK2 kinase inhibition prevented neurotoxicity or directly measure prevention of microglial activation by either inhibitor. The Discussion proposes a role for the LRRK2–WAVE2 pathway in PD, consistent with the sentence’s hedged implication. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLRRK2 binds and phosphorylates mouse WAVE2 at Thr470 (Thr471 in human WAVE2), stabilizing and preventing the proteasomal degradation of WAVE2, whereas LRRK2 does not interact with WAVE1.
“LRRK2 binds and phosphorylates mouse WAVE2 at Thr470 (Thr471 in human WAVE2, Fig. 3b), stabilizing and preventing the proteasomal degradation of WAVE2, whereas LRRK2 does not interact with WAVE1169.”
From The WAVE complex in developmental and adulthood brain disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [169]
The opening summary states that LRRK2 binds and phosphorylates Wave2 at Thr470, stabilizing it against proteasomal degradation. The Discussion says Wave1 does not form a complex with Lrrk2 in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Our copy does not identify Thr471 as the corresponding site in human WAVE2, so that parenthetical is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMacrophages or microglia isolated from PD patients or LRRK2-G2019S mice display increased phosphorylation at Thr470 on WAVE2 and enhanced phagocytic responses, but LRRK2 deletion causes the opposite effects.
“Macrophages or microglia isolated from PD patients or LRRK2-G2019S mice display increased phosphorylation at Thr470 on WAVE2 and enhanced phagocytic responses, but LRRK2 deletion causes the opposite effects.”
From The WAVE complex in developmental and adulthood brain disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [169]
The Results report increased phagocytosis in macrophages from LRRK2-G2019S PD patients and in microglia from G2019S mice, with reduced phagocytosis after Lrrk2 deletion. They also identify Thr470 as a site LRRK2 can phosphorylate, but the reported cellular measurements concern overall WAVE2 threonine phosphorylation in mouse macrophages; they do not establish increased Thr470 phosphorylation in the patient macrophages or mouse microglia named in the claim. The indexed passages provide section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWAVE2 levels are also reduced in primary microglia and bone marrow-derived macrophages from LRRK2 knockout mice.
“WAVE2 levels are also reduced in primary microglia and bone marrow-derived macrophages from LRRK2 KO mice.”
From The WAVE complex in developmental and adulthood brain disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [169]
An increase in WAVE2 expression was observed in microglia and macrophages from LRRK2-G2019S knock-in mice.
“However, an increase in WAVE2 expression was observed in microglia and macrophages from LRRK2-G2019S knock-in mice169.”
From The WAVE complex in developmental and adulthood brain disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [169]
WAVE2 and its phosphorylation are involved in LRRK2-G2019S-induced dopaminergic neuronal death in macrophage and midbrain cocultures.
“In addition, WAVE2 and its phosphorylation are involved in LRRK2-G2019S-induced dopaminergic neuronal death in macrophage and midbrain cocultures.”
From The WAVE complex in developmental and adulthood brain disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [169]
In BV2 microglia, LRRK2 knockdown reduces the level of WAVE2 but not the levels of WAVE1 and WAVE3.
“In BV2 microglia, LRRK2 knockdown reduces the level of WAVE2 but not the levels of WAVE1 and WAVE3.”
From The WAVE complex in developmental and adulthood brain disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [169]
WAVE2 knockdown in mice and Scar knockdown in Drosophila ameliorate LRRK2-G2019S-induced dopaminergic neuron loss.
“Furthermore, WAVE2 knockdown in mice and Scar knockdown in Drosophila ameliorate LRRK2-G2019S-induced dopaminergic neuron loss169.”
From The WAVE complex in developmental and adulthood brain disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [169]
WAVE2 is directly modulated by LRRK2 in microglia, establishing a potentially pathogenic role in Parkinson disease.
“Recently, WAVE2 was found to be directly modulated by leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) in microglia, establishing a potentially pathogenic role in development of Parkinson disease [50].”
From HEM1 Actin Immunodysregulatory Disorder: Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Future Directions (2022) · cites this paper as [50]
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- Authors
- Kim, K. S., Marcogliese, P. C., Yang, J., Callaghan, S. M., Resende, V., Abdel-Messih, E., Marras, C., Visanji, N. P., Huang, J., Schlossmacher, M. G., Trinkle-Mulcahy, L., Slack, R. S., Lang, A. E., Canadian Lrrk2 in Inflammation Team (CLINT), Park, D. S., Brown, E., Gibbings, D., Hayley, S., Park, D., Philpott, D. C., Rioux, J. D., Schlossmacher, M., & Schurr, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
- University Health Network (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2018-05-14
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- E5164-E5173
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC5984500
- OpenAlex
- W2803478714
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 8.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (148402)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Keywords
- LRRK2, Parkinson's disease, WAVE2, myeloid cells, phagocytosis, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, protein phosphorylation, protein stability, immune signaling, neuronal survival
- MeSH terms
- Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2, Animals, Cell Line, Drosophila, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Signal Transduction, Microglia, Myeloid Cells, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein Family, Mice, Cytophagocytosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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