The Emerging Role of Central and Peripheral Immune Systems in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia

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Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo

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Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation

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A Hexanucleotide Repeat Expansion in C9ORF72 Is the Cause of Chromosome 9p21-Linked ALS-FTD

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Reactive microglia are positive for HLA‐DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease brains

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TDP-43 Mutations in Familial and Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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Mutations in FUS, an RNA Processing Protein, Cause Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Type 6

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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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Tissue-resident macrophages originate from yolk-sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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Microglia in Alzheimer’s disease

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Human TH17 lymphocytes promote blood-brain barrier disruption and central nervous system inflammation

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Local self-renewal can sustain CNS microglia maintenance and function throughout adult life

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Huntington disease

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A polarizing question: do M1 and M2 microglia exist?

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Microglial Dysfunction and Defective β-Amyloid Clearance Pathways in Aging Alzheimer's Disease Mice

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Perforin and granzymes: function, dysfunction and human pathology

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Granzyme A from cytotoxic lymphocytes cleaves GSDMB to trigger pyroptosis in target cells

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The blood-brain barrier in systemic inflammation

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Infiltration of CD4+ lymphocytes into the brain contributes to neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson disease

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Sodium oligomannate therapeutically remodels gut microbiota and suppresses gut bacterial amino acids-shaped neuroinflammation to inhibit Alzheimer’s disease progression

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Block of A1 astrocyte conversion by microglia is neuroprotective in models of Parkinson’s disease

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Commensal microbiota affects ischemic stroke outcome by regulating intestinal γδ T cells

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Targeting natural killer cells in cancer immunotherapy

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High-Dimensional Single-Cell Mapping of Central Nervous System Immune Cells Reveals Distinct Myeloid Subsets in Health, Aging, and Disease

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Clonally expanded CD8 T cells patrol the cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer’s disease

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Astrocyte Crosstalk in CNS Inflammation

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Negative feedback control of neuronal activity by microglia

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The movers and shapers in immune privilege of the CNS

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Neutrophils promote Alzheimer's disease–like pathology and cognitive decline via LFA-1 integrin

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The Hedgehog Pathway Promotes Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and CNS Immune Quiescence

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Discriminating α-synuclein strains in Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy

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Microglia monitor and protect neuronal function through specialized somatic purinergic junctions

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Recruitment of Beneficial M2 Macrophages to Injured Spinal Cord Is Orchestrated by Remote Brain Choroid Plexus

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Amyloid β oligomers constrict human capillaries in Alzheimer's disease via signaling to pericytes

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Pathogenic Mechanisms Associated With Different Clinical Courses of Multiple Sclerosis

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The role of peripheral immune cells in the CNS in steady state and disease

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Efficient derivation of microglia-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells

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Microglia Induce Motor Neuron Death via the Classical NF-κB Pathway in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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Oligodendroglial NMDA receptors regulate glucose import and axonal energy metabolism

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Disease-specific oligodendrocyte lineage cells arise in multiple sclerosis

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Presence of dendritic cells, MCP‐1, and activated microglia/macrophages in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cord tissue

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The compartmentalized inflammatory response in the multiple sclerosis brain is composed of tissue-resident CD8+ T lymphocytes and B cells

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Mechanisms of Aβ Clearance and Degradation by Glial Cells

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Microglial exosomes facilitate α-synuclein transmission in Parkinson’s disease

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Protein Misfolding Diseases

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Polarization of the Effects of Autoimmune and Neurodegenerative Risk Alleles in Leukocytes

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Breaking immune tolerance by targeting Foxp3+ regulatory T cells mitigates Alzheimer’s disease pathology

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CD4+ T cells support glial neuroprotection, slow disease progression, and modify glial morphology in an animal model of inherited ALS

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Development of α-synuclein immunoreactive astrocytes in the forebrain parallels stages of intraneuronal pathology in sporadic Parkinson’s disease

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Progressive multiple sclerosis: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies

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Astrocytes and microglia: In sickness and in health

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Role of Th1 and Th17 cells in organ-specific autoimmunity

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Transformation from a neuroprotective to a neurotoxic microglial phenotype in a mouse model of ALS

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Local cues establish and maintain region-specific phenotypes of basal ganglia microglia

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Endogenous regulatory T lymphocytes ameliorate amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice and correlate with disease progression in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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Neuroprotective activities of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease

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The adaptive immune system restrains Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis by modulating microglial function

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Immune cell regulation of glia during CNS injury and disease

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Pericyte loss leads to circulatory failure and pleiotrophin depletion causing neuron loss

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Human innate lymphoid cells

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Genetic identification of cell types underlying brain complex traits yields insights into the etiology of Parkinson’s disease

Bryois, J., Skene, N., Hansen, T. F., Kogelman, L. J. A., Watson, H. J., Liu, Z., Adan, R. A. H., Alfredsson, L. S., Ando, T., Andreassen, O. A., et al. (2020) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-020-0610-9 · Cited by 374 · see citing works

TDP-43 proteinopathies: a new wave of neurodegenerative diseases

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Neurodegeneration and Inflammation—An Interesting Interplay in Parkinson’s Disease

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Increased T cell reactivity to amyloid β protein in older humans and patients with Alzheimer disease

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Regulatory T cells delay disease progression in Alzheimer-like pathology

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A possible role for humoral immunity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease

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B cells in autoimmune and neurodegenerative central nervous system diseases

Sabatino, J. J., Pröbstel, A., & Zamvil, S. S. (2019) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0233-2 · Cited by 347 · see citing works

Targeting Microglial Activation States as a Therapeutic Avenue in Parkinson’s Disease

Subramaniam, S., & Federoff, H. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00176 · Cited by 343 · see citing works

Th17 lymphocytes induce neuronal cell death in a human iPSC-based model of Parkinson's disease

Sommer, A., Marxreiter, F., Krach, F., Fadler, T., Grosch, J., Maroni, M., Graef, D., Eberhardt, E., Riemenschneider, M. J., Yeo, G. W., et al. (2018) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2018.06.015 · Cited by 332 · see citing works

A single-cell atlas of the human substantia nigra reveals cell-specific pathways associated with neurological disorders

Agarwal, D., Sandor, C., Volpato, V., Caffrey, T. M., Monzón‐Sandoval, J., Bowden, R. J., Alegre‐Abarrategui, J., Wade‐Martins, R., & Webber, C. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17876-0 · Cited by 324 · see citing works

Astrocytic interleukin-3 programs microglia and limits Alzheimer’s disease

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Microglia-mediated recovery from ALS-relevant motor neuron degeneration in a mouse model of TDP-43 proteinopathy

Spiller, K. J., Restrepo, C. R., Khan, T., Dominique, M. A., Fang, T. C., Canter, R. G., Roberts, C. J., Miller, K. R., Ransohoff, R. M., Trojanowski, J. Q., et al. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0083-7 · Cited by 301 · see citing works

Clonal selection in the human Vδ1 T cell repertoire indicates γδ TCR-dependent adaptive immune surveillance

Davey, M. S., Willcox, C. R., Joyce, S. P., Ladell, K., Kasatskaya, S. A., McLaren, J. E., Hunter, S., Salim, M., Mohammed, F., Price, D. A., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14760 · Cited by 299 · see citing works

Hippocampal T cell infiltration promotes neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in a mouse model of tauopathy

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Inflammatory dysregulation of blood monocytes in Parkinson’s disease patients

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Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis: Insights From Molecular and Cellular Biology Studies of Oligomeric Aβ and Tau Species

Chen, X., & Mobley, W. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00659 · Cited by 291 · see citing works

The neuronal chemokine CX3CL1/fractalkine selectively recruits NK cells that modify experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis within the central nervous system

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Severe reactive astrocytes precipitate pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease via H2O2− production

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Cognitive changes predict functional decline in ALS

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CD8 T cell nigral infiltration precedes synucleinopathy in early stages of Parkinson's disease

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Shaping Neuronal Fate: Functional Heterogeneity of Direct Microglia-Neuron Interactions

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The Crucial Role of the Blood–Brain Barrier in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms of Disruption and Therapeutic Implications

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New Advances in the Pharmacology and Toxicology of Lithium: A Neurobiologically Oriented Overview

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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Flavonoids in Common Neurological Disorders Associated with Aging

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Gut Microbiota and Immune System Dynamics in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases

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Glucose Metabolic Reprogramming in Microglia: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Targeted Therapy

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iPSC-derived blood-brain barrier modeling reveals APOE isoform-dependent interactions with amyloid beta

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Single-cell RNA sequencing of CSF reveals neuroprotective RAC1+ NK cells in Parkinson’s disease

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Distinctive whole-brain cell types predict tissue damage patterns in thirteen neurodegenerative conditions

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Blood‑brain barrier dysfunction in schizophrenia: Mechanisms and implications (Review)

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Modulating Stress Proteins in Response to Therapeutic Interventions for Parkinson’s Disease

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A comprehensive review: neuroinflammation and immune communication between the central nervous system and the periphery

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Bone Marrow‐Derived GCA+ Immune Cells Drive Alzheimer's Disease Progression

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Transcriptomic profiling of “brain-eating amoeba” Naegleria fowleri infection in mice: the host and the protozoa perspectives

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Rebalancing Immune Interactions within the Brain-Spleen Axis Mitigates Neuroinflammation in an Aging Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

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Alzheimer’s disease-associated protective variant Plcg2-P522R modulates peripheral macrophage function in a sex-dimorphic manner

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The NLRP3-P2X7 Axis and Cytokine Crosstalk in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms, Implications, and Therapeutic Opportunities

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FDA-Approved Secukinumab Alleviates Glial Activation and Immune Cell Infiltration in MPTP-Induced Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease

Li, Q., Han, X., Dong, M., Bai, L., Zhang, W., Liu, W., Wang, F., & Zhu, X. (2025) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-025-02267-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Sex- and age-dependent neurovascular abnormalities linked to neuroinflammation lead to exacerbated post-ischemic brain injury in Marfan syndrome mice

Manich, G., Pérez, B., Penas, C., Dantas, A. P., Coutinho, J., Sánchez-Bernadó, P., García-Aranda, J., Fraile-Ramos, J., Benseny‐Cases, N., Martín‐Mur, B., et al. (2025) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2025.103662 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Serine metabolism in the central nervous system: advances and challenges on a conditionally essential amino acid

Kustrimovic, N., Rabattoni, V., Riva, D., Motta, Z., Sacchi, S., & Pollegioni, L. (2025) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2025.101438 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Novel Lipids to Regulate Obesity and Brain Function: Comparing Available Evidence and Insights from QSAR In Silico Models

Teixeira, F. S., Costa, P. T., Soares, A. M. S., Fontes, A. L., Pintado, M., Vidigal, S. S. M. P., Pimentel, L. L., & Rodríguez-Alcalá, L. M. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12132576 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Terminally differentiated cytotoxic CD4 + T cells were clonally expanded in the brain lesion of radiation‐induced brain injury

Ma, X., Zuo, Y., Hu, X., Chen, S., Zhong, K., Xue, R., Gui, S., Liu, K., Li, S., Zhu, X., et al. (2024) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.14682 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Navigating into the Paradigm of Nose-to-brain Delivery of Nanotherapeutics and their Repurposing as Nanotheranostics for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Ali, A., Emad, N. A., Sultana, N., Waheed, A., Aqil, M., Sultana, Y., & Mujeeb, M. (2024) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0118715273319597240927044906 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Association of critically short telomeres with brain and blood markers of ageing and Alzheimer’s disease in older adults

Lehodey, A., Kaliman, P., Palix, C., de Florès, R., Touron, E., Turpin, A., Fauvel, S., Mézenge, F., Landeau, B., Chocat, A., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-024-01635-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

The impact of chronic diseases on cognitive impairment in rural population of India: A focus on diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke

Jeevitha Gowda, R., Mehta, A., & Jayanna, K. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative · doi:10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100107 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Gut microbiota and myelination: Crosstalk across the lifespan and microbiota-based modulation strategies

Li, Q., Wang, G., Zhao, J., Chen, W., & Tian, P. (2025) · Microbiological Research · doi:10.1016/j.micres.2025.128286 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

DAMPs cross-talk interpretation of MDD mechanisms

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Advances in eye-brain axis: Anatomy, immunity, and association with visual dysfunction

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Regulated neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease: Crosstalk and convergence of apoptosis, pyroptosis, senescence, and ferroptosis

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Biomarker Profile in Peripheral Blood Cells Related to Alzheimer’s Disease

Lomi, M., Geraci, F., Seppia, C. D., Dolciotti, C., Carratore, R. D., & Bongioanni, P. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-04767-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works

CD4 + CD25 − T-Cell–Secreted IFN-γ Promotes Corneal Nerve Degeneration in Diabetic Mice

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Therapeutic potential of neuroprotective plant extracts in Parkinson’s disease

Luo, S., Zhang, L., Wu, X., Wang, J., Li, Q., Chen, W., Li, R., Zhou, L., Zhou, N., Chen, R., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1813133 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Peripheral immune system modulates Purkinje cell degeneration in Niemann–Pick disease type C1

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The DNA repair enzyme, aprataxin, plays a role in innate immune signaling

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Definition of clinical immunology around the globe

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Alcoholic brain injury is a modifiable risk factor: natural active substance intervention promises to improve alcohol-induced cognitive impairment

Wang, W., Du, Y., Tong, X., Liu, J., Lei, M., Wen, L., He, Y., Meng, X., & Xu, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1578169 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Pancreatic hypersecretion of amyloid-forming human amylin dysregulates the neuro-immune axis and B cell development in a model of type-2 diabetes

Winford, E. D., Shahidehpour, R. K., Dressman, D., Turchan-Cholewo, J. T., Cotter, K. M., Leibold, N. S., Ujas, T. A., Britsch, D. R. S., Mercurio, D., Colson, M. K., et al. (2025) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2025.107153 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Syringic acid suppresses inflammation by upregulation of SOCS3

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Glymphatic–meningeal lymphatic system imbalance: a peripheral-to-central inflammatory bridge in perioperative neurocognitive disorders

Wang, H., Wang, X., Liu, N., Wang, H., & Feng, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1828809 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Unraveling Neurodegeneration: Common Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Concepts in Major Neurodegenerative Disorders

Aldaghi, F. S., Siahpoosh, Z., Salehi, Z., Mashayekhi, F., & Sohrabnezhad, S. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71615 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

A brief review of ALS from an immunological perspective with potential immunotherapy options

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ApoE potential in CNS drugs targeting and as CNS therapeutic

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Identifying potential genes driving ferroptosis in the substantia nigra and dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease

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Exploring the Causal Association Between 91 Circulating Inflammatory Proteins and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Bidirectional Two‐Sample Mendelian Randomization and Bioinformatics Analysis

Gong, Z., Cao, R., & Zhu, H. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70586 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Association of peripheral immune markers with brain age and dementia risk estimated using deep learning methods

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Review article: the role of epigenetics as an underlying regulator of the immune responses in Parkinson’s disease

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Aryl hydrocarbon receptor deficiency enhances astrocyte sensitivity to LPS-induced inflammation

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Microglia-driven neuroinflammatory signaling in neurodegeneration: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities

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Gut microbiome immune interactions drive neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease

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Soluble HSPG and HS relaying neuroinflammation contribute to behavioral comorbidities associated with cancer located outside the central nervous system

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A1‐reactive astrocytes and IFNAR signaling collectively induce neuronal cell death during infection of IFNAR1−/− mice by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus

Brisse, M. E., & Ly, H. (2024) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.29949 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Aberrant Expression of TH2LCRR and GATA3 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Acute-Phase Schizophrenia: Integrative Bioinformatics Analysis and Experimental Study

Moghiseh, E., Massoudifar, A., Davoodian, N., Mousavi, P., Afsharpour, S., & Mahmoodi, M. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05060-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

From Immune Sanctuary to Neurological Battlefield: The Role of Neuroimmune Cells

Chakrabarti, S. K., & Chattopadhyay, D. (2024) · Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine · doi:10.14218/erhm.2024.00026 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

The Role of Microglia in Parkinson's Disease and Possible Therapeutic Targets

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Integrative bioinformatic approach reveals novel melatonin-related biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease

Zhang, H., Hamit, D., Li, Q., Hu, X., Li, S.-F., Xu, F., Wang, M., Bao, G.-Q., & Li, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-80755-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The role of autoantibodies in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: mechanisms, biomarkers and clinical correlations

Russu, E., Groppa, L., Chișlari, L., Semionov, M., Leanca, I., Pastuhov, A., & Nartea, C. (2025) · Moldovan Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.52645/mjhs.2025.2.08 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Multivalent cannabinoid epigenotoxicities and multigenerational aging

Reece, A. S., & Hulse, G. K. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13492-0.00001-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Iguratimod attenuates diabetic cognitive impairment via suppressing B cell activation and CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity

Yin, Q., Su, R., Nie, X., Liu, P., Bu, J., Luo, H., Liu, R., Guo, H., Liu, L., Wang, B., et al. (2025) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110761 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Dose-Dependent Immunomodulation by Wheat-Grain Moxibustion at Guanyuan (CV4) and Zusanli (ST36) via JAK2/STAT3 Signaling in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Rats

Liu, T., Zhang, X., Qin, J., Li, J., Aslam, M. S., Xu, H., Zhang, X., Wang, F., Wang, X., Meng, X., et al. (2025) · Innovations in Acupuncture and Medicine · doi:10.1186/s44424-025-00031-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Protective Effect of Luteolin Isolated from Taraxacum coreanum Against Neuroinflammatory Responses Induced by Lipopolysaccharide: Involvement of Gut–Brain Axis

Han, S. H., He, M. T., Baek, K., Kim, H. Y., Lee, S., & Lee, A. R. (2026) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5c12437 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Therapeutic potential of Cistanche against Parkinson's disease via regulating circulating inflammation: Insights from Mendelian randomization, molecular docking, and in vivo studies

Liu, H., Chen, Y., Li, C. Y., Zhang, Q., Lin, X., Lin, Y., & Xu, Q. (2026) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2026.113071 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Expression Patterns of T-Cell Intracellular Antigen 1 in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Stroke

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Extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases: insights into peripheral–central crosstalk and therapeutic potential

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Meningeal and infiltrating T-cells are associated with repetitive head trauma and tau-mediated neurodegeneration in chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Calderazzo, S. M., Butler, M. L. M. D., Breen, K., Kanner, H., Tripodis, Y., Stein, T. D., Holtzman, D. M., Cherry, J. D., Huber, B. R., & McKee, A. C. (2026) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-026-02285-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Dendritic cell-driven immune rebalancing as a systemic regulator of tumor and neurodegenerative microenvironments

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Box-Behnken optimization of hyaluronan-enriched pegylated novasomal in situ gel for brain targeting of sildenafil citrate as a potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease; in vitro characterization, ex vivo/in vivo assessment

Shoman, N. A., Salama, A., Adel, N., Elnahas, O. S., El-Mancy, S. S., & El-Dahmy, R. M. (2026) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2026.108645 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Targeting estrogen to the brain via DHED does not seem to protect against metabolic dysfunction in obese OVX mice

Camon, C., Kip, E., Lord, R., Decourt, C., Prescott, M., Clarkson, J., Sandoval, N. P., Vander, P. B., van Veen, J. E., Prókai-Tátrai, K., et al. (2026) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqag082 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Combination GLP-1RA and Low-Dose IL-2 Modulates Peripheral Immune Activation and Attenuates CNS Inflammatory Transcript Signatures In Vivo

Thome, A. D., Wang, J., Faridar, A., Zhao, W., Saetzler, V., Beers, D. R., & Appel, S. H. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27177855 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Inhibition of NO Production in LPS-Stimulated Primary Rat Glial Cells by Gnidilatimonoein and Extract of Daphne mucronata.

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Anti-amyloid Monoclonal Antibodies in Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Hope

Nasibova, A. N., Khalilov, R. I., & Eftekhari, A. (2023) · International Journal of Aging · doi:10.34172/ija.2023.e21 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Integration of Peripheral and Central Immune Alteration in Neurodegeneration

Wali, Z., Pinky, Neha, & Parvez, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-5088-3_4

The Blood Brain Barrier in Neurodegenerative Disease: A Rhetorical Perspective

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Mechanisms underlying neuroimmune networks as central regulators in combating neurodegenerative diseases

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Cross-Talk of the CNS With Immune Cells and Functions in Health and Disease

Matejuk, A., Vandenbark, A. A., & Offner, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.672455 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

Emergence of the brain-border immune niches and their contribution to the development of neurodegenerative diseases

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