The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 40 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The age of the opening of the Ice-Free Corridor and implications for the peopling of the Americas
Open accessAbstract
The Clovis-first model for the peopling of the Americas by ∼13.4 ka has long invoked the Ice-Free Corridor (IFC) between the retreating margins of the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets as the migration route from Alaska and the Yukon down to the Great Plains. Evidence from archaeology and ancient genomics, however, now suggests that pre-Clovis migrations occurred by at least ∼15.5 to 16.0 ka or earlier than most recent assessments of the age of IFC opening at ∼14 to 15 ka, lending support to the use of a Pacific coast migration route instead. Uncertainties in ages from the IFC used in these assessments, however, allow for an earlier IFC opening which would be consistent with the availability of the IFC as a migration route by ∼15.5 to 16.0 ka. Here, we use 64 cosmogenic (10Be) exposure ages to closely date the age of the full opening of the IFC at 13.8 ± 0.5 ka. Our results thus clearly establish that the IFC was not available for the first peopling of the Americas after the Last Glacial Maximum, whereas extensive geochronological data from the Pacific coast support its earlier availability as a coastal migration route.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
New cosmogenic 10Be exposure ages from six sites along the Cordilleran–Laurentide suture zone show the Ice-Free Corridor (IFC) finally opened at 13.8 ± 0.5 ka, after pre-Clovis occupation of the Americas south of the ice sheets. The results therefore argue against the IFC as a route for the first peopling of the Americas and support a Pacific coastal migration instead.
Key findings
- The IFC opened progressively: 15.4 ± 0.7 ka at the southernmost site (ABS, 50.0°N, n = 9), 14.8 ± 0.7 ka at ABC (52.2°N, n = 10), 14.4 ± 0.6 ka at BCN (58.7°N, n = 10), 14.5 ± 0.7 ka at BCC (56.1°N, n = 4), 14.2 ± 0.6 ka at ABN (53.9°N, n = 11), and finally 13.8 ± 0.5 ka at BCS (56.1°N, n = 15).
- The final opening at 13.8 ± 0.5 ka is later than archaeological and genomic evidence for pre-Clovis occupation by at least 15.5 to 16.0 ka, including ∼15.6 cal ka BP at Cooper’s Ferry and ∼15.7 ka (95% CI 17.5–14.6 ka) from genomics.
- Existing 14C ages are mostly minimum-limiting: of 29 calibrated 14C dates within or proximal to the suture zone, all but one are ≤13.5 cal ka BP; the single older date (15.0 ± 0.2 cal ka BP on taiga vole bones) is considered a poor constraint due to redeposition and possible contamination.
- The final IFC opening at BCS occurred ∼1.2 ky before nearby sites record steppe vegetation and animals at ∼12.6 ka, suggesting the corridor was not biologically viable for human travel until after it was physically open.
Methods
- The authors collected 64 10Be surface exposure ages from six sites along a ∼1,200-km south–north transect (∼50 to 59°N) at the mapped Cordilleran–Laurentide suture zone; five sites had >10 samples and one site (BCC) had 5 samples, with four additional published 10Be ages included from sites adjacent to ABS and ABC.
- Samples were glacially transported boulders resting on bedrock, plus glacially eroded bedrock at BCN; 10Be targets were prepared at PRIME Laboratory (Purdue) and CosmIC Laboratories (Imperial College London).
- Ages were calculated using the Arctic 10Be production rate and Lal/Stone time-varying scaling, corrected for isostatic rebound using ice-sheet model simulations, with outliers older than the LGM (>19 ka) or Holocene (<11.7 ka) excluded before calculating site arithmetic means and SEs; production rate uncertainty of ±3.8% was added in quadrature.
- The paper also assesses existing 14C, luminescence, and 10Be chronologies used to constrain IFC opening.
Limitations
- The paper states that no snow cover, vegetation, or erosion corrections were made; it argues snow and vegetation have low density and sampled boulder tops reduce snow cover, and typical erosion rates (<1 mm ka−1) are not an issue at these timescales.
- The paper states that production rate uncertainty (±3.8%) dominates the external uncertainty; at BCS the SE is only ±0.1 ka but the external uncertainty remains ±0.5 ka and cannot realistically be improved without reducing production rate uncertainty.
- The paper notes that some sites have few samples (e.g., BCC n = 5; BCN includes bedrock and boulders), making outlier identification difficult, and that isolated published 10Be ages cannot exclude inheritance; it also states that 10Be ages from widely spaced sites should not be averaged together to determine millennial- to centennial-scale ice-margin retreat.
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Claims the paper makes
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- Findingown data
The Ice-Free Corridor opened first at 15.4 ± 0.7 ka at the southernmost site ABS (50.0°N, n = 9).
“Our 10Be ages suggest that the IFC opened first at 15.4 ± 0.7 ka at our southernmost site (ABS, 50.0°N, n = 9).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The mean 10Be age at site BCN (58.7°N, n = 10) is 14.4 ± 0.6 ka.
“14.4 ± 0.6 ka, BCN, 58.7°N, n = 10”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The mean 10Be age at site BCC (56.1°N, n = 4) is 14.5 ± 0.7 ka.
“14.5 ± 0.7 ka, BCC, 56.1°N, n = 4”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The Ice-Free Corridor progressively opened from the north and the south.
“The IFC then progressively opened from the north and the south”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The final opening of the Ice-Free Corridor occurred at 13.8 ± 0.5 ka.
“Our 10Be chronology closely dates the final opening of the IFC as occurring at 13.8 ± 0.5 ka”
- Also stated in: § Cosmogenic Exposure Ages from the IFC. · plain
“lastly at 13.8 ± 0.5 ka at site British Columbia south (BCS)”
- Also stated in: § Cosmogenic Exposure Ages from the IFC. · plain
“the ∼13.8-ka timing for opening of the IFC from our 15 10Be ages at site BCS”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Cosmogenic Exposure Ages from the IFC. · plain
- Findingown data
A Monte Carlo experiment suggests that more than about 50 exposure ages are required to drive the BCS site standard error below ±0.1 ky.
“A Monte Carlo experiment using the distribution of 10Be exposure ages from the BCS site suggests that ∼>50 exposure ages are required to drive the site SE below ±0.1 ky”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The mean 10Be age at site ABC (52.2°N, n = 10) is 14.8 ± 0.7 ka.
“our mean age of 14.8 ± 0.7 ka at site ABC (52.2°N, n = 10)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The center of the Ice-Free Corridor opened at 14.2 ± 0.6 ka at site ABN (53.9°N, n = 11).
“The center of the IFC then opened at 14.2 ± 0.6 ka at site Alberta north (ABN) (53.9°N, n = 11)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
14C ages typically provide only minimum-limiting ages on ice-margin retreat because of the unknown time between deglaciation and accumulation of reliably datable organic material.
“14C ages typically provide only minimum-limiting ages on ice-margin retreat, owing to the unknown amount of time that lapsed between deglaciation and accumulation of reliably datable organic material (e.g., terrestrial plants) (35, 36).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [35] H. E. Wright, Surge moraines of the Klutlan Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada—Origin, wastage, vegetation succession, lake developmen, and application to the late-glacial of Minnesota. Quat. Res. 14, 2– 18 (1980). source
- cites [36] T. V. Lowell, Near-constant retreat rate of a terrestrial margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation. Geology 49, 1511– 1515 (2021). source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Interpretationreasoning
The final opening of the Ice-Free Corridor occurred about 1.2 ky before the area near BCS became biologically viable.
“suggesting that the final opening of the IFC occurred ∼1.2 ky before this area became biologically viable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The Ice-Free Corridor developed as a contiguous ice-free area along the eastern front of the Rocky Mountains as the coalescent margins of the late-Pleistocene Cordilleran and Laurentide Ice Sheets separated and retreated.
“which developed as a contiguous ice-free area along the eastern front of the Rocky Mountains as the coalescent margins of the late-Pleistocene Cordilleran and Laurentide Ice Sheets separated and retreated”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [1] E. Antevs, The spread of aboriginal man to North America. Geogr. Rev. 25, 302– 309 (1935). source
- cites [2] C. V. Haynes Jr., Fluted projectile points: Their age and dispersion: Stratigraphically controlled radiocarbon dating provides new evidence on peopling of the New World. Science 145, 1408– 1413 (1964). 17838701 source
- cites [3] P. S. Martin, The discovery of America: The first Americans may have swept the Western Hemisphere and decimated its fauna within 1000 years. Science 179, 969– 974 (1973). 17842155 source
- Premisecitation
The Ice-Free Corridor only became suitable for human travel and subsistence, that is biologically viable, by about 13.2 ka or earlier.
“ancient genomic and radiocarbon evidence indicate that the corridor only became suitable for human travel and subsistence (i.e., biologically viable) by ∼13.2 ka or earlier (25, 26)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [25] P. D. Heintzman, Bison phylogeography constrains dispersal and viability of the Ice Free Corridor in western Canada. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113, 8057– 8063 (2016). 27274051 PMC4961175 source
- cites [26] D. Froese, J. M. Young, S. L. Norris, M. Margold, Availability and viability of the ice-free corridor and Pacific coast routes for the peopling of the Americas. SAA Archaeol. Rec. 19, 27– 33 (2019).
- Interpretationreasoning
Uncertainties in existing data suggest that the Ice-Free Corridor cannot yet be excluded as a potential route for pre-Clovis occupation.
“Uncertainties in existing data thus suggest that the IFC cannot yet be excluded as a potential route for pre-Clovis occupation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
No compelling archaeological evidence has yet been found to support a first migration through the Ice-Free Corridor.
“we note that no compelling archaeological evidence has yet been found to support a first migration through the IFC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
10Be exposure ages on erratics from sites spaced tens to more than 200 km apart should not be averaged together to determine the millennial- to centennial-scale timing of ice-margin retreat.
“because these sites are spaced 10s to more than 200 km apart (Fig. 1), the ages of these erratics should not be averaged together to determine the millennial- to centennial-scale timing of the ice-margin retreat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Luminescence ages on sand dunes in Alberta are even more problematic than the redeposited vole bone fragments for dating Ice-Free Corridor opening.
“Luminescence ages on sand dunes in Alberta have been central to recent assessments of the age of the IFC (24, 26, 31–33), but these are even more problematic than the redeposited vole bone fragments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [24] T. J. Braje, Fladmark+40: What have we learned about a potential Pacific Coast peopling of the Americas? Am. Antiq. 85, 1– 21 (2020). source
- cites [26] D. Froese, J. M. Young, S. L. Norris, M. Margold, Availability and viability of the ice-free corridor and Pacific coast routes for the peopling of the Americas. SAA Archaeol. Rec. 19, 27– 33 (2019).
- cites [31] B. A. Potter, Early colonization of Beringia and Northern North America: Chronology, routes, and adaptive strategies. Quat. Int. 444, 36– 55 (2017). source
- cites [32] B. A. Potter, Current evidence allows multiple models for the peopling of the Americas. Sci. Adv. 4, eaat5473 (2018). 30101195 PMC6082647 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [33] K. Munyikwa, T. M. Rittenour, J. K. Feathers, Temporal constraints for the Late Wisconsinan deglaciation of western Canada using eolian dune luminescence chronologies from Alberta. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 470, 147– 165 (2017). source
- Premisecitation
Pre-Clovis occupation of the Americas south of the ice sheets occurred by at least 15.5 to 16.0 ka.
“provide compelling evidence for pre-Clovis occupation of the Americas south of the ice sheets by at least 15.5 to 16.0 ka”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [14] L. G. Davis, Late upper paleolithic occupation at Cooper's Ferry, Idaho, USA, similar to 16,000 years ago. Science 365, 891– 897 (2019). 31467216 source
- cites [19] E. Willerslev, D. J. Meltzer, Peopling of the Americas as inferred from ancient genomics. Nature 594, 356– 364 (2021). 34135521 source
- Interpretationown data
The Ice-Free Corridor was not available as a migration route for the peopling of the Americas that had occurred before about 15.6 ka.
“establishing that the IFC was not available as a migration route for the peopling of the Americas that had occurred before ∼15.6 ka suggested by current archaeological and ancient genomic evidence”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
Assuming full bleaching, the oldest luminescence age from the Ice-Free Corridor zone should provide the closest constraint on ice-margin retreat.
“Assuming full bleaching, the oldest luminescence age from the IFC zone should provide the closest constraint on ice-margin retreat.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The luminescence ages are fully bleached.
- Interpretationcitation
The 10Be ages from the Beaver River site about 500 km east of the suture zone, with a mean age of 13.5 ± 0.8 ka, are consistent with the about 13.8-ka timing for Ice-Free Corridor opening from the 15 10Be ages at site BCS.
“Finally, the 10Be ages from the Beaver River site in west–central Saskatchewan ∼500 km east of the suture zone (mean age of 13.5 ± 0.8 ka) (41) are consistent with the ∼13.8-ka timing for opening of the IFC from our 15 10Be ages at site BCS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [41] S. L. Norris, Rapid retreat of the southwestern Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Bølling-Allerød interval. Geology, 10.1130/G49493.1 (2022). source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
Evidence of steppe vegetation and a variety of animals first appears at about 12.6 ka at Charlie Lake and Spring Lake.
“where evidence of steppe vegetation and a variety of animals first appears at ∼12.6 ka (27)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] M. W. Pedersen, Postglacial viability and colonization in North America’s ice-free corridor. Nature 537, 45– 49 (2016). 27509852 source
- Interpretationcitation
The calibrated 14C age on taiga vole bones (AA43652) provides a poor constraint on Ice-Free Corridor opening.
“Given the potential for contamination of the collagen from old carbonate as well as the lack of stratigraphic integrity and provenance of the bones, this age provides a poor constraint on IFC opening (26).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] D. Froese, J. M. Young, S. L. Norris, M. Margold, Availability and viability of the ice-free corridor and Pacific coast routes for the peopling of the Americas. SAA Archaeol. Rec. 19, 27– 33 (2019).
- Interpretationcitation
Existing ages used to support the 14- to 15-ka time window for Ice-Free Corridor opening are largely based on dating methods with large uncertainties that include some lag between deglaciation and formation of the dated record, making them minimum-limiting ages.
“existing ages used to support this time window are largely based on dating methods, many with large uncertainties, that include some lag between the time of deglaciation and the formation of the dated record (i.e., minimum-limiting ages) (26, 33).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [26] D. Froese, J. M. Young, S. L. Norris, M. Margold, Availability and viability of the ice-free corridor and Pacific coast routes for the peopling of the Americas. SAA Archaeol. Rec. 19, 27– 33 (2019).
- cites [33] K. Munyikwa, T. M. Rittenour, J. K. Feathers, Temporal constraints for the Late Wisconsinan deglaciation of western Canada using eolian dune luminescence chronologies from Alberta. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 470, 147– 165 (2017). source
- Interpretationcitation
Retreat of the western margin of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet and associated postglacial uplift occurred early enough to have provided a migration route for people prior to the earliest known archaeological sites south of the ice sheets.
“indicate that retreat of the western margin of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet and associated postglacial uplift occurred early enough to have provided a migration route for people prior to the earliest known archaeological sites south of the ice sheets”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [51] A. S. Dyke, “An outline of North American deglaciation with emphasis on central and northern Canada” in Quaternary Glaciations—Extent and Chronology Part II: North America, J. Ehlers, P. L. Gibbard, Eds. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004), pp. 373– 424.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [52] D. H. Shugar, Post-glacial sea-level change along the Pacific coast of North America. Quat. Sci. Rev. 97, 170– 192 (2014). source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [53] C. M. Darvill, B. Menounos, B. M. Goehring, O. B. Lian, M. W. Caffee, Retreat of the western Cordilleran Ice Sheet margin during the last deglaciation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 9710– 9720 (2018). source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [54] A. J. Lesnek, J. P. Briner, C. Lindqvist, J. F. Baichtal, T. H. Heaton, Deglaciation of the Pacific coastal corridor directly preceded the human colonization of the Americas. Sci. Adv. 4, eaar5040 (2018). 29854947 PMC5976267 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [55] A. S. Dalton, An updated radiocarbon-based ice margin chronology for the last deglaciation of the North American Ice Sheet Complex. Quat. Sci. Rev. 234, 106223 (2020). source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
The Ice-Free Corridor was not unglaciated along its full length until 14 to 15 ka.
“Despite broad agreement that the IFC was not unglaciated along its full length until 14 to 15 ka (19–24)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked- cites [19] E. Willerslev, D. J. Meltzer, Peopling of the Americas as inferred from ancient genomics. Nature 594, 356– 364 (2021). 34135521 source
- cites [20] T. J. Braje, T. C. Rick, T. D. Dillehay, J. M. Erlandson, R. G. Klein, Arrival routes of first Americans uncertain-response. Science 359, 1225 (2018). 29590068 source
- cites [21] B. A. Potter, Arrival routes of first Americans uncertain. Science 359, 1224– 1225 (2018). 29590067 source
- cites [22] M. R. Waters, Late Pleistocene exploration and settlement of the Americas by modern humans. Science 365, eaat5447 (2019). 31296740 source
- cites [23] L. G. Davis, D. B. Madsen, The coastal migration theory: Formulation and testable hypotheses. Quat. Sci. Rev. 249, 106605 (2020). source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [24] T. J. Braje, Fladmark+40: What have we learned about a potential Pacific Coast peopling of the Americas? Am. Antiq. 85, 1– 21 (2020). source
- Interpretationcitation
The first peoples would likely still have faced considerable difficulties in navigating the largely glaciated coastline.
“We note that these first peoples would likely still have faced considerable difficulties in navigating the largely glaciated coastline (51).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51] A. S. Dyke, “An outline of North American deglaciation with emphasis on central and northern Canada” in Quaternary Glaciations—Extent and Chronology Part II: North America, J. Ehlers, P. L. Gibbard, Eds. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004), pp. 373– 424.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The Clovis cultural complex is dated as early as about 13,400 calibrated 14C years ago (about 13.40 cal ka BP).
“The subsequent discovery of the Clovis cultural complex, which is dated as early as ∼13,400 calibrated 14C years ago (∼13.40 cal ka BP) (6, 7)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [6] M. R. Waters, T. W. Stafford, D. L. Carlson, The age of Clovis-13,050 to 12,750 cal yr BP. Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz0455 (2020). 33087355 PMC7577710 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [7] D. S. Miller, V. T. Holliday, J. Bright, “Clovis across the continent” in Paleoamerican Odyssey, K. E. Graf, C. V. Ketron, M. R. Waters, Eds. (Texas A&M Univ. Press, College Station, TX, 2014), pp. 207– 220.
- Interpretationown data
The final opening of the Ice-Free Corridor occurred well after pre-Clovis occupation.
“We report cosmogenic nuclide exposure ages that show that the final opening of the IFC occurred well after pre-Clovis occupation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- It may state two separate claims as one. 4
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationAt site BCS, the standard error is ±0.1 ka (±0.7%), with the remaining ±0.4 ka coming from the production rate uncertainty of ±3.8%.
“the SE at this site is only ±0.1 ka (±0.7%), with the remaining ±0.4 ka coming from the production rate uncertainty of ±3.8% (46).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [46] N. E. Young, J. M. Schaefer, J. P. Briner, B. M. Goehring, A Be-10 production-rate calibration for the Arctic. J. Quat. Sci. 28, 515– 526 (2013). source
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningIf considered to contain no geologic scatter, isolated 10Be ages would place Ice-Free Corridor opening at 18.0 ± 0.8 ka at about 49.1°N, 15.5 ± 0.9 ka at about 50.3°N, and 17.6 ± 0.9 ka at 53.4°N.
“If considered to contain no geologic scatter, these isolated 10Be ages would place IFC opening at 18.0 ± 0.8 ka (n = 1) at ∼49.1°N, 15.5 ± 0.9 ka (n = 2) at ∼50.3°N, and 17.6 ± 0.9 ka (n = 1) at 53.4°N”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The isolated 10Be ages contain no geologic scatter.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationOther studies propose even later Ice-Free Corridor viability after about 12.6 ka.
“with other studies proposing even later IFC viability after ∼12.6 ka (27).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] M. W. Pedersen, Postglacial viability and colonization in North America’s ice-free corridor. Nature 537, 45– 49 (2016). 27509852 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningAssuming full bleaching, the oldest luminescence age would place the Ice-Free Corridor as open before 15.3 ± 1.3 ka for optically stimulated luminescence or 15.7 ± 1.6 ka for infrared stimulated luminescence.
“This would place the IFC as open before 15.3 ± 1.3 ka for the optically stimulated luminescence method (33) or 15.7 ± 1.6 ka for the infrared stimulated luminescence method (40).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [33] K. Munyikwa, T. M. Rittenour, J. K. Feathers, Temporal constraints for the Late Wisconsinan deglaciation of western Canada using eolian dune luminescence chronologies from Alberta. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 470, 147– 165 (2017). source
- cites [40] S. A. Wolfe, D. J. Huntley, J. Ollerhead, Relict Late Wisconsinan dune fields of the Northern Great Plains, Canada. Géogr. Phys. Quat. 58, 323– 336 (2004).
- The authors state this as an assumption: The luminescence ages are fully bleached.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
Study design and conductown dataThe BCS mean age of 13.8 ± 0.5 ka is particularly robust because it is based on 15 10Be ages with no outliers.
“with the latter mean age being particularly robust as it is based on 15 10Be ages with no outliers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationA proposed migration route for pre-Clovis people from Beringia down the western Canadian coast, the coastal corridor, largely bypassed the ice sheets.
“a proposed migration route for pre-Clovis people from Beringia down the western Canadian coast (the “coastal corridor”) that largely bypassed the ice sheets (28–30).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [28] K. R. Fladmark, Routes: Alternate migration corridors for Early Man in North America. Am. Antiq. 44, 55– 69 (1979). source
- cites [29] C. A. S. Mandryk, H. Josenhans, D. W. Fedje, R. W. Mathewes, Late Quaternary paleoenvironments of Northwestern North America: Implications for inland versus coastal migration routes. Quat. Sci. Rev. 20, 301– 314 (2001). source
- cites [30] J. M. Erlandson, The kelp highway hypothesis: Marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and the peopling of the Americas. J. Isl. Coast. Archaeol. 2, 161– 174 (2007). source
The authors state this as an assumption.
The luminescence ages are fully bleached.
“Assuming full bleaching”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The isolated 10Be ages contain no geologic scatter.
“If considered to contain no geologic scatter”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Samples cannot date from older than the Last Glacial Maximum (26.5 to 19 ka) or be from the Holocene (<11.7 ka).
“based on the constraints that samples cannot date from older than the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 26.5 to 19 ka) or be from the Holocene (<11.7 ka)”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The reopening of the corridor between the Cordilleran ice sheet and LIS now appears to have taken place after 14 ka.
“The reopening of the corridor between the Cordilleran ice sheet and LISs now appears to have taken place after 14 ka.”
From Beringia and the peopling of the Western Hemisphere (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
A narrow ice-free corridor apparently extended from the Yukon to southern Alberta (roughly 2000 km in length) at 13.8 ± 0.5 ka.
“A narrow ice-free corridor apparently extended from the Yukon to southern Alberta (roughly 2000 km in length) at 13.8 ± 0.5 ka”
From Beringia and the peopling of the Western Hemisphere (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
Movement of bison through the corridor is thought to have occurred less than 13.4 ka.
“(although movement of bison through the corridor is thought to have occurred less than 13.4 ka) [22,26]”
From Beringia and the peopling of the Western Hemisphere (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
BCC is assigned two different latitudes
MinorThe Results place BCC at 56.1°N, whereas the field-sampling description places it at 57.5°N.
“14.5 ± 0.7 ka, BCC, 56.1°N, n = 4”
“BCC (57.5°N, 122.9°W, ∼1,200 m above modern sea level)”
Citations
Cites
Balco, G., Stone, J. O. H., Lifton, N. A., & Dunai, T. J. (2008) · Quaternary Geochronology · doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2007.12.001 · Cited by 2,252
An outline of North American deglaciation with emphasis on central and northern Canada
Dyke, A. S. (2004) · Developments in quaternary science · doi:10.1016/s1571-0866(04)80209-4 · Cited by 1,084
Lifton, N. A., Sato, T., & Dunai, T. J. (2013) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.052 · Cited by 972
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Metadata
- Authors
- Clark, J., Carlson, A. E., Reyes, A. V., Carlson, E. C. B., Guillaume, L., Milne, G. A., Tarasov, L., Caffee, M., Wilcken, K., & Rood, D. H.
- Affiliations
- Oregon State University (US)
- Oregon Glaciers Institute, Corvallis, OR 97330
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Burpee Museum of Natural History, Rockford, IL 61103
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Memorial University of Newfoundland (CA)
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Clark, Jorie
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2022-03-21
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- e2118558119-e2118558119
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC9168949
- OpenAlex
- W4220702189
- Semantic Scholar
- a76d27b1a2e8cda093a5abe2748f49070439d631
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 32.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1552230)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Keywords
- ice-free corridor, peopling of the Americas, Bering Land Bridge
- MeSH terms
- Americas, Archaeology, Humans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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