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Bison phylogeography constrains dispersal and viability of the Ice Free Corridor in western Canada

Heintzman, Peter D., Froese, Duane, Ives, John W., Soares, André E. R., Zazula, Grant D., Letts, Brandon, Andrews, Thomas D., Driver, Jonathan C., Hall, Elizabeth, Hare, P. Gregory, Jass, Christopher N., MacKay, Glen, Southon, John R., Stiller, Mathias, Woywitka, Robin, Suchard, Marc A., Shapiro, Beth·2016·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.1601077113
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Abstract

The Ice Free Corridor has been invoked as a route for Pleistocene human and animal dispersals between eastern Beringia and more southerly areas of North America. Despite the significance of the corridor, there are limited data for when and how this corridor was used. Hypothetical uses of the corridor include: the first expansion of humans from Beringia into the Americas, northward postglacial expansions of fluted point technologies into Beringia, and continued use of the corridor as a contact route between the north and south. Here, we use radiocarbon dates and ancient mitochondrial DNA from late Pleistocene bison fossils to determine the chronology for when the corridor was open and viable for biotic dispersals. The corridor was closed after ∼23,000 until 13,400 calendar years ago (cal y BP), after which we find the first evidence, to our knowledge, that bison used this route to disperse from the south, and by 13,000 y from the north. Our chronology supports a habitable and traversable corridor by at least 13,000 cal y BP, just before the first appearance of Clovis technology in interior North America, and indicates that the corridor would not have been available for significantly earlier southward human dispersal. Following the opening of the corridor, multiple dispersals of human groups between Beringia and interior North America may have continued throughout the latest Pleistocene and early Holocene. Our results highlight the utility of phylogeographic analyses to test hypotheses about paleoecological history and the viability of dispersal routes over time.

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  • A narrow ice-free corridor apparently extended from the Yukon to southern Alberta (roughly 2000 km in length) at 13.8 ± 0.5 ka.

    “A narrow ice-free corridor apparently extended from the Yukon to southern Alberta (roughly 2000 km in length) at 13.8 ± 0.5 ka”

    From Beringia and the peopling of the Western Hemisphere (2023) · cites this paper as [22]

  • Movement of bison through the corridor is thought to have occurred less than 13.4 ka.

    “(although movement of bison through the corridor is thought to have occurred less than 13.4 ka) [22,26]”

    From Beringia and the peopling of the Western Hemisphere (2023) · cites this paper as [22]

  • The reopening of the corridor between the Cordilleran ice sheet and LIS now appears to have taken place after 14 ka.

    “The reopening of the corridor between the Cordilleran ice sheet and LISs now appears to have taken place after 14 ka.”

    From Beringia and the peopling of the Western Hemisphere (2023) · cites this paper as [22]

  • The Ice-Free Corridor only became suitable for human travel and subsistence, that is biologically viable, by about 13.2 ka or earlier.

    “ancient genomic and radiocarbon evidence indicate that the corridor only became suitable for human travel and subsistence (i.e., biologically viable) by ∼13.2 ka or earlier (25, 26)”

    From The age of the opening of the Ice-Free Corridor and implications for the peopling of the Americas (2022) · cites this paper as [25]

  • The ice-free corridor wouldn't have been biologically viable for human migration before ca. 13-12,500 cal BP.

    “arguably, this corridor wouldn’t have been biologically viable for human migration before ca. 13–12,500 cal BP, however [77–79].”

    From Earliest Human Presence in North America Dated to the Last Glacial Maximum: New Radiocarbon Dates from Bluefish Caves, Canada (2017) · cites this paper as [79]

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Metadata

Authors
Heintzman, P. D., Froese, D., Ives, J. W., Soares, A. E. R., Zazula, G. D., Letts, B., Andrews, T. D., Driver, J. C., Hall, E., Hare, P. G., Jass, C. N., MacKay, G., Southon, J. R., Stiller, M., Woywitka, R., Suchard, M. A., & Shapiro, B.
Affiliations
  • Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;
  • Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada;
  • Institute of Prairie Archaeology, Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H4, Canada;
  • Yukon Palaeontology Program, Government of Yukon, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2C6, Canada;
  • Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;
  • Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT X1A 2L9, Canada;
  • Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
  • Yukon Archaeology Program, Government of Yukon, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2C6, Canada;
  • Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, AB T5N 0M6, Canada;
  • Keck-CCAMS Group, Earth System Science Department, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697;
  • Department of Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research, D-45141 Essen, Germany;
  • Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
2016-06-06
Volume
113
Issue
29
Pages
8057-8063
ISSN
  • 0027-8424
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.1601077113
Cited by
157
References
5
Language
en
Licence
www.pnas.org/preview_site/misc/userlicense.xhtml (vor, 183 d)
Funders
  • NSF | GEO | POLAR | Division of Arctic Sciences (1203990, 1417036)
  • Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF3804)
  • Canada Research Chairs (not applicable)
  • Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (not applicable)
  • HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01 HG006139)

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