Pre-Clovis occupation 14,550 years ago at the Page-Ladson site, Florida, and the peopling of the Americas

Halligan, Jessi J.; Waters, Michael R.; Perrotti, Angelina; Owens, Ivy J.; Feinberg, Joshua M.; Bourne, Mark D.; Fenerty, Brendan; Winsborough, Barbara; Carlson, David; Fisher, Daniel C.; Stafford, Thomas W.; Dunbar, James S.

doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600375

Cited by 260Pleistocene-Era Hominins and ArchaeologyArchaeology and ancient environmental studiesGeology and Paleoclimatology Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 7 of the 21 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Pre-Clovis occupation 14,550 years ago at the Page-Ladson site, Florida, and the peopling of the Americas

Open access

Halligan, Jessi J., Waters, Michael R., Perrotti, Angelina, Owens, Ivy J., Feinberg, Joshua M., Bourne, Mark D., Fenerty, Brendan, Winsborough, Barbara, Carlson, David, Fisher, Daniel C., Stafford, Thomas W., Dunbar, James S.·2016·Science Advances

DOI 10.1126/sciadv.1600375PMC PMC4928949

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Abstract

Page-Ladson, Florida, provides evidence of the oldest human occupation in the North American Gulf Coastal Plain at 14,550 B.P., Stone tools and mastodon bones occur in an undisturbed geological context at the Page-Ladson site, Florida. Seventy-one radiocarbon ages show that ~14,550 calendar years ago (cal yr B.P.), people butchered or scavenged a mastodon next to a pond in a bedrock sinkhole within the Aucilla River. This occupation surface was buried by ~4 m of sediment during the late Pleistocene marine transgression, which also left the site submerged. Sporormiella and other proxy evidence from the sediments indicate that hunter-gatherers along the Gulf Coastal Plain coexisted with and utilized megafauna for ~2000 years before these animals became extinct at ~12,600 cal yr B.P. Page-Ladson expands our understanding of the earliest colonizers of the Americas and human-megafauna interaction before extinction.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Page-Ladson, Florida, preserves a pre-Clovis occupation dated to ~14,550 cal yr B.P., with stone artifacts in undisturbed sediments and evidence that humans coexisted with megafauna until ~12,600 cal yr B.P. The site is the first documented pre-Clovis locality in southeastern North America and supports human presence in the Americas between ~14,000 and 15,000 cal yr B.P.

Key findings

Six unequivocal stone artifacts made of local coastal plain chert were recovered from Units 3 and 4; a biface and a flake from Unit 3c date to ~14,550 cal yr B.P. based on seven adjacent radiocarbon samples, and flakes from Unit 4b date to ~14,200 to 14,550 cal yr B.P.
Page-Ladson is the oldest human occupation in the North American Gulf Coastal Plain and the first pre-Clovis site documented in southeastern North America; humans coexisted with megafauna for ~2000 years before extinction at ~12,600 cal yr B.P.
*Sporormiella* concentrations were high in late Pleistocene Units 3 and 4, peaked around ~13,700 cal yr B.P., and were absent at the top of Unit 4 by ~12,600 cal yr B.P.; this decline, concurrent with disappearance of mastodon digesta, indicates megafaunal extinction in Florida and the American Southeast was synchronous with extinctions elsewhere in North America.
Reexamination confirmed that grooves on a previously recovered mastodon tusk were made by humans, likely during tusk extraction; no faunal remains with butchering evidence were found in the new excavations, though two potentially butchered megafaunal bones were previously reported, and a previous domesticated dog identification was not confirmed.

Methods

Underwater excavation was conducted in 2012–2014 by SCUBA-trained archaeologists adjacent to and expanding the 1983–1997 investigations; excavations proceeded in 5- or 10-cm levels, with all sediments sieved through nested 1/4" and 1/16" mesh, and artifact and bone locations recorded using underwater laser control points set by Total station on land.
The late Quaternary deposits were divided into seven stratigraphic units; 71 wood samples deposited contemporaneously with the sediments were radiocarbon-dated, with 14C measurements at the W. M. Keck Carbon Cycle Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, calibrated ages using Calib 7.0.2, and Bayesian analysis using OxCal 4.2.4.
Cores were collected with a vibrocorer or Livingstone device and analyzed at LacCore, University of Minnesota; paleoenvironmental analyses included diatoms, micromorphology, magnetic studies, pollen, and *Sporormiella* from Units 3 to 7.

Limitations

Stated: the role humans played in the megafaunal extinction process is unknown; the previous identification of domesticated dog (*Canis familiaris*) in Unit 3 has not been confirmed; and the new excavations found no faunal remains with butchering evidence, although two potentially butchered bones were previously reported.
Evident from the text: the pre-Clovis artifact assemblage is very small (six unequivocal stone artifacts), limiting behavioral inference; the site is submerged and requires underwater investigation, and much of the earliest record in the American Southeast is buried and submerged.
Evident from the text: the extinction timing relies partly on *Sporormiella* as a proxy, and the paper notes an anomalous early Holocene *Sporormiella* spike that may represent a brief bison expansion rather than direct megafaunal continuity.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/sciadv.1600375

Cites

73 of 73 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

7 of 21 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

Interpretationcitation
The small artifact assemblage recovered from the pre-Clovis occupation at Page-Ladson is consistent with the small number of artifacts found at other pre-Clovis and some Clovis butchering and scavenging sites.
“The small artifact assemblage recovered from the pre-Clovis occupation at Page-Ladson is consistent with the small number of artifacts found at other pre-Clovis (4, 22) and some Clovis (12, 23) butchering and scavenging sites.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 4 sources checked
- cites [4] D. J. Joyce, in Paleoamerican Odyssey, K. Graf, C. Ketron, M. R. Waters, Eds. (Center for the Study of the First Americans, College Station, TX, 2013), pp. 467–484.
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [22] Waters M. R., Stafford T. W. Jr, Kooyman B., Hills L. V., Late Pleistocene horse and camel hunting at the southern margin of the ice-free corridor: Reassessing the age of Wally’s Beach, Canada. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 4263– 4267 (2015). 25831543 PMC4394292 source
- cites [12] Grayson D. K., Meltzer D. J., Revisiting Paleoindian exploitation of extinct North American mammals. J. Archaeol. Sci. 56, 177– 193 (2015). source
- cites [23] L. A. Hannus, Flaked mammoth bone from the Lange/Ferguson site, White River badlands area, South Dakota, in Bone Modification (University of Maine, Peopling of the Americas Publications, Orono, ME, 1989), pp. 395–412.
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Findingcitation
Periods of deposition and nondeposition and changing sedimentation rates at Page-Ladson from ~14,900 to 8500 cal yr B.P. correlate with sea level fluctuations when ocean levels rose from 100 to 20 m below modern sea level.
“Periods of deposition and nondeposition as well as changing sedimentation rates at Page-Ladson from ~14,900 to 8500 cal yr B.P. appear to correlate with sea level fluctuations when ocean levels rose from 100 to 20 m below modern sea level (15, 16), even though the site was ~250 to 175 km inland during this time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
- cites [15] Lambeck K., Rouby H., Purcell A., Sun Y., Sambridge M., Sea level and global ice volumes from the last glacial maximum to the Holocene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 15296– 15303 (2014). 25313072 PMC4217469 source
  The Discussion and Conclusions reports substantial global sea-level rise and changes in its rate during the cited interval, supporting the sea-level context. It does not discuss Page-Ladson or establish a correlation between its deposition and sea-level fluctuations; the claimed correlation is therefore not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [16] J. H. Balsillie, J. F. Donoghue, High Resolution Sea-Level History for the Gulf of Mexico Since the Last Glacial Maximum. Report of Investigations (Florida Geological Survey, Tallahassee, FL, 2004), vol. 103.
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Interpretationcitation
The disappearance of Sporormiella at ~12,600 cal yr B.P. indicates that the extinction of the megaherbivores in Florida and the American Southeast was synchronous with extinctions elsewhere in North America.
“The disappearance of Sporormiella at ~12,600 cal yr B.P. indicates that the extinction of the megaherbivores in Florida and the American Southeast was synchronous with extinctions elsewhere in North America (22, 26, 28).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
- cites [22] Waters M. R., Stafford T. W. Jr, Kooyman B., Hills L. V., Late Pleistocene horse and camel hunting at the southern margin of the ice-free corridor: Reassessing the age of Wally’s Beach, Canada. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 4263– 4267 (2015). 25831543 PMC4394292 source
  The Discussion places North American megafaunal extinctions at around 12,700 cal yr B.P. and includes a Florida site among those discussed. It does not mention Sporormiella, date its disappearance to ~12,600 cal yr B.P., or establish that extinctions in Florida and the American Southeast were synchronous with those elsewhere. (LLM, conf=0.82)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [26] Faith J. T., Surovell T. A., Synchronous extinction of North America’s Pleistocene mammals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 20641– 20645 (2009). 19934040 PMC2791611 source
  The Discussion describes North American late Pleistocene extinctions as consistent with a synchronous event, and the biogeographic simulation accounts for taxa found in the Southeast. The paper does not link that conclusion to a disappearance of Sporormiella at ~12,600 cal yr B.P. or establish that date for Florida and the American Southeast. (LLM, conf=0.87)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [28] Gill J. L., Williams J. W., Jackson S. T., Lininger K. B., Robinson G. S., Pleistocene megafaunal collapse, novel plant communities, and enhanced fire regimes in North America. Science 326, 1100– 1103 (2009). 19965426 source
Findingown data
Spores are absent from Unit 5 and the lower portion of Unit 6 from ~12,600 to 10,400 cal yr B.P.
“Spores are absent from Unit 5 and the lower portion of Unit 6 from ~12,600 to 10,400 cal yr B.P.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
Units 6 and 7 indicate a return to rapid sedimentation of silt and peat from ~11,400 to at least ~8500 cal yr B.P.
“Units 6 and 7 indicate a return to rapid sedimentation of silt and peat from ~11,400 to at least ~8500 cal yr B.P.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

Findingown data
A rapid decline in Sporormiella concentrations followed, with Sporormiella absent at the top of Unit 4 by ~12,600 cal yr B.P., after the onset of the Younger Dryas stadial.
“A rapid decline in spore concentrations followed, with Sporormiella absent at the top of Unit 4 by ~12,600 cal yr B.P., after the onset of the Younger Dryas stadial.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
Radiocarbon ages obtained on samples adjacent to the flakes in Unit 4b indicate that these artifacts date to ~14,200 to 14,550 cal yr B.P.
“Radiocarbon ages obtained on samples adjacent to the flakes in Unit 4b indicate that these artifacts date to ~14,200 to 14,550 cal yr B.P. (Fig. 2G).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
Peak Sporormiella spore concentrations occur around ~13,700 cal yr B.P., potentially indicating the timing of peak megafaunal abundance in the vicinity of the sinkhole.
“Peak spore concentrations occur around ~13,700 cal yr B.P., potentially indicating the timing of peak megafaunal abundance in the vicinity of the sinkhole.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
The excavation area from where the biface was discovered is covered and sealed by a continuous shell-dominated marker bed in Unit 4 dated ~14,400 cal yr B.P.
“Further, the excavation area from where the biface was discovered is covered and sealed by a continuous shell-dominated marker bed in Unit 4 dated ~14,400 cal yr B.P.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
Artifacts dating to ~14,550 cal yr B.P. were found in a buried and well-dated stratified context at Page-Ladson.
“Here, we report our investigations at the Page-Ladson site, Florida, where artifacts dating to ~14,550 cal yr B.P. were found in a buried and well-dated stratified context.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
Seven radiocarbon samples collected immediately adjacent to the biface date to ~14,550 cal yr B.P.
“Seven radiocarbon samples collected immediately adjacent to the biface date to ~14,550 cal yr B.P.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
The biface is overlain by 1.1 m of Unit 3 and 4 sediments.
“The biface is overlain by 1.1 m of Unit 3 and 4 sediments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingnone given
Page-Ladson, Florida, provides evidence of the oldest human occupation in the North American Gulf Coastal Plain at 14,550 B.P.
“Page-Ladson, Florida, provides evidence of the oldest human occupation in the North American Gulf Coastal Plain at 14,550 B.P.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingnone given
The artifacts occur in deposits that contain extinct mammal remains (mastodon, camelid, and bison).
“These artifacts occur in deposits that contain extinct mammal remains (mastodon, camelid, and bison) (section S4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
Six unequivocal stone artifacts, all made of local coastal plain chert, were recovered within Units 3 and 4 at Page-Ladson.
“We recovered six unequivocal stone artifacts, all made of local coastal plain chert, within Units 3 and 4 (Fig. 2 and section S3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
At Page-Ladson, high concentrations of Sporormiella were found in late Pleistocene Units 3 and 4.
“At Page-Ladson, we found high concentrations of Sporormiella in late Pleistocene Units 3 and 4 (Fig. 3 and section S5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
Diatoms indicate fully aquatic conditions with only rare evidence of desiccation in Units 6 and 7.
“Diatoms indicate fully aquatic conditions with only rare evidence of desiccation (section S2.6).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
The biface was recovered in situ during excavation.
“The biface, a reworked knife fragment, was recovered in situ during excavation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
An anomalous spike in Sporormiella concentrations occurs in the middle of Unit 6 from ~10,400 to 10,100 cal yr B.P., after which concentrations decline to zero.
“An anomalous spike in Sporormiella concentrations occurs in the middle of Unit 6 from ~10,400 to 10,100 cal yr B.P., after which concentrations decline to zero.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Interpretationown data
Page-Ladson is the first pre-Clovis site documented in the southeastern portion of North America.
“Page-Ladson is the first pre-Clovis site to be documented in the southeastern portion of North America and demonstrates that the earliest people to enter North America were exploring the Gulf Coastal Plain at the same time other areas of the continent were being populated.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Interpretationreasoning
The record of human habitation of the Americas between ~14,000 and 15,000 cal yr B.P. is sparse but real.
“The record of human habitation of the Americas between ~14,000 and 15,000 cal yr B.P. is sparse but real.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological record demonstrating human occupation of the Americas between ~14,000 and 15,000 cal yr B.P. is sparse because of site visibility and recognition.
Study design and conductown data
The entire late Quaternary sediment package at Page-Ladson contains minimal postdepositional disturbance based on magnetic and micromorphological studies and radiocarbon ages.
“The entire late Quaternary sediment package contains minimal postdepositional disturbance based on magnetic and micromorphological studies and radiocarbon ages (sections S2.3 to S2.7).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Interpretationown data
The absence of freshwater diatoms, extensive pollen degradation, anomalous decrease in concentration of iron-bearing magnetic minerals, and evidence of human occupation within the sinkhole indicate that Unit 5 was an arid period.
“The absence of freshwater diatoms, extensive pollen degradation, anomalous decrease in the concentration of iron-bearing magnetic minerals, and evidence of human occupation within the sinkhole indicate that this was an arid period (section S2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Interpretationnone given
The rarity of early sites along the Gulf Coastal Plain of North America is largely due to sediment preservation, and burial and submergence during the late Pleistocene transgression.
“The rarity of these early sites along the Gulf Coastal Plain of North America is largely due to two factors: sediment preservation, and burial and submergence during the late Pleistocene transgression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Rests on an assumption: The archaeological record demonstrating human occupation of the Americas between ~14,000 and 15,000 cal yr B.P. is sparse because of site visibility and recognition.
Premisecitation
A mastodon tusk recovered from Unit 3c during previous excavations in 1993 has multiple, parallel, deep, linear grooves running perpendicular to the long axis of the tusk.
“During the previous excavations in 1993, a mastodon tusk was recovered from Unit 3c, with multiple, parallel, deep, linear grooves running perpendicular to the long axis of the tusk (24).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [24] S. D. Webb, in First Floridians and Last Mastodons: The Page-Ladson Site in the Aucilla River, S. D. Webb, Ed. (Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2006), pp. 333–342. source
Interpretationown data
Magnetic studies suggest that all sediments in the sinkhole are derived from the same source, most likely from weathered sediments on the margins of the sinkhole.
“Our magnetic studies (section S2.5) suggest that all sediments in the sinkhole are derived from the same source, most likely from the weathered sediments on the margins of the sinkhole.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Interpretationcitation
The context in which the artifacts were found correlates with the previous finding of pre-Clovis artifacts at the site.
“The context in which we found the artifacts correlates with the previous finding of pre-Clovis artifacts at the site (10).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [10] J. S. Dunbar, in First Floridians and Last Mastodons: The Page-Ladson Site in the Aucilla River, S. D. Webb, Ed. (Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2006), pp. 403–438.
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Interpretationreasoning
Page-Ladson shows that much of the earliest record of human habitation of the American Southeast lies submerged and buried in unique depositional settings like those found along the Aucilla River.
“Page-Ladson shows that much of the earliest record of human habitation of the American Southeast lies submerged and buried in unique depositional settings like those found along the Aucilla River.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Interpretationown data
Proxy evidence from sediments at Page-Ladson indicates humans coexisted with megafauna in the American Southeast for ~2000 years before the large mammals became extinct at ~12,600 cal yr B.P.
“Proxy evidence from the sediments at Page-Ladson also indicate that humans coexisted with megafauna in the American Southeast for ~2000 years before the large mammals became extinct at ~12,600 cal yr B.P.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Interpretationown data
The earliest people to enter North America were exploring the Gulf Coastal Plain at the same time other areas of the continent were being populated.
“Page-Ladson is the first pre-Clovis site to be documented in the southeastern portion of North America and demonstrates that the earliest people to enter North America were exploring the Gulf Coastal Plain at the same time other areas of the continent were being populated.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

Probably not a substantial claim. 7
It may state two separate claims as one. 17

Probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation
The initial peopling of the Americas occurred before the appearance of the Clovis complex, dated to ~13,000 cal yr B.P.
“Genetic studies of modern Native Americans and ancient human skeletons indicate that the initial peopling of the Americas occurred before the appearance of the Clovis complex, dated to ~13,000 calendar years before the present (cal yr B.P.) (1, 2), but this interpretation requires confirmation by empirical archaeological evidence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
- cites [1] Raghavan M., Steinrücken M., Harris K., Schiffels S., Rasmussen S., DeGiorgio M., Albrechtsen A., Valdiosera C., Ávila-Arcos M. C., Malaspinas A.-S., Eriksson A., Moltke I., Metspalu M., Homburger J. R., Wall J., Cornejo O. E., Víctor Moreno-Mayar J., Korneliussen T. S., Pierre T., Rasmussen M., Campos P. F., de Barros Damgaard P., Allentoft M. E., Lindo J., Metspalu E., Rodríguez-Varela R., Mansilla J., Henrickson C., Seguin-Orlando A., Malmström H., Stafford T. Jr, Shringarpure S. S., Moreno-Estrada A., Karmin M., Tambets K., Bergström A., Xue Y., Warmuth V., Friend A. D., Singarayer J., Val source
- cites [2] Skoglund P., Mallick S., Bortolini M. C., Chennagiri N., Hünemeier T., Petzl-Erler M. L., Salzano F. M., Patterson N., Reich D., Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas. Nature 525, 104– 108 (2015). 26196601 PMC4982469 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation
These previous findings were challenged, and the site was relegated to an ambiguous status.
“These findings were challenged, and the site was relegated to an ambiguous status (11, 12).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
- cites [11] Fiedel S. J., Initial human colonization of the Americas: An overview of the issues and evidence. Radiocarbon 44, 407– 436 (2002). source
- cites [12] Grayson D. K., Meltzer D. J., Revisiting Paleoindian exploitation of extinct North American mammals. J. Archaeol. Sci. 56, 177– 193 (2015). source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation
Unit 3c dates from ~14,700 to 14,400 cal yr B.P. and consists of sand and fine gravel intermixed with mastodon digesta deposited in and adjacent to a pond at the bottom of the sinkhole.
“Unit 3c, which dates from ~14,700 to 14,400 cal yr B.P. and where pre-Clovis artifacts were found, consists of sand and fine gravel intermixed with mastodon digesta deposited in and adjacent to a pond at the bottom of the sinkhole (14).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [14] L. A. Newsom, M. C. Mihlbachler, in First Floridians and Last Mastodons: The Page-Ladson Site in the Aucilla River, D. S. Webb, Ed. (Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2006), pp. 263–332.
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data
Two additional flakes were recovered from Unit 4a, about 40 cm above and 50 cm east of the biface, and two more flakes were recovered from Unit 4b.
“Two additional flakes were recovered from Unit 4a, about 40 cm above and 50 cm east of the biface, and two more flakes were recovered from Unit 4b (Fig. 2, A, B, D, and E).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data
One meter horizontally from the biface, a flake was recovered from Unit 3c; it was overlain by 1.1 m of undisturbed sediment, and two radiocarbon ages on wood adjacent to this flake date to ~14,550 cal yr B.P.
“One meter horizontally from the biface, a flake was recovered from Unit 3c. It was overlain by 1.1 m of undisturbed sediment, and two radiocarbon ages on wood adjacent to this flake also date to ~14,550 cal yr B.P.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data
Reexamination of the marks on the mastodon tusk confirms that they were made by humans, and they were likely produced during extraction of the tusk from the alveolus.
“Our reexamination of these marks confirms that they were indeed made by humans, and we agree that they were likely produced during the extraction of the tusk from the alveolus (section S4.2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown data
From Unit 3c, two artifacts were recovered: a biface and a flake.
“From Unit 3c, we recovered two artifacts: a biface (Fig. 2F) and a flake (Fig. 2C).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data
Unit 4 dates from ~14,400 to 12,600 cal yr B.P.; pre-Clovis artifacts were recovered from Units 4a and 4b.
“Unit 4, composed of fine-grained sediments, is subdivided into three members dating from ~14,400 to 12,600 cal yr B.P. Pre-Clovis artifacts were recovered from Units 4a and 4b.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning
The concurrent decline in Sporormiella concentrations and the disappearance of mastodon digesta suggest that mastodon and other megafauna populations decreased in abundance and disappeared from the region by ~12,600 cal yr B.P.
“The concurrent decline in spore concentrations and the disappearance of mastodon digesta suggest that mastodon and other megafauna populations decreased in abundance and disappeared from the region by ~12,600 cal yr B.P.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation
Sporormiella is a dung fungus unique to herbivore dung, which has been successfully used as a proxy to establish the time of late Pleistocene megamammal extinctions at other sites in North America.
“We examined Units 3 to 7 for Sporormiella, a dung fungus unique to herbivore dung, which has been successfully used as a proxy to establish the time of late Pleistocene megamammal extinctions at other sites in North America (28).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [28] Gill J. L., Williams J. W., Jackson S. T., Lininger K. B., Robinson G. S., Pleistocene megafaunal collapse, novel plant communities, and enhanced fire regimes in North America. Science 326, 1100– 1103 (2009). 19965426 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductown data
A vertical series of 24 radiocarbon samples from 1.1 m above to 0.6 m below the biface yielded a sequence of nearly identical radiocarbon ages, indicating the artifact was lying in undisturbed sediments.
“To confirm the age of the biface and to test that this artifact was in an undisturbed context, a vertical series of 24 radiocarbon samples was obtained from 1.1 m above (n = 15) to 0.6 m below (n = 9) the biface (Fig. 2H and sections S2.3 to S2.4). This sequence of nearly identical radiocarbon ages indicates that this artifact was lying in undisturbed sediments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown data
At Page-Ladson, hunter-gatherers, possibly accompanied by dogs, butchered or scavenged a mastodon carcass at the sinkhole's edge next to a small pond at ~14,550 cal yr B.P.
“At Page-Ladson, hunter-gatherers, possibly accompanied by dogs, butchered or scavenged a mastodon carcass at the sinkhole’s edge next to a small pond at ~14,550 cal yr B.P.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation
The near absence of charcoal in Unit 3 versus its abundance in all overlying units indicates an increase in regional fires starting from ~14,400 cal yr B.P., resulting in increased sediment yields to the sink.
“The near absence of charcoal in Unit 3 versus its abundance in all overlying units indicates an increase in regional fires starting from ~14,400 cal yr B.P., resulting in increased sediment yields to the sink (21).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [21] B. C. S. Hansen, in First Floridians and Last Mastodons: The Page-Ladson Site in the Aucilla River, S. D. Webb, Ed. (Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2006), pp. 159–181.
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation
The correlation between sea level rise and deposition at Page-Ladson suggests a hydrologic connection between the site and the ocean through the karstic system, with the aquifer response to sea level dictating the tempo of deposition in the sinkhole.
“The correlation between sea level rise and deposition at Page-Ladson suggests a hydrologic connection between the site and the ocean through the karstic system (19, 20), with the aquifer response to sea level dictating the tempo of deposition in the sinkhole.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- cites [19] Loper D. E., Werner C. L., Chicken E., Davies G., Kincaid T., Coastal carbonate aquifer sensitivity to tides. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 86, 353– 357 (2005). source
- cites [20] Faught M. K., The underwater archaeology of paleolandscapes, Apalachee Bay, Florida. Am. Antiq. 69, 275– 289 (2004). source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning
The people at Page-Ladson had successfully adapted to their environment; they knew where to find freshwater, game, plants, raw materials for making tools, and other critical resources for survival.
“These people had successfully adapted to their environment; they knew where to find freshwater, game, plants, raw materials for making tools, and other critical resources for survival.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given
The occupation at Page-Ladson occurred during the ~14,000 to 15,000 cal yr B.P. period when there is clear evidence that humans were exploring and settling the Americas.
“This occupation was during the ~14,000 to 15,000 cal yr B.P. period when there is clear evidence that humans were exploring and settling the Americas.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationown data
The spike in Sporormiella during the early Holocene may represent a brief expansion of bison into Florida during the Early Archaic Bolen cultural period.
“The spike in Sporormiella during the early Holocene may represent a brief expansion of bison into Florida during the Early Archaic Bolen cultural period (section S5).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning
The people at Page-Ladson coexisted with and utilized megafauna for ~2000 years before these animals became extinct at ~12,600 cal yr B.P.; however, the role humans played in this extinction process is unknown.
“As at other places, the people at Page-Ladson coexisted with and utilized megafauna for ~2000 years before these animals became extinct at ~12,600 cal yr B.P.; however, the role humans played in this extinction process is unknown.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown data
The pond margin at Page-Ladson dried for short periods and was subaerially exposed, allowing animals and humans to enter the sinkhole.
“Terrestrial diatoms, microscopic evidence of woody roots and earthworm activity, and the occasional mastodon track and discrete dung boluses show that the pond margin dried for short periods of time and was subaerially exposed, allowing animals and humans to enter the sinkhole (section S2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation
The site was first investigated from 1983 to 1997, and original investigators reported finding eight stone artifacts associated with butchered mastodon remains from a deposit radiocarbon dated to ~14,400 cal yr B.P.
“The site was first investigated from 1983 to 1997 (Fig. 1, B and C), and the original investigators reported finding eight stone artifacts associated with butchered mastodon remains from a deposit radiocarbon dated to ~14,400 cal yr B.P. (10).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [10] J. S. Dunbar, in First Floridians and Last Mastodons: The Page-Ladson Site in the Aucilla River, S. D. Webb, Ed. (Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2006), pp. 403–438.
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

20 of 20

The paper relies on this without support.
The archaeological record demonstrating human occupation of the Americas between ~14,000 and 15,000 cal yr B.P. is sparse because of site visibility and recognition.
“The archaeological record demonstrating that humans occupied the Americas between ~14,000 and 15,000 cal yr B.P. is still sparse because of a number of factors, most importantly site visibility and recognition.”

1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Fecal lipid biomarkers offer access to hitherto unknown or uncertain information, adding to the growing body of evidence about when and by what route people arrived and how these people adapted to diverse landscapes across the continent.
“Fecal lipid biomarkers offer access to hitherto unknown (or at best, uncertain) information, adding to the growing body of evidence that is helping to build a picture of not only when and by what route people arrived but also how these people adapted to diverse landscapes across the continent (48–50).”
From Pre-Clovis occupation of the Americas identified by human fecal biomarkers in coprolites from Paisley Caves, Oregon (2020) · cites this paper as [49]
The Introduction (page unavailable) dates the Page-Ladson occupation to about 14,550 years ago, and the Conclusions (page unavailable) describe how its occupants adapted to their environment. The paper therefore contributes evidence about when people were present and how they lived, but it does not establish an arrival route or show that fecal lipid biomarkers provide this information; its dung-related proxy is fungal spores. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Humans were present in North America during the period ~14 to ~15 ka ago, as documented by archaeological evidence radiocarbon dated to ~14.6 ka at Page-Ladson, Florida; ~14.2 ka at Paisley Caves, Oregon; ~14.2 and ~14.8 ka at Schaefer and Hebior, Wisconsin; and ~13.8 ka at Manis, Washington.
“In North America, humans were present during the period ~14 to ~15 ka ago, as documented by archaeological evidence radiocarbon dated to ~14.6 ka ago at Page-Ladson, Florida (4); ~14.2 ka ago at Paisley Caves, Oregon (5); ~14.2 and ~14.8 ka ago at Schaefer and Hebior, Wisconsin (6, 7); and ~13.8 ka ago at Manis, Washington (8).”
From Pre-Clovis projectile points at the Debra L. Friedkin site, Texas—Implications for the Late Pleistocene peopling of the Americas (2018) · cites this paper as [4]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Unit 4b artifact date predates the stated start of Unit 4
Minor
Unit 4 is said to date from about 14,400 cal yr B.P. onward, but an artifact in its subdivision Unit 4b is assigned an age as old as about 14,550 cal yr B.P. The stated ranges therefore overlap inconsistently by about 150 years.

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Deglaciation of the Pacific coastal corridor directly preceded the human colonization of the Americas
Lesnek, A. J., Briner, J. P., Lindqvist, C., Baichtal, J. F., & Heaton, T. H. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar5040 · Cited by 118
Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum
Ardelean, C. F., Becerra‐Valdivia, L., Pedersen, M. W., Schwenninger, J., Oviatt, C. G., Quintero, J. I. M., Arroyo‐Cabrales, J., Sikora, M., Ocampo-Díaz, Y. Z. E., Cisneros, I. I. R., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0 · Cited by 183
Late Upper Paleolithic occupation at Cooper’s Ferry, Idaho, USA, ~16,000 years ago
Davis, L. G., Madsen, D. B., Becerra-Valdivia, L., Higham, T., Sisson, D. A., Skinner, S. M., Stueber, D., Nyers, A. J., Keen-Zebert, A., Neudorf, C., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aax9830 · Cited by 142
Late Pleistocene exploration and settlement of the Americas by modern humans
Waters, M. R. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aat5447 · Cited by 176
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Finding the first Americans
Braje, T. J., Dillehay, T. D., Erlandson, J. M., Klein, R. G., & Rick, T. C. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aao5473 · Cited by 117
Terminal Pleistocene epoch human footprints from the Pacific coast of Canada
McLaren, D., Fedje, D., Dyck, A., Mackie, Q., Gauvreau, A., & Cohen, J. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193522 · Cited by 84
The late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions: Patterns, causes, ecological consequences and implications for ecosystem management in the Anthropocene
Svenning, J., Lemoine, R. T., Bergman, J., Buitenwerf, R., le Roux, E., Lundgren, E. J., Mungi, N. A., & Pedersen, R. Ø. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Extinction · doi:10.1017/ext.2024.4 · Cited by 116
Pre-Clovis projectile points at the Debra L. Friedkin site, Texas—Implications for the Late Pleistocene peopling of the Americas
Waters, M. R., Keene, J. L., Forman, S. L., Prewitt, E. R., Carlson, D. L., & Wiederhold, J. E. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat4505 · Cited by 115
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Island Biogeography
Whittaker, R. J., Fernández‐Palacios, J. M., & Matthews, T. J. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198868569.001.0001 · Cited by 115
Dung fungi as a proxy for megaherbivores: opportunities and limitations for archaeological applications
Perrotti, A. G., & van Asperen, E. N. (2018) · Vegetation History and Archaeobotany · doi:10.1007/s00334-018-0686-7 · Cited by 98
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Pre-Clovis occupation of the Americas identified by human fecal biomarkers in coprolites from Paisley Caves, Oregon
Shillito, L.-M., Whelton, H. L., Blong, J. C., Jenkins, D. L., Connolly, T. J., & Bull, I. D. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba6404 · Cited by 91
Evidence of an early projectile point technology in North America at the Gault Site, Texas, USA
Williams, T. J., Collins, M. B., Rodrigues, K., Rink, W. J., Velchoff, N., Keen-Zebert, A., Gilmer, A., Frederick, C. D., Ayala, S. J., & Prewitt, E. R. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar5954 · Cited by 50
Fladmark + 40: What Have We Learned about a Potential Pacific Coast Peopling of the Americas?
Braje, T. J., Erlandson, J. M., Rick, T. C., Davis, L., Dillehay, T., Fedje, D. W., Froese, D., Gusick, A., Mackie, Q., McLaren, D., et al. (2020) · American Antiquity · doi:10.1017/aaq.2019.80 · Cited by 69
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Increasing accuracy for the radiocarbon dating of sites occupied by the first Americans
Devièse, T., Stafford, T. W., Waters, M. R., Wathen, C., Comeskey, D. J., Becerra‐Valdivia, L., & Higham, T. (2018) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.08.023 · Cited by 81
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NEW EVIDENCE OF THE EARLIEST DOMESTIC DOGS IN THE AMERICAS
Perri, A. R., Widga, C., Lawler, D. F., Martin, T. J., Loebel, T. J., Farnsworth, K., Kohn, L., & Buenger, B. (2018) · American Antiquity · doi:10.1017/aaq.2018.74 · Cited by 81
Revising the archaeological record of the Upper Pleistocene Arctic Siberia: human dispersal and adaptations in MIS 3 and 2
Pitulko, V., Pavlova, E., & Nikolskiy, P. (2017) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.04.004 · Cited by 77
Voltage gated sodium channels in cancer and their potential mechanisms of action
Angus, M., & Ruben, P. C. (2019) · Channels · doi:10.1080/19336950.2019.1666455 · Cited by 78
Foodways Archaeology: A Decade of Research from the Southeastern United States
Peres, T. M. (2017) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-017-9104-4 · Cited by 72
Reframing the mammoth steppe: Insights from analysis of isotopic niches
Schwartz‐Narbonne, R., Longstaffe, F. J., Kardynal, K. J., Druckenmiller, P. S., Hobson, K. A., Jass, C. N., Metcalfe, J. Z., & Zazula, G. D. (2019) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.04.025 · Cited by 70
The quantitative assessment of archaeological artifact groups: Beyond geometric morphometrics
MacLeod, N. (2018) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.08.024 · Cited by 66
First Peoples in a New World
Meltzer, D. J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632867 · Cited by 64
The coastal migration theory: Formulation and testable hypotheses
Davis, L. G., & Madsen, D. B. (2020) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106605 · Cited by 50
Fishtailed projectile points in the Americas: Remarks and hypotheses on the peopling of northern South America and beyond
Nami, H. G. (2020) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.06.004 · Cited by 54
Current Understanding of the Earliest Human Occupations in the Americas: Evaluation of Becerra-Valdivia and Higham (2020)
Potter, B. A., Chatters, J. C., Prentiss, A. M., Fiedel, S. J., Haynes, G., Kelly, R. L., Kilby, J. D., Lanoë, F., Holland-Lulewicz, J., Miller, D. S., et al. (2022) · PaleoAmerica · doi:10.1080/20555563.2021.1978721 · Cited by 53
The age of the opening of the Ice-Free Corridor and implications for the peopling of the Americas
Clark, J., Carlson, A. E., Reyes, A. V., Carlson, E. C. B., Guillaume, L., Milne, G. A., Tarasov, L., Caffee, M., Wilcken, K., & Rood, D. H. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2118558119 · Cited by 53
North American Clovis Point Form and Performance: An Experimental Assessment of Penetration Depth
Eren, M. I., STORY, B. A., Perrone, A., Bebber, M. R., Hamilton, M. J., Walker, R. S., & Buchanan, B. (2020) · Lithic Technology · doi:10.1080/01977261.2020.1794358 · Cited by 51
Experimental assessment of proximal-lateral edge grinding on haft damage using replicated Late Pleistocene (Clovis) stone projectile points
Werner, A., Kramer, A., Reedy, C., Bebber, M. R., Pargeter, J., & Eren, M. I. (2018) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-017-0594-2 · Cited by 50
Late Pleistocene Archaeological Discovery Models on the Pacific Coast of North America
McLaren, D., Fedje, D. W., Mackie, Q., Davis, L. G., Erlandson, J. M., Gauvreau, A. M., & Vogelaar, C. (2019) · PaleoAmerica · doi:10.1080/20555563.2019.1670512 · Cited by 48
The Pre-Columbian Peopling and Population Dispersals of South America
Sutter, R. C. (2020) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-020-09146-w · Cited by 47
The Role of Geomagnetic Field Intensity in Late Quaternary Evolution of Humans and Large Mammals
Channell, J. E. T., & Vigliotti, L. (2019) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/2018rg000629 · Cited by 46
The earliest settlers of Mesoamerica date back to the late Pleistocene
Stinnesbeck, W., Becker, J., Hering, F., Frey, E. D., González, A. G., Fohlmeister, J., Stinnesbeck, S. R., Frank, N., Mata, A. T., Sanvicente, M. E. B., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183345 · Cited by 40
Submerged landscapes, marine transgression and underwater shell middens: Comparative analysis of site formation and taphonomy in Europe and North America
Hale, J. W. C., Benjamín, J., Woo, K. G. P., Astrup, P. M., McCarthy, J. K., Hale, N. L., Stankiewicz, F., Wiseman, C., Skriver, C., Garrison, E. G., et al. (2021) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106867 · Cited by 40
Bridging the Gap: An Updated Overview of Clovis across Middle America and its Techno-Cultural Relation with Fluted Point Assemblages from South America
Pearson, G. A. (2017) · PaleoAmerica · doi:10.1080/20555563.2017.1328953 · Cited by 39
Hunter-gatherer gatherings: stone-tool microwear from the Welling Site (33-Co-2), Ohio, U.S.A. supports Clovis use of outcrop-related base camps during the Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas
Miller, G. L., Bebber, M. R., Rutkoski, A., Haythorn, R., Boulanger, M. T., Buchanan, B., Bush, J., Lovejoy, C. O., & Eren, M. I. (2018) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00438243.2018.1461128 · Cited by 37
Pollen and Sporormiella evidence for terminal Pleistocene vegetation change and megafaunal extinction at Page-Ladson, Florida
Perrotti, A. G. (2017) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.10.015 · Cited by 37
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A Strategy for Assessing Continuity in Terrestrial and Maritime Landscapes from Murujuga (Dampier Archipelago), North West Shelf, Australia
Veth, P., McDonald, J., Ward, I. A. K., O’Leary, M., Beckett, E., Benjamín, J., Ulm, S., Hacker, J., Ross, P. J., & Bailey, G. N. (2019) · The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology · doi:10.1080/15564894.2019.1572677 · Cited by 37
Genetic studies of the peopling of the Americas: What insights do diachronic mitochondrial genome datasets provide?
Llamas, B., Harkins, K. M., & Fehren‐Schmitz, L. (2017) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.04.040 · Cited by 35
Arrival routes of first Americans uncertain—Response
Braje, T. J., Rick, T. C., Dillehay, T. D., Erlandson, J. M., & Klein, R. G. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar8645 · Cited by 34
Paleobiology of Pleistocene Proboscideans
Fisher, D. C. (2018) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012437 · Cited by 35
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Sediment Cores from White Pond, South Carolina, contain a Platinum Anomaly, Pyrogenic Carbon Peak, and Coprophilous Spore Decline at 12.8 ka
Moore, C. R., Brooks, M. J., Goodyear, A. C., Ferguson, T. A., Perrotti, A. G., Mitra, S., Listecki, A. M., King, B. C., Mallinson, D. J., Lane, C. S., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51552-8 · Cited by 34
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Considering Ideas of Collective Action, Institutions, and “Hunter-Gatherers” in the American Southeast
Thompson, V. D. (2023) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-022-09179-3 · Cited by 27
Late date of human arrival to North America: Continental scale differences in stratigraphic integrity of pre-13,000 BP archaeological sites
Surovell, T. A., Allaun, S. A., Crass, B. A., Gingerich, J. A. M., Graf, K. E., Holmes, C. E., Kelly, R. L., Kornfeld, M., Krasinski, K. E., Larson, M. L., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264092 · Cited by 33
Antibody discovery and engineering by enhanced CRISPR-Cas9 integration of variable gene cassette libraries in mammalian cells
Parola, C., Neumeier, D., Friedensohn, S., Csepregi, L., Tacchio, M. D., Mason, D. M., & Reddy, S. T. (2019) · mAbs · doi:10.1080/19420862.2019.1662691 · Cited by 33
The Upper Paleolithic of the Americas
Williams, T. J., & Madsen, D. B. (2019) · PaleoAmerica · doi:10.1080/20555563.2019.1606668 · Cited by 32
A human role in Andean megafaunal extinction?
Raczka, M. F., Mosblech, N. A., Giosan, L., Valencia, B. G., Folcik, A. M., Kingston, M., Baskin, S., & Bush, M. B. (2019) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.005 · Cited by 27
Setting the Stage: The Late Pleistocene Colonization of North America
O’Brien, M. J. (2018) · Quaternary · doi:10.3390/quat2010001 · Cited by 30
Late Quaternary vegetation, climate, and fire history of the Southeast Atlantic Coastal Plain based on a 30,000-yr multi-proxy record from White Pond, South Carolina, USA
Krause, T. R., Russell, J. M., Zhang, R., Williams, J. W., & Jackson, S. T. (2019) · Quaternary Research · doi:10.1017/qua.2018.95 · Cited by 30
A foraging theory perspective on the associational critique of North American Pleistocene overkill
Wolfe, A. L., & Broughton, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105162 · Cited by 28
CD28H expression identifies resident memory CD8 + T cells with less cytotoxicity in human peripheral tissues and cancers
Tian, Y., Sun, Y., Gao, F., Koenig, M. R., Sunderland, A., Fujiwara, Y., Torphy, R. J., Chen, L., Edil, B. H., Schulick, R. D., et al. (2018) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2018.1538440 · Cited by 27
Karst caves in Haida Gwaii: Archaeology and paleontology at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition
Fedje, D. W., Mackie, Q., McLaren, D., Wigen, B., & Southon, J. R. (2021) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107221 · Cited by 27
What is past is prologue: excavations at the Econfina Channel site, Apalachee Bay, Florida, USA
Hale, J. W. C., Hale, N. L., & Garrison, E. G. (2018) · Southeastern Archaeology · doi:10.1080/0734578x.2018.1428787 · Cited by 27
Overkill and the North American archaeological record—not guilty by association? A comment on Wolfe and Broughton (2020)
Grayson, D. K., Meltzer, D. J., & Breslawski, R. P. (2021) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105312 · Cited by 25
A critical assessment of claims that human footprints in the Lake Otero basin, New Mexico date to the Last Glacial Maximum
Oviatt, C. G., Madsen, D. B., Rhode, D., & Davis, L. G. (2022) · Quaternary Research · doi:10.1017/qua.2022.38 · Cited by 25
Contemplating the history and future of radiocarbon dating in the American Southeast
Thompson, V. D., & Krus, A. M. (2017) · Southeastern Archaeology · doi:10.1080/0734578x.2017.1364600 · Cited by 25
Peopling the Americas: not “out of Japan”
Scott, G. R., O’Rourke, D. H., Raff, J. A., Tackney, J. C., Hlusko, L. J., Elias, S. A., Bourgeon, L., Potapova, O., Pavlova, E., Pitulko, V., et al. (2021) · PaleoAmerica · doi:10.1080/20555563.2021.1940440 · Cited by 18
Evidence for the diet and habitat of two late Pleistocene mastodons from the Midwest, USA
Birks, H. H., Geel, B. V., Fisher, D. C., Grimm, E. C., Kuijper, W. J., van Arkel, J., & van Reenen, G. B. A. (2018) · Quaternary Research · doi:10.1017/qua.2018.100 · Cited by 22
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Paleoamerican Occupation, Stone Tools from the Cueva del Medio, and Considerations for the Late Pleistocene Archaeology in Southern South America
Nami, H. G. (2019) · Quaternary · doi:10.3390/quat2030028 · Cited by 22
Phase change induced active metasurface devices for dynamic wavefront control
Zhou, S., Wu, Y., Chen, S., Liao, S., Zhang, H., Xie, C., & Chan, M. (2020) · Journal of Physics D Applied Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6463/ab7560 · Cited by 22
Stone artifacts in the intertidal zone, Dampier Archipelago: Evidence for a submerged coastal site in Northwest Australia
Dortch, J., Beckett, E., Paterson, A. G., & McDonald, J. (2019) · The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology · doi:10.1080/15564894.2019.1666941 · Cited by 21
Geoarchaeological investigations at the Ryan‐Harley Paleoindian site, Florida (8JE1004): Implications for human settlement of the Wacissa River Basin during the Younger Dryas
Smith, M. F. (2020) · Geoarchaeology · doi:10.1002/gea.21784 · Cited by 21
Evaluating Claims of Early Human Occupation at Chiquihuite Cave, Mexico
Chatters, J. C., Potter, B. A., Prentiss, A. M., Fiedel, S. J., Haynes, G., Kelly, R. L., Kilby, J. D., Lanoë, F. B., Holland‐Lulewicz, J., Miller, D. S., et al. (2021) · PaleoAmerica · doi:10.1080/20555563.2021.1940441 · Cited by 21
Recent developments in edge-selective functionalization of surface of graphite and derivatives – a review
Aliyeva, S. B., Alosmanov, R. M., Buniyatzadeh, I., Azizov, A., & Maharramov, A. M. (2019) · Soft Materials · doi:10.1080/1539445x.2019.1600549 · Cited by 20
INITIAL HUMAN COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS, REDUX
Fiedel, S. J. (2022) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/rdc.2021.103 · Cited by 20
Characterisation of Terrain Variations of an Underwater Ancient Town in Qiandao Lake
Yang, F., Xu, F., Zhang, K., Bu, X., Hu, H., & Anokye, M. (2020) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs12020268 · Cited by 19
Submerged prehistory and anthropological archaeology: Do underwater studies contribute to theory?
Lemke, A. (2020) · The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology · doi:10.1080/15564894.2020.1782540 · Cited by 19
What We Learned at the Old Vero Site (8IR009), Vero Beach, Florida: 2014–2017
Adovasio, J. M., Hemmings, C. A., Vento, F. J., Duggan, J. S., & Higley, J. H. (2019) · PaleoAmerica · doi:10.1080/20555563.2019.1670031 · Cited by 18
Recognition and value of submerged prehistoric landscape resources in Australia
Ward, I. A. K., Smyth, D., Veth, P., McDonald, J., & McNeair, S. (2018) · Ocean & Coastal Management · doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.04.013 · Cited by 18
Sites in the Americas with Possible or Probable Evidence for the Butchering of Proboscideans
Haynes, G. (2022) · PaleoAmerica · doi:10.1080/20555563.2022.2057834 · Cited by 17
Incorporating nocturnal UAV side-view images with VIIRS data for accurate population estimation: a test at the urban administrative district scale
Kong, W., Cheng, J., Liu, X., Zhang, F., & Fei, T. (2019) · International Journal of Remote Sensing · doi:10.1080/01431161.2019.1615653 · Cited by 17
Acoustic Mapping of Submerged Stone Age Sites—A HALD Approach
Grøn, O., Boldreel, L. O., Smith, M. F., Joy, S., Boumda, R. T., Mäder, A., Bleicher, N. K., Madsen, B., Cvikel, D., Nilsson, B., et al. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13030445 · Cited by 17
The magnificent seven: Marine submerged precontact sites found by systematic geoarchaeology in the Americas
Faught, M. K., & Smith, M. F. (2021) · The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology · doi:10.1080/15564894.2020.1868632 · Cited by 17
Antiquity of mtDNA lineage D1g from the southern cone of South America supports pre-Clovis migration
Pierre, M. D. S. (2017) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.05.054 · Cited by 17
A versatile endosome acidity-induced sheddable gene delivery system: increased tumor targeting and enhanced transfection efficiency
Zhao, M. F., Li, J., Ji, H., Chen, D., & Hu, H. (2019) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s215250 · Cited by 16
Uncertainty in coprophilous fungal spore concentration estimates
Perrotti, A. G., Ramiadantsoa, T., O’Keefe, J. M. K., & Otaño, N. B. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.1086109 · Cited by 16
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Crossing the waterline: Integrating terrestrial and submerged site investigations in the Aucilla River, Florida
Halligan, J. J. (2020) · The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology · doi:10.1080/15564894.2020.1782541 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
Paleoindian Colonization by Boat? Refining the Coastal Model
Sutton, M. Q. (2018) · PaleoAmerica · doi:10.1080/20555563.2019.1565750 · Cited by 15
Does the evidence at Arroyo del Vizcaíno (Uruguay) support the claim of human occupation 30,000 years ago?
Holcomb, J. A., Mandel, R. D., Otárola‐Castillo, E., Rademaker, K., Rosencrance, R. L., McDonough, K. N., Miller, D. S., & Wygal, B. T. (2022) · PaleoAmerica · doi:10.1080/20555563.2022.2135476 · Cited by 15
Individual-based modelling of population growth and diffusion in discrete time
Ткаченко, Н., Weissmann, J. D., Petersen, W. P., Lake, G., Zollikofer, C. P. E., & Callegari, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176101 · Cited by 15
Integrating general principles into mixed-integer programming to optimize schematic network maps
Lan, T., Li, Z., & Ti, P. (2019) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/13658816.2019.1620237 · Cited by 15
Reshaping the urban hierarchy: patterns of information diffusion on social media
Yang, J., Tsou, M., Janowicz, K., Clarke, K., & Jankowski, P. L. (2019) · Geo-spatial Information Science · doi:10.1080/10095020.2019.1641970 · Cited by 15
On Rehumanizing Pleistocene People of the Western Hemisphere
Pitblado, B. L. (2021) · American Antiquity · doi:10.1017/aaq.2021.120 · Cited by 14
More on Clovis Learning: Individual-level Processes Aggregate to Form Population-level Patterns
O’Brien, M. J. (2019) · PaleoAmerica · doi:10.1080/20555563.2019.1600126 · Cited by 14
Where was the PaleoAmerind standstill?
Faught, M. K. (2017) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.04.038 · Cited by 13
Geo-archaeology and Haíɫzaqv oral history: Long-term human investment and resource use at EkTb-9, Triquet Island, N̓úláw̓itxˇv Tribal Area, Central Coast, British Columbia, Canada
Gauvreau, A. M., Fedje, D. W., Dyck, A., Mackie, Q., Hebda, C. F. G., Holmes, K., White, Q. Y. E., Housty, W., Housty, R., & McLaren, D. (2023) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.103884 · Cited by 13
The Pleistocene footprints are younger than we thought: correcting the radiocarbon dates of Ruppia seeds, Tularosa Basin, New Mexico
Rachal, D. M., Dello‐Russo, R. D., & Cuba, M. T. (2024) · Quaternary Research · doi:10.1017/qua.2023.74 · Cited by 13
A reassessment of human cranial indices through the Holocene and their implications for the peopling of South America
Kuzminsky, S. C., Coonerty, N., & Fehren‐Schmitz, L. (2017) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.12.039 · Cited by 13
“Let Us All Enjoy the Fish”: Alternative Pathways and Contingent Histories of Collective Action and Governance Among Maritime Societies of the Western Peninsular Coast of Florida, USA, 100–1600 CE
Pluckhahn, T. J., Jackson, K., & Rogers, J. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2022.804084 · Cited by 12
Pre-Clovis to the Early Archaic: Human Presence, Expansion, and Settlement in Florida over Four Millennia
Faught, M. K., & Pevny, C. D. (2019) · PaleoAmerica · doi:10.1080/20555563.2019.1597608 · Cited by 12
“The early days” – underwater prehistoric archaeology in the USA and Canada
Garrison, E. G., & Hale, J. W. C. (2020) · The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology · doi:10.1080/15564894.2020.1783399 · Cited by 12
DIALOGUE no. 1: ‘Predator and its prey: from the invariance to variability of the subject’
Н.Ю., С. (2021) · Институт археологии РАН eBooks · doi:10.25681/iaras.2020.978-5-94375-332-9.15-16 · Cited by 11
The Heavenly Herd: necklaces of the pre-Scythian time with pendants in the form of ram’s heads from the cemetery of Zayukovo-3 (after the results of excavations of 2015)
Kadieva, A. A., & Demidenko, S. (2021) · Институт археологии РАН eBooks · doi:10.25681/iaras.2020.978-5-94375-332-9.232-244 · Cited by 11
Running — lying, walking — standing, flying… and melting away in the heaven: kinetical oppositions of the Scythian deer from the viewpoint of the previous tradition and the post-existence of the image
Н.Ю., С. (2021) · Институт археологии РАН eBooks · doi:10.25681/iaras.2020.978-5-94375-332-9.110-114 · Cited by 11
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Authors: Halligan, J. J., Waters, M. R., Perrotti, A., Owens, I. J., Feinberg, J. M., Bourne, M. D., Fenerty, B., Winsborough, B., Carlson, D., Fisher, D. C., Stafford, T. W., & Dunbar, J. S.
Affiliations: Florida State University (US)
Texas A&M University (US)
University of Exeter (GB)
University of Minnesota (US)
University of Arizona (US)
The University of Texas at Austin (US)
University of Michigan (US)
Stafford Research Laboratories, Lafayette, CO 80026, USA.
Aucilla Research Institute Inc., 555 North Jefferson Street, Monticello, FL 32344, USA.
Corresponding author: Halligan, Jessi J.
Waters, Michael R.
ORCID: Halligan, Jessi J.
Waters, Michael R.
Perrotti, Angelina
Owens, Ivy J.
Feinberg, Joshua M.
Bourne, Mark D.
Fenerty, Brendan
Winsborough, Barbara
Carlson, David
Fisher, Daniel C.
Stafford, Thomas W.
Dunbar, James S.
Venue: Science Advances
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2016-05-06
Volume: 2
Issue: 5
Pages: e1600375-e1600375
ISSN: 2375-2548 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600375
PMC: PMC4928949
OpenAlex: W2351228025
Cited by: 259
References: 73
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 80.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: Science Advances (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DigiNole (Florida State University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Keywords: peopling of the Americas, lithic artifacts, Gulf Coastal Plain, Sporormiella, megafaunal extinction, hunter-gatherers, radiocarbon dating
MeSH terms: Animals, Archaeology, Florida, Fossils, Geography, Humans, Population Dynamics, History, Ancient, Extinction, Biological, Radiometric Dating

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Pre-Clovis occupation 14,550 years ago at the Page-Ladson site, Florida, and the peopling of the Americas

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