Cited by 2,927Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchAmino Acid Enzymes and MetabolismNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Glutamate uptake into astrocytes stimulates aerobic glycolysis: a mechanism coupling neuronal activity to glucose utilization.

Open access

Pellerin, L, Magistretti, P J·1994·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.91.22.10625PMC PMC45074

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Glutamate, released at a majority of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system, depolarizes neurons by acting at specific receptors. Its action is terminated by removal from the synaptic cleft mostly via Na(+)-dependent uptake systems located on both neurons and astrocytes. Here we report that glutamate, in addition to its receptor-mediated actions on neuronal excitability, stimulates glycolysis--i.e., glucose utilization and lactate production--in astrocytes. This metabolic action is mediated by activation of a Na(+)-dependent uptake system and not by interaction with receptors. The mechanism involves the Na+/K(+)-ATPase, which is activated by an increase in the intracellular concentration of Na+ cotransported with glutamate by the electrogenic uptake system. Thus, when glutamate is released from active synapses and taken up by astrocytes, the newly identified signaling pathway described here would provide a simple and direct mechanism to tightly couple neuronal activity to glucose utilization. In addition, glutamate-stimulated glycolysis is consistent with data obtained from functional brain imaging studies indicating local nonoxidative glucose utilization during physiological activation.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.91.22.10625

Cites

41 of 41 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding
Bradford, M. M. (1976) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3 · Cited by 255,302
THE [ 14 C]DEOXYGLUCOSE METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF LOCAL CEREBRAL GLUCOSE UTILIZATION: THEORY, PROCEDURE, AND NORMAL VALUES IN THE CONSCIOUS AND ANESTHETIZED ALBINO RAT 1
Sokoloff, L., Reivich, M., Kennedy, C., Rosiers, M. H. D., Patlak, C. S., Pettigrew, K. D., Sakurada, O., & Shinohara, M. (1977) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1977.tb10649.x · Cited by 6,000
Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation.
Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Chesler, D. A., Goldberg, I. E., Weisskoff, R. M., Poncelet, B. P., Kennedy, D. N., Hoppel, B. E., Cohen, M. S., & Turner, R. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5675 · Cited by 4,212
Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging.
Ogawa, S., Tank, D. W., Menon, R., Ellermann, J. M., Kim, S. G., Merkle, H., & Ugurbil, K. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.13.5951 · Cited by 3,681
Focal physiological uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism during somatosensory stimulation in human subjects.
Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.4.1140 · Cited by 2,056
Nonoxidative Glucose Consumption During Focal Physiologic Neural Activity
Fox, P. T., Raichle, M. E., Mintun, M. A., & Dence, C. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3260686 · Cited by 1,796
Activity‐dependent Energy Metabolism in Rat Posterior Pituitary Primarily Reflects Sodium Pump Activity
Mata, M. M., Fink, D. J., Gainer, H., Smith, C. B., Davidsen, L., Savaki, H. E., Schwartz, W. J., & Sokoloff, L. (1980) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb04643.x · Cited by 616
Lactate rise detected by 1H NMR in human visual cortex during physiologic stimulation.
Prichard, J. W., Rothman, D. L., Novotny, E. J., Petroff, O. A. C., Kuwabara, T., Avison, M. J., Howseman, A., Hanstock, C. C., & Shulman, R. G. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.13.5829 · Cited by 612
Lactate-supported synaptic function in the rat hippocampal slice preparation.
Schurr, A., West, C. A., & Rigor, B. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3375817 · Cited by 594
Glycogen in astrocytes: possible function as lactate supply for neighboring cells
Dringen, R., Gebhardt, R., & Hamprecht, B. (1993) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)91429-v · Cited by 536

Show all 41 references

Research works printed but not linked: 13

[9]Yu, N., Martin, J.-L., Stella, N. & Magistretti, P. J. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4042–4046.
[12]Pearce, B. (1993) in Astrocytes Pharmacology and Function, ed. Murphy, S. (Academic, San Diego), pp. 47–66.
[16]Kimelberg, H. K., Jalonen, T. & Walz, W. (1993) in Astrocytes Pharmacology and Function, ed. Murphy, S. (Academic, San Diego), pp. 193–228.
[18]Lipton, P. & Robacker, K. (1983) Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 42, 2875–2880.
[25]Peters, A., Palay, S. L. & Webster, H. DEF. (1991) The Fine Structure of the Nervous System (Oxford Univ. Press, New York), pp. 288, 298–299, 346–353.
[26]Tsacopoulos, M., Evêquoz-Mercier, V., Perrottet, P. & Buchner, E. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 8727–8731.
[30]Kadekaro, M., Crane, A. M. & Sokoloff, L. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 6010–6013.
[31]Kennedy, C., Des Rosiers, M. H., Sakurada, O., Shinohara, M., Reivich, M., Jehle, J. W. & Sokoloff, L. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 4230–4234.
[33]McIlwain, H. & Bachelard, H. S. (1985) Biochemistry and the Central Nervous System (Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh), pp. 54–83.
[40]Prichard, J., Rothman, D., Novotny, E., Petroff, O., Kuwabara, T., Avison, M., Howseman, A., Hanstock, C. & Shulman, R. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 5829–5831.
[44]Fox, P. T. & Raichle, M. E. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 1140-1144.
[45]Ogawa, S., Tank, D. W., Menon, R., Ellermann, J. M., Kim, S. G., Merkle, H. & Ugurbil, K. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5951–5955.
[46]Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Chesler, D. A., Goldberg, I. E., Weisskoff, R. M., Poncelet, B. P., Kennedy, D. N., Hoppel, B. E., Cohen, M. S., Turner, R., Cheng, H.-M., Brady, T. J. & Rosen, B. R. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5675–5679.

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 1,020

Alzheimer’s Disease: From Firing Instability to Homeostasis Network Collapse
Frère, S. G. A., & Slutsky, I. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.028 · Cited by 242
The Hemo-Neural Hypothesis: On The Role of Blood Flow in Information Processing
Moore, C. I., & Cao, R. (2007) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01366.2006 · Cited by 248
Brain fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET in dementia
Kato, T., Inui, Y., Nakamura, A., & Ito, K. (2016) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.02.003 · Cited by 236
The role(s) of astrocytes and astrocyte activity in neurometabolism, neurovascular coupling, and the production of functional neuroimaging signals
Figley, C. R., & Stroman, P. W. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07584.x · Cited by 246
“…et al., 1993), combined with the observation that increased neurotransmitter (glutamate) uptake stimulates the conversion of glucose to lactate in cultured astrocytes (Pellerin & Magistretti, 1994), then led to the proposal of the so-called ‘astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis’ (ANLSH).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The expanding phenotype of GLUT1-deficiency syndrome
Brockmann, K. (2009) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2009.02.008 · Cited by 233
“The proposal of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis [25] suggested that astrocytes play the primary role in cerebral glucose utilization and generate lactate for neuronal energy demands, especially during activation.”
Background
Channels in transporters
Sonders, M. S., & Amara, S. G. (1996) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(96)80111-5 · Cited by 230
Non‐signalling energy use in the brain
Engl, E., & Attwell, D. (2015) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.282517 · Cited by 243
“As a result, it has been hypothesised that the high energetic demands of neurons are partly met by energy production in neighbouring glial cells, both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (Pellerin & Magistretti, 1994; Nave, 2010; Fünfschilling et al. 2012).”
Background
Fatty Acids in Energy Metabolism of the Central Nervous System
Panov, A., Orynbayeva, Z., Vavilin, V., & Lyakhovich, V. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/472459 · Cited by 227
“The processes of astrocytes form a virtually continuous sheath around the vascular walls; only about 11% of the vessel perimeter lack this astrocytic glia covering [21].”
Background
Glial transporters for glutamate, glycine and GABA I. Glutamate transporters
Gadea, A., & López-Colomé, A. M. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.1039 · Cited by 227
Transfer of glycogen-derived lactate from astrocytes to axons via specific monocarboxylate transporters supports mouse optic nerve activity
Tekkök, S. B., Brown, A. M., Westenbroek, R., Pellerin, L., & Ransom, B. R. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.20573 · Cited by 224
Self-citation
In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of the relationship between the glutamate--glutamine neurotransmitter cycle and functional neuroenergetics
Rothman, D. L., Sibson, N. R., Hyder, F., Shen, J., Behar, K. L., & Shulman, R. G. (1999) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0472 · Cited by 225
Alzheimer’s disease is associated with altered expression of genes involved in immune response and mitochondrial processes in astrocytes
Sekar, S., McDonald, J., Cuyugan, L., Aldrich, J., Kurdoglu, A., Adkins, J., Serrano, G., Beach, T. G., Craig, D. W., Valla, J., et al. (2015) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.027 · Cited by 199
The neurochemical profile quantified by in vivo 1H NMR spectroscopy
Duarte, J. M. N., Lei, H., Mlynárik, V., & Rolf Gruetter, A. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.038 · Cited by 230
“Lactate generated and released by astrocytes has been suggested to serve as an energy substrate for neurons, especially during synaptic activity (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994) and during re-oxygenation after stroke (Berthet et al., 2009).”
Bench-to-bedside review: Apoptosis/programmed cell death triggered by traumatic brain injury
Zhang, X., Chen, Y.-M., Jenkins, L., Kochanek, P., & Clark, R. (2004) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc2950 · Cited by 223
“Astrocytes, important in glutamate uptake and in the production of lactate and antioxidants after injury [91,92], demonstrate DNA fragmentation without classic apoptotic phenotypes after TBI, although to a much smaller degree than neurons [93,94].”
Background
Neuronal–glial interactions and behaviour
Laming, P. R., Kimelberg, H. K., Robinson, S. R., Salm, A. K., Hawrylak, N., Müller, C. M., Roots, B. I., & Ng, K. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00080-9 · Cited by 220
Vascular β-amyloid and early astrocyte alterations impair cerebrovascular function and cerebral metabolism in transgenic arcAβ mice
Merlini, M., Meyer, E. P., Ulmann-Schuler, A., & Nitsch, R. M. (2011) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-011-0834-y · Cited by 225
“is derived from glucose and released by astrocytes upon uptake of neuronal-secreted glutamate in the synaptic cleft during neuronal stimulation [32, 37, 38 ].”
Background
Lactate as a pivotal element in neuron–glia metabolic cooperation
Pellerin, L. (2003) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/s0197-0186(03)00020-2 · Cited by 219
Self-citation
Striking Differences in Glucose and Lactate Levels between Brain Extracellular Fluid and Plasma in Conscious Human Subjects: Effects of Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia
Abi‐Saab, W., Maggs, D. G., Jones, T. W., Jacob, R. J., Srihari, V. H., Thompson, J. L., Kerr, D. E., Leone, P., Krystal, J. H., Spencer, D. D., et al. (2002) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-200203000-00004 · Cited by 219
“The hypothesis advanced by Pellerin and Magistretti (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994) posits that during brain activation, neurons release glutamate, which is removed from the synaptic cleft by astrocytes.”
BackgroundInfluential
Continuous Monitoring of Cerebral Substrate Delivery and Clearance: Initial Experience in 24 Patients with Severe Acute Brain Injuries
Zauner, A., DOPPENBERG, E. M. R., Woodward, J. J., Choi, S. C., Young, H. F., & Bullock, R. M. (1997) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1097/00006123-199711000-00011 · Cited by 218
Neuroglial Metabolism in the Awake Rat Brain: CO2 Fixation Increases with Brain Activity
Öz, G., Berkich, D., Henry, P.-G., Xu, Y., Lanoue, K., Hutson, S., & Gruetter, R. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3564-04.2004 · Cited by 213
“These rate increases reemphasize the Magistretti hypothesis , which proposed astroglia as an active component of neurotransmission ( Pellerin and Magistretti , 1994 ) .”
Background
Astrocyte Activation in Neurovascular Damage and Repair Following Ischaemic Stroke
Patabendige, A., Singh, A., Jenkins, S. I., Sen, J., & Chen, R. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22084280 · Cited by 224
“Pellerin and Magistretti [32] reported that glutamate additionally stimulated glycolysis (i.e., glucose utilisation and lactate production) in astrocytes, and postulated the astrocyteneuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) hypothesis which defines the strong metabolic association Int.”
BackgroundInfluential
Nonlinear coupling between cerebral blood flow, oxygen consumption, and ATP production in human visual cortex.
Lin, A.-L., Fox, P. T., Hardies, J., Duong, T. Q., & Gao, J.-H. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0909711107 · Cited by 213
“Of these, the astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) hypothesis is the most conceptually evolved and widely accepted (27).”
Background
The Drosophila blood-brain barrier: development and function of a glial endothelium
Limmer, S., Weiler, A., Volkenhoff, A., Babatz, F., & KlÃ¤mbt, C. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00365 · Cited by 214
“Amino acids are not only required for protein synthesis, but particular amino acids or their direct derivatives are also used as neurotransmitters.”
Background
Glucose pathways adaptation supports acquisition of activated microglia phenotype
Gimeno‐Bayón, J., López‐López, A., Rodríguez, M. J., & Mahy, N. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23356 · Cited by 213
Exploring the molecular interface between hypoxia-inducible factor signalling and mitochondria
Thomas, L. W., & Ashcroft, M. A. (2019) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-019-03039-y · Cited by 219
Caveolae and signalling in cancer
Martinez‐Outschoorn, U., Sotgia, F., & Lisanti, M. P. (2015) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3915 · Cited by 216
Hyperglycemia modulates extracellular amyloid-β concentrations and neuronal activity in vivo
Macauley, S. L., Stanley, M., Caesar, E. E., Yamada, S. A., Raichle, M. E., Perez, R., Mahan, T. E., Sutphen, C. L., & Holtzman, D. M. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci79742 · Cited by 218
Thinking Outside the Cleft to Understand Synaptic Activity: Contribution of the Cystine-Glutamate Antiporter (System xc−) to Normal and Pathological Glutamatergic Signaling
Bridges, R., Lutgen, V., Lobner, D., & Baker, D. A. (2012) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.110.003889 · Cited by 205
“For example, synaptic activity leading to increased glutamate uptake produces sodium transients in astrocytes that have been linked to glycolysis (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994; Takahashi et al., 1995) and changes in the surface expression of EAAT2 (Nakagawa et al.”
Background
Hypoglycemia, brain energetics, and hypoglycemic neuronal death
Suh, S. W., Hamby, A. M., & Swanson, R. A. (2007) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20440 · Cited by 208
The energy hypothesis of sleep revisited
Scharf, M. T., Naidoo, N. N., Zimmerman, J. E., & Pack, A. I. (2008) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.08.003 · Cited by 217
Brain lactate kinetics: Modeling evidence for neuronal lactate uptake upon activation
Aubert, A., Costalat, R., Magistretti, P. J., & Pellerin, L. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0505427102 · Cited by 212
Self-citation
Metabolic Control of Astrocyte Pathogenic Activity via cPLA2-MAVS
Chao, C., Gutiérrez‐Vázquez, C., Rothhammer, V., Mayo, L., Wheeler, M. A., Tjon, E. C., Zandee, S., Blain, M., de Lima, K. A., Takenaka, M. C., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.016 · Cited by 207
“Lactate produced by the metabolism of glucose is released by astrocytes to support the metabolic needs of neurons (Machler et al., 2016; Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994) (Figure 5A).”
Background
Mitochondria and Cell Bioenergetics: Increasingly Recognized Components and a Possible Etiologic Cause of Alzheimer's Disease
Swerdlow, R. H. (2011) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2011.4149 · Cited by 206
“Apolipoprotein E4 (1-272) fragment is associ-”
Background
Dysregulation of astrocyte–motoneuron cross-talk in mutant superoxide dismutase 1-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Ferraiuolo, L., Higginbottom, A., Heath, P. R., Barber, S. C., Greenald, D., Kirby, J., & Shaw, P. J. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr193 · Cited by 204
“Lactate is an important source of energy for motoneurons and, according to the lactate shuttle hypothesis, astrocytes are the main providers of this substrate (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994).”
Background
The energetic brain—A review from students to students
Bordone, M. P., Salman, M. M., Titus, H. E., Amini, E., Andersen, J. V., Chakraborti, B., Diuba, A. V., Dubouskaya, T. G., Ehrke, E., Espindola de Freitas, A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.14829 · Cited by 205
“Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the brain and display a number of active roles critical for CNS function (Nedergaard et al. 2003; Barros et al. 2018b), including regulation of neurotransmitters (Anderson and Swanson 2000), supplying substrates to neurons for OxPhos (Pellerin et al. 1998), maintaining w…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Glial cells as key players in schizophrenia pathology: recent insights and concepts of therapy
Bernstein, H., Steiner, J. H., Guest, P. C., Dobrowolny, H., & Bogerts, B. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.035 · Cited by 203
“Previously, it has been shown that ACs are able to recycle glutamate from the synaptic cleft (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994).”
Background
Bedside Detection of Brain Ischemia Using Intracerebral Microdialysis: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Delayed Ischemic Deterioration
Nilsson, O., Brandt, L., Ungerstedt, U., & Säveland, H. (1999) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1097/00006123-199911000-00032 · Cited by 203
The human brain utilizes lactate via the tricarboxylic acid cycle: a 13C-labelled microdialysis and high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance study
Gallagher, C., Carpenter, K. L. H., Grice, P., Howe, D. J., Mason, A., Timofeev, I. S., Menon, D. K., Kirkpatrick, P. J., Pickard, J. D., Sutherland, G. R., et al. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp202 · Cited by 201
Glia-neuron energy metabolism in health and diseases: New insights into the role of nervous system metabolic transporters
Jha, M. K., & Morrison, B. M. (2018) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.009 · Cited by 203
Connexin 43-Mediated Astroglial Metabolic Networks Contribute to the Regulation of the Sleep-Wake Cycle
Clasadonte, J., Scemes, E., Wang, Z., Boison, D., & Haydon, P. G. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.08.022 · Cited by 200
Cerebral metabolic effects of exogenous lactate supplementation on the injured human brain
Bouzat, P., Sala, N., Suys, T., Zerlauth, J.-B., Marques-Vidal, P. M., Feihl, F., Bloch, J., Messerer, M., Levivier, M., Meuli, R. A., et al. (2014) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-013-3203-6 · Cited by 206
Leptin regulates glutamate and glucose transporters in hypothalamic astrocytes
Fuente-Martín, E., García‐Cáceres, C., Granado, M., CEBALLOS, M. L. D., Sanchez-Garrido, M. A., Sármán, B., Liu, Z.-W., Dietrich, M. O., Tena‐Sempere, M., Argente-Arizón, P., et al. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci64102 · Cited by 201
“…GLUT-3, GLAST, and GFAP is in concordance with increased neuronal activity and glutamate uptake by astrocytes, as glutamate uptake into astrocytes rises with increased glutamate concentrations in the synaptic cleft (63, 64) and glucose uptake is stimulated with increased neuronal activity (65, 66).”
Early Degenerative Changes in Transgenic Mice Expressing Mutant Huntingtin Involve Dendritic Abnormalities but No Impairment of Mitochondrial Energy Production
Guidetti, P., Charles, V., Chen, E., Reddy, P. H., Kordower, J. H., Whetsell, W. O., Schwarcz, R. M., & Tagle, D. A. (2001) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.2000.7626 · Cited by 197
Mitochondrial metabolism in astrocytes regulates brain bioenergetics, neurotransmission and redox balance
Rose, J., Brian, C., Pappa, A., Panayiotidis, M. I., & Franco, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.536682 · Cited by 196
A Possible Role of Alanine for Ammonia Transfer Between Astrocytes and Glutamatergic Neurons
Waagepetersen, H. S., Sonnewald, U., Larsson, O. M., & Schousboe, A. (2000) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0750471.x · Cited by 198
Quantitative functional imaging of the brain: towards mapping neuronal activity by BOLD fMRI
Hyder, F., Kida, I., Behar, K. L., Kennan, R. P., Maciejewski, P. K., & Rothman, D. L. (2001) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.733 · Cited by 196
A further update on the role of excitotoxicity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease
Ambrosi, G., Cerri, S., & Blandini, F. (2014) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-013-1149-z · Cited by 195
“Energy consumption in the astrocytes promotes glucose internalization and compensatory activation of glycolysis (Pellerin and Magistretti 1994).”
Background
Evidence for the Mitochondrial Lactate Oxidation Complex in Rat Neurons: Demonstration of an Essential Component of Brain Lactate Shuttles
Hashimoto, T., Hussien, R., Cho, H.-S., Kaufer, D., & Brooks, G. A. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002915 · Cited by 196
“Potential importance of lactate for brain metabolism [7] and glutamatergic signaling has been proposed [10].”
BackgroundResult
Co-compartmentalization of the Astroglial Glutamate Transporter, GLT-1, with Glycolytic Enzymes and Mitochondria
Genda, E. N., Jackson, J. G., Sheldon, A. L., Locke, S. F., Greco, T. M., O’Donnell, J. C., Spruce, L. A., Xiao, R., Guo, W., Putt, M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3305-11.2011 · Cited by 198
“Glutamate uptake also triggers astrocytic glycolysis in both astrocyte cultures and hippocampal slices ( Pellerin and Magistretti , 1994 ; Loaiza et al .”
Background
Glutamate Pays Its Own Way in Astrocytes
McKenna, M. C. (2013) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00191 · Cited by 202
Astrocyte NMDA receptors' activity sustains neuronal survival through a Cdk5–Nrf2 pathway
Jimenez-Blasco, D., Santofimia-Castaño, P., Gonzalez, A., Almeida, A., & Bolaños, J. P. (2015) · Cell Death & Differentiation · doi:10.1038/cdd.2015.49 · Cited by 196
Intermediates of Metabolism: From Bystanders to Signalling Molecules
Haas, R., Cucchi, D., Smith, J., Pucino, V., Macdougall, C. E., & Mauro, C. (2016) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2016.02.003 · Cited by 199
The in vivo neuron‐to‐astrocyte lactate shuttle in human brain: evidence from modeling of measured lactate levels during visual stimulation
Mangia, S., Simpson, I. A., Vannucci, S. J., & Carruthers, A. (2009) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06003.x · Cited by 189
“The additional role of astrocytes as the source of energetic fuel for neurons was originally proposed by Pellerin and Magistretti (1994) who suggested that activation of neurons with the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate stimulated glycolysis in nearby astrocytes, and the lactate so…”
Background
A reduced cerebral metabolic ratio in exercise reflects metabolism and not accumulation of lactate within the human brain
Dalsgaard, M. K., Quistorff, B., Danielsen, E. R., Selmer, C., Vogelsang, T. W., & Secher, N. H. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.055053 · Cited by 191
“Lactate is then released into the interstitium and subsequently taken up and oxidized by neurones (Pellerin & Magistretti, 1994; Tsacopoulos & Magistretti, 1996).”
Background
Fatty acid oxidation organizes mitochondrial supercomplexes to sustain astrocytic ROS and cognition
Morant-Ferrando, B., Jiménez-Blasco, D., Alonso-Batan, P., Agulla, J., Lapresa, R., García-Rodríguez, D., Yunta-Sanchez, S., López-Fabuel, I., Fernández, E., Carmeliet, P., et al. (2023) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-023-00835-6 · Cited by 195
Similar Perisynaptic Glial Localization for the Na+,K+-ATPase alpha2 Subunit and the Glutamate Transporters GLAST and GLT-1 in the Rat Somatosensory Cortex
Cholet, N. (2002) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/12.5.515 · Cited by 192
“The molecular mechanism suggested to account for such a coupling involves, following glutamate uptake by astrocytes, an increased astroglial uptake and glycolytic transformation of glucose into lactate which will then be released to be used by neurons as a fuel during periods of activation (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1…”
BackgroundInfluential
How the Optic Nerve Allocates Space, Energy Capacity, and Information
Perge, J. A., Koch, K., Miller, R., Sterling, P., & Balasubramanian, V. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5200-08.2009 · Cited by 192
“, 1998), and their abundance in retinal neurons, render this brain region a “poster child” for the lactate shuttle hypothesis (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994; Poitry-Yamate et al., 1995).”
Background
Drosophila glia: Few cell types and many conserved functions
Yildirim, K., Petri, J., Kottmeier, R., & Klämbt, C. (2018) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23459 · Cited by 192
From oxygen to erythropoietin: Relevance of hypoxia for retinal development, health and disease
Caprara, C., & Grimm, C. (2012) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.11.003 · Cited by 176
Direct evidence for activity-dependent glucose phosphorylation in neurons with implications for the astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle
Patel, A. B., Lai, J. C. K., Chowdhury, G. M. I., Hyder, F., Rothman, D. L., Shulman, R. G., & Behar, K. L. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1403576111 · Cited by 186
“astrocytes: CMRglcðP+OxÞ a = 0:5ðVPDHa +VPCÞ: [5]”
Lactate from astrocytes fuels learning-induced mRNA translation in excitatory and inhibitory neurons
Descalzi, G., Gao, V., Steinman, M. Q., Suzuki, A., & Alberini, C. M. (2019) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0495-2 · Cited by 188
Channel-Mediated Lactate Release by K + -Stimulated Astrocytes
Sotelo-Hitschfeld, T., Niemeyer, M. I., Mächler, P., Ruminot, I., Lerchundi, R., Wyss, M. T., Stobart, J. L., Fernández‐Moncada, I., Valdebenito, R., Garrido-Gerter, P., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5036-14.2015 · Cited by 197
“Astrocytic lactate has been proposed to serve as an energy substrate for active neurons, a mechanism known as the astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS; Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994; Bouzier-Sore and Pellerin, 2013; Stobart and Anderson, 2013).”
Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Redox Mechanisms in Psychiatric Disorders
Kim, Y., Vadodaria, K. C., Lenkei, Z., Kato, T., Gage, F. H., Marchetto, M. C., & Santos, R. (2018) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2018.7606 · Cited by 193
“In 1994, Pellerin and Magistretti observed that glutamate uptake by astrocytes stimulates glycolysis and they proposed the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) model to describe the connection between glutamatergic neurotrans-mission and glucose utilization in the cortex (340).”
Endothelin‐1 potently induces Leão’s cortical spreading depression in vivo in the rat
Dreier, J. P., Kleeberg, J., Petzold, G. C., Priller, J., Windmüller, O., Orzechowski, H., Lindauer, U., Heinemann, U., Einhäupl, K. M., & Dirnagl, U. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf007 · Cited by 188
Glycolysis: A multifaceted metabolic pathway and signaling hub
Kierans, S. J., & Taylor, C. T. (2024) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107906 · Cited by 198
Resting-state brain glucose utilization as measured by PET is directly related to regional synaptophysin levels: a study in baboons
Rocher, A. B., Chapon, F., Blaizot, X., Baron, J.-C., & Chavoix, C. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.002 · Cited by 204
Rapid Changes in Local Extracellular Rat Brain Glucose Observed with an In Vivo Glucose Sensor
Hu, Y., & Wilson, G. S. (1997) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68041745.x · Cited by 186
Fast and Reversible Stimulation of Astrocytic Glycolysis by K+and a Delayed and Persistent Effect of Glutamate
Bittner, C. X., Valdebenito, R., Ruminot, I., Loaiza, A., Larenas, V., Sotelo-Hitschfeld, T., Moldenhauer, H. J., Martín, A. S., Gutiérrez, R., Zambrano, M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5311-10.2011 · Cited by 190
“The lactate surge is thought to play roles in neurometabolic (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994) and neurovascular (Gordon et al., 2008) coupling, but its source has remained controversial (discussed by Barros and Deitmer, 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Traumatic Brain Injury Alters Synaptic Homeostasis: Implications for Impaired Mitochondrial and Transport Function
Sullivan, P. G., Keller, J. N., Mattson, M. P., & Scheff, S. W. (1998) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1998.15.789 · Cited by 186
“Recent findings have linked these two transport systems together so that neuronal activity is coupled to glucose uptake by glia (Magistretti and Pellerin, 1997; Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994, 1996; Tsacopoulos and Magistretti, 1996).”
Food for Thought: Challenging the Dogmas
Pellerin, L., & Magistretti, P. J. (2003) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000096064.12129.3d · Cited by 186
“tion (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994).”
Self-citation
Loss of Daylight Vision in Retinal Degeneration: Are Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Dysregulation to Blame?
Punzo, C., Xiong, W., & Cepko, C. L. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.r111.304428 · Cited by 185
Role of sodium and potassium ions in regulation of glucose metabolism in cultured astroglia.
Takahashi, S., Driscoll, B. F., Law, M. J., & Sokoloff, L. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.10.4616 · Cited by 184
Extracellular Glucose Concentrations in the Rat Hippocampus Measured byZero‐Net‐Flux
McNay, E. C., & Gold, P. E. (1999) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.720785.x · Cited by 182
GABA uptake into astrocytes is not associated with significant metabolic cost: Implications for brain imaging of inhibitory transmission
Chatton, J., Pellerin, L., & Magistretti, P. J. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2132096100 · Cited by 180
Self-citation
Oligodendrocytes Provide Antioxidant Defense Function for Neurons by Secreting Ferritin Heavy Chain
Mukherjee, C., Kling, T., Russo, B., Miebach, K., Kess, E., Schifferer, M., Pedro, L. D., Weikert, U., Fard, M. K., Kannaiyan, N. R., et al. (2020) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.05.019 · Cited by 195
Response of Glial Cells to Ischemia: Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species and Glutathione
Juurlink, B. H. J. (1997) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00005-x · Cited by 181
High intensity exercise decreases global brain glucose uptake in humans.
Kemppainen, J., Aalto, S., Fujimoto, T., Kalliokoski, K. K., Långsjö, J., Oikonen, V., Rinne, J., Nuutila, P., & Knuuti, J. (2005) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.091355 · Cited by 179
“…lactate shuttle hypothesis where lactate along with glucose serves as an oxidative fuel for elevated neuronal energy metabolism so that the largely glycolytic metabolism in astrocytes is linked with the largely oxidative metabolism of lactate in neurones (Pellerin & Magistretti, 1994, 2003).”
Background
Lipid metabolism and storage in neuroglia: role in brain development and neurodegenerative diseases
Yang, D., Wang, X., Zhang, L., Fang, Y., Zheng, Q., Liu, X., Yu, W., Chen, S., Ying, J., & Hua, F. (2022) · Cell & Bioscience · doi:10.1186/s13578-022-00828-0 · Cited by 179
“The Astrocyte Neuron Lactate Shuttle (ANLS) Hypothesis [78] proposes that lactate is transported from glial to neurons via monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in Drosophila [79] and mice [80–82].”
Background
In-Vivo Electrochemistry: What Can We Learn about Living Systems?
Wilson, G. S., & Johnson, M. A. (2008) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr068082i · Cited by 178
Astrocyte physiopathology: At the crossroads of intercellular networking, inflammation and cell death
Rossi, D. (2015) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.04.003 · Cited by 185
Fueling and Imaging Brain Activation
Dienel, G. A. (2012) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1042/an20120021 · Cited by 175
“…basis of tissue culture experiments in which glutamate exposure evoked an increase in DG phosphorylation and lactate efflux to the culture medium, Pellerin and Magistretti (1994) proposed that astrocytic uptake of glutamate plus Na+ from the synaptic cleft stimulates astrocytic glycolysis to…”
BackgroundInfluential
Role of glutamate in neuron-glia metabolic coupling
Magistretti, P. J. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27462cc · Cited by 185
Astrocytes generate Na + -mediated metabolic waves
Bernardinelli, Y., Magistretti, P. J., & Chatton, J. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0405315101 · Cited by 178
The role of neuronal signaling in controlling cerebral blood flow
DRAKE, C., & IADECOLA, C. (2007) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2006.08.002 · Cited by 177
“…body of evidence indicating that: (1) glutamate stimulates anaerobic glycolysis in astrocyte cultures leading to lactate release into the medium (Pellerin & Magistretti, 1994; Takahashi, Driscoll, Law, & SokoloV, 1995); (2) neurons and astrocytes in culture have the potential of metabolizing…”
Background
Is L-Lactate a Novel Signaling Molecule in the Brain?
Mosienko, V., Teschemacher, A. G., & Kasparov, S. (2015) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2015.77 · Cited by 179
Reactive astrocytes: The nexus of pathological and clinical hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease
Price, B. R., Johnson, L. A., & Norris, C. M. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101335 · Cited by 184
“arguably the preferred energy substrate of neurons (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994).”
Diabetes Reduces Glutamate Oxidation and Glutamine Synthesis in the Retina
Lieth, E., LaNoue, K. F., Antonetti, D. A., & Ratz, M. (2000) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1006/exer.2000.0840 · Cited by 177
Effects of anesthesia on functional activation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism
Nakao, Y., Itoh, Y., Kuang, T., Cook, M., Jehle, J. W., & Sokoloff, L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.121179898 · Cited by 176
Adenosine and cerebral ischemia: therapeutic future or death of a brave concept?
Lubitz, D. K. J. E. V. (1999) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00135-1 · Cited by 175
Astrocytic involvement in learning and memory consolidation
Gibbs, M. E., Hutchinson, D. S., & Hertz, L. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.02.001 · Cited by 179
“These observations provide evidence against the concept that glutamate removal from the extracellular cleft by uptake into astrocytes specifically requires ATP derived from glycolytic metabolism (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994).”
Background
Selective defect of in vivo glycolysis in early Huntington's disease striatum
Powers, W. J., Videen, T. O., Markham, J., McGee‐Minnich, L., Antenor‐Dorsey, J. A. V., Hershey, T. G., & Perlmutter, J. S. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0609833104 · Cited by 174
Mitochondrial Lactate Oxidation Complex and an Adaptive Role for Lactate Production
Hashimoto, T., & Brooks, G. A. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815fcb04 · Cited by 174
The Lactate Receptor HCAR1 Modulates Neuronal Network Activity through the Activation of G α and G βγ Subunits
Abrantes, H. D. C., Briquet, M., Schmuziger, C., Restivo, L., Puyal, J., Rosenberg, N., Rocher, A., Offermanns, S., & Chatton, J. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2092-18.2019 · Cited by 185
“In the CNS, this concept was challenged in the 1990s when lactate was proposed to play an important role as energy substrate for neurons (Pellerin and Magistretti, 1994).”
Background
Reduced muscle activation during exercise related to brain oxygenation and metabolism in humans
Rasmussen, P., Nielsen, J., Overgaard, M., Krogh‐Madsen, R., GJEDDE, A. H., Secher, N. H., & Petersen, N. (2010) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.186767 · Cited by 172
“…cerebral non-oxidative carbohydrate consumption may represent increases in anaerobic energy metabolism, but how that is coupled to the apparently delicate balance of serving the neurons with substrate from blood or as proposed from astrocytes (Pellerin & Magistretti, 1994) needs to be established.”
Background
Role of adrenoceptor subtypes in memory consolidation
Gibbs, M. E., & Summers, R. J. (2002) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(02)00023-0 · Cited by 175
Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1) abundance in brains of suckling and adult rats: a quantitative electron microscopic immunogold study
Leino, R. L., Gerhart, D. Z., & Drewes, L. R. (1999) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(98)00188-6 · Cited by 177
Flavoprotein Autofluorescence Imaging of Neuronal Activation in the Cerebellar Cortex In Vivo
Reinert, K. C., Dunbar, R. L., Gao, W., Chen, G., & Ebner, T. J. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01275.2003 · Cited by 172
The contribution of astrocyte signalling to neurovascular coupling
Carmignoto, G., & Gómez‐Gonzalo, M. (2009) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.11.007 · Cited by 168
Edited1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo: Methods and metabolites
Harris, A. D., Saleh, M. G., & Edden, R. A. E. (2017) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.26619 · Cited by 171
“It is becoming more recognized that lactate is an essential metabolic intermediate in many organs; particularly in the brain, lactate is likely shuttled between astrocytes and neurons to meet highenergy demands (82,103).”
Background
Glucose is Necessary to Maintain Neurotransmitter Homeostasis during Synaptic Activity in Cultured Glutamatergic Neurons
Bak, L. K., Schousboe, A., Sonnewald, U., & Waagepetersen, H. S. (2006) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600281 · Cited by 173
“The astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis proposed by Pellerin and Magistretti (1994) has led to a discussion of whether lactate or glucose is the preferred neuronal substrate during synaptic activity (e.g., Vannucci and Simpson, 2001; Hertz, 2004).”
Background

Authors: Pellerin, L., & Magistretti, P. J.
Affiliations: University of Lausanne (CH)
ORCID: Pellerin, L
Magistretti, P J
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 1994-10-25
Volume: 91
Issue: 22
Pages: 10625-10629
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.22.10625
PMC: PMC45074
OpenAlex: W2092635505
Cited by: 2,927
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 143 · 2025: 146 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 137 · 2022: 147 · 2021: 168 · 2020: 122 · 2019: 133 · 2018: 109 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 107 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 126 · 2013: 91 · 2012: 88
FWCI: 10.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
IRIS (submittedVersion)
SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Keywords: glutamate uptake, astrocytes, aerobic glycolysis, Na+/K+-ATPase, neuronal activity, glucose utilization, lactic acid production, nonoxidative glucose metabolism, astrocyte-neuron interaction
MeSH terms: Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase, Aerobiosis, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Astrocytes, Biological Transport, Brain, Cells, Cultured, Cerebral Cortex, Deoxyglucose, Glycolysis, Lactates, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Radionuclide Imaging, Tritium, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Glutamic Acid, Mice

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Glutamate uptake into astrocytes stimulates aerobic glycolysis: a mechanism coupling neuronal activity to glucose utilization.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks