Integrative models of nutrient balancing: application to insects and vertebrates
Open accessAbstract
We present and apply to data for insects, chickens and rats a conceptual and experimental framework for studying nutrition as a multi-dimensional phenomenon. The framework enables the unification within a single geometrical model of several nutritionally relevant measures, including: the optimal balance and amounts of nutrients required by an animal in a given time (the intake target), the animal's current state in relation to these requirements, available foods, the amounts of ingested nutrients which are retained and eliminated, and animal performance. Animals given a nutritionally balanced food, or two or more imbalanced but complementary foods, can satisfy their nutrient requirements, and hence optimize performance. However, animals eating noncomplementary imbalanced foods must decide on a suitable compromise between overingesting some nutrients and underingesting others. The geometrical models provide a means of measuring nutritional targets and rules of compromise, and comparing these among different animals and within similar animals at different developmental stages or in different environments. They also provide a framework for designing and interpreting experiments on the regulatory and metabolic mechanisms underlying nutritional homeostasis.
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Many species tend to regulate the macronutrient composition of their diet to a target macronutrient ratio.
“Notwithstanding, in the last two decades, a growing body of evidence has outlined that foraging is not exclusively driven by energy acquisition and many species tend to regulate the macronutrient composition (percentage of caloric intake of protein, lipids and carbohydrates, P:L:C) of their diet to a target macronutrient ratio (“intake target”)7–9.”
From Nutritional ecology of a prototypical generalist predator, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The ‘Identifying intake requirements’ section describes animals regulating nutrient intake toward a target and gives protein–carbohydrate examples in locusts, rats and chickens. The passages support the general idea of macronutrient intake targets, but do not establish regulation of a three-way protein–lipid–carbohydrate ratio expressed as percentages of caloric intake. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe macronutrient composition of the diet affects fundamental fitness-related traits including growth, fecundity and lifespan.
“As the macronutrient composition of the diet has been demonstrated to affect many fundamental fitness-related traits, including growth7,10, fecundity11 and lifespan12,13, we may expect that, for any species, suitable habitats are those which offer food resources capable of satisfying the nutritional requirements of a number of individuals in all the phases of their life cycle.”
From Nutritional ecology of a prototypical generalist predator, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Several studies using the geometric framework suggest that animals eat to a carbohydrate target.
“several studies suggest that animals eat to a carbohydrate target”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
Studies using the geometric framework generally observe either a very weak or nonexistent regulation of fat intake, and fat acts to dilute protein and carbohydrate and thus increase intake.
“the studies using the geometric framework generally observe either a very weak or nonexistent regulation of fat intake, and as a result, fat acts to dilute protein and carbohydrate and thus increase intake”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
Nutritional geometry studies strongly argue that a number of species defend protein intake, eat to a protein target, and prioritize protein over fat or carbohydrate intake.
“These data strongly argue that a number of species defend protein intake, eat to a protein target, and prioritize protein over fat or carbohydrate intake”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
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- Authors
- Raubenheimer, D., & Simpson, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Venue
- Nutrition Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1997-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 151-179
- ISSN
- 0954-4224 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2700
- OpenAlex
- W1971950425
- Cited by
- 454
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 8.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nutrition Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
- Keywords
- nutrient balance, nutritional homeostasis, geometric model, nutrient requirements, nutrient intake, nutrient retention, animal performance, chickens, rats, insects, developmental stages
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