Bandwidth and Fidelity on the NEO-Five Factor Inventory: Replicability and Reliability of Item Cluster Subcomponents
Open accessAbstract
Many users of the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI; Costa & McCrae, 1992) are unaware that Saucier (1998) developed item cluster subcomponents for each broad domain of the instrument similar to the facets of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992). In this study, I examined the following: the replicability of the subcomponents in young adult university and middle-aged community samples; whether item keying accounted for additional covariance among items; subcomponent correlations with a measure of socially desirable responding; subcomponent reliabilities; and subcomponent discriminant validity with respect to age-relevant criterion items expected to reflect varying associations with broad and narrow traits. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that all subcomponents were recoverable across samples and that the addition of method factors representing positive and negative item keying improved model fit. The subcomponents correlated no more with a measure of socially desirable responding than their parent domains and showed good average reliability. Correlations with criterion items suggested that subcomponents may prove useful in specifying which elements of NEO-FFI domains are more or less related to variables of interest. I discuss their use for enhancing the precision of findings obtained with NEO-FFI domain scores.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Saucier’s (1998) NEO-FFI item-cluster subcomponents were largely replicable across young-adult university and middle-aged community samples, and adding positive/negative item-keying method factors improved model fit. The subcomponents showed fair-to-good reliability and some criterion-specific predictive advantages over broad domains, except for the unconventionality cluster.
Key findings
- Confirmatory factor analyses recovered all subcomponents across samples; trait-only models had adequate RMSEA fit (e.g., .048 for Conscientiousness to .086 for Extraversion in middle-aged adults), and adding positive/negative keying method factors reduced RMSEAs and lowered AIC values.
- Of 60 NEO-FFI items, 53 loaded primarily on their trait factor and 7 loaded higher on their method factor; 45/60 items were invariant across samples under the three-subcomponent Neuroticism scheme and 43/60 under the two-subcomponent scheme.
- Average subcomponent reliability was .72 (.73 without unconventionality) in middle-aged adults and .66 (.68 without unconventionality) in young adults, comparable to Saucier’s .70/.66 and the average NEO-PI-R facet alpha of .70; unconventionality was an exception (e.g., α = .27 middle-aged, α = .01 young adults).
- Social desirability correlations were small but significant and age-moderated; criterion correlations suggested some subcomponents may specify domain-outcome links, e.g., aesthetic interests predicted artistic hobbies slightly better than broad Openness, and sociability predicted opposite-sex socializing better than broad Extraversion, though goal striving did not predict job satisfaction and self-reproach did not predict suicidal ideation.
Methods
- Two independent samples: Sample 1 included 308 young adults (74% women; age M = 20, SD = 2.2; 66% White); Sample 2 included 256 middle-aged community adults (62% women; age M = 49, SD = 5.4; 76% White). Usable NEO-FFI data were available for 305 young adults and 209 midlife adults; Table 4 reports N = 291 young adults and N = 204 middle-aged adults.
- Measures included the NEO-FFI and Saucier’s item-cluster subcomponents, the 10-item Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, and single-item criterion measures for each sample.
- Analyses used multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis on polychoric correlation matrices with ML robust estimation, Satorra-Bentler chi-square, AIC, CFI, and RMSEA; reliability was assessed with Cronbach’s α, Raykov’s ρ, and Bentler’s θ; criterion correlations were also corrected for attenuation due to measurement error.
Limitations
- The paper states five limitations: generalizability to other populations requires further investigation; the study relied on self-report only; Saucier’s development sample (N = 732) was larger than the middle-aged sample; criterion measures were few and mostly single-item, with no significance testing of subcomponent-versus-domain correlation differences; and latent-variable modeling may inflate correlations among narrow traits within a domain, risking collinearity.
- The text also makes evident that the unconventionality subcomponent was poorly defined and unreliable, with low loadings (all below .40) and very low internal consistency in both samples.
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Claims the paper makes
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- Findingown data§ Abstract
The subcomponents showed good average reliability.
“The subcomponents correlated no more with a measure of socially desirable responding than their parent domains and showed good average reliability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The two samples (young adult university students and middle-aged community adults) are suitable for cross-validating the NEO-FFI subcomponents across age and demographics.
- Findingown data§ Abstract
The addition of method factors representing positive and negative item keying improved model fit.
“Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that all subcomponents were recoverable across samples and that the addition of method factors representing positive and negative item keying improved model fit.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The two samples (young adult university students and middle-aged community adults) are suitable for cross-validating the NEO-FFI subcomponents across age and demographics.
- Findingown data§ Abstract
Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that all subcomponents were recoverable across samples.
“Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that all subcomponents were recoverable across samples and that the addition of method factors representing positive and negative item keying improved model fit.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The two samples (young adult university students and middle-aged community adults) are suitable for cross-validating the NEO-FFI subcomponents across age and demographics.
- Findingown data§ Abstract
The subcomponents correlated no more with a measure of socially desirable responding than their parent domains.
“The subcomponents correlated no more with a measure of socially desirable responding than their parent domains and showed good average reliability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The two samples (young adult university students and middle-aged community adults) are suitable for cross-validating the NEO-FFI subcomponents across age and demographics.
- Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
The vast majority of items functioned quite similarly across age groups.
“On the whole however, these analyses revealed that not only was the basic factor configuration of Saucier’s (1998) lower tier NEO-FFI traits recoverable in somewhat different samples but that the vast majority of items functioned quite similarly across age groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data§ RESULTS
45 of the 60 items were invariant across samples with respect to trait and method factor loadings and residual variances when using the three-subcomponent scheme for Neuroticism.
“The series of nested multiple-group models revealed that 45 of the 60 items were invariant across samples with respect to trait and method factor loadings and residual variances when using the three-subcomponent scheme for Neuroticism, and 43 of 60 were invariant using the two-subcomponent Neuroticism scheme.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
Within Agreeableness, the nonantagonistic orientation subcomponent correlated positively with social desirability.
“Within Agreeableness, the nonantagonistic orientation subcomponent correlated positively with social desirability.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
Relative improvements in fit were noted with the addition of method factors reflecting item keying.
“Relative improvements in fit were noted with the addition of method factors reflecting item keying.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ DISCUSSION
Evaluation of trait-only CFA models for each domain on the basis of the RMSEA suggested adequate fit in both the young and middle-aged adults.
“Evaluation of trait-only CFA models for each domain on the basis of the RMSEA (Beauducell & Wittman, 2005; Raykov, 1998) suggested adequate fit in both the young and middle-aged adults.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Beauducell & Wittman, 2005
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- cites Raykov, 1998
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- Findingcitation§ DISCUSSION
The subcomponents were structurally invariant across age groups.
“The subcomponents were also structurally invariant across age groups, consistent with evidence that the basic configuration of higher and lower order factors characterize individuals of different ages (see, e.g., McCrae & Costa, 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McCrae & Costa, 2003
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- Findingreasoning§ RESULTS
For essentially tau-equivalent subclusters, α was nearly equal to ρ.
“For essentially tau-equivalent subclusters, α was nearly equal to ρ as expected.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
Item 34 showed a loading difference of .31 in favor of the young adults.
“Exceptions included Item 34, which showed a loading difference of .31 in favor of the young adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation§ RESULTS
For subcomponents in which the degree of true score variance differed across items, ρ was slightly higher than α.
“However, for subcomponents in which the degree of true score variance differed across items, ρwas slightly higher than α (i.e., .01–.02 rounding at the second decimal).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
Item 54 loaded .35 higher in middle-aged adults.
“Item 54, which loaded .35 higher in middle-aged adults, asks whether respondents are forthright in expressing their antipathy toward individuals they dislike.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
In some cases, a set of subcomponents tended to be equally associated with a criterion, with their parent domain correlating slightly higher.
“In some cases, a set of subcomponents tended to be equally associated with a criterion, with their parent domain correlating slightly higher (e.g., Extraversion vs. its subcomponents and job satisfaction in the middle-age sample).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
The remaining items evidenced some differences in one or more of these parameters.
“The remaining items evidenced some differences in one or more of these parameters.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
Item 34 had a loading difference across samples of .31.
“Other loading discrepancies across samples were within .20 for all items except Items 34 and 54, which had loading differences across samples of .31 and .35, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
Item 56 loaded moderately higher on negative affect in the middle-aged adults.
“In the bipartite alternative, Item 51 loaded marginally (.64 vs. .63) and Item 36 slightly (.64 vs. .58) higher on negative affect in the young adults, whereas item 21 loaded slightly (.57 vs. .56) and 56 moderately (.74 vs. .95) higher on negative affect in the middle-aged adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
In both groups, loadings for the unconventionality subcomponent were all below .40.
“In both groups, loadings for the unconventionality subcomponent were quite low (i.e., all below .40), which suggested that it was not a well-defined factor despite the overall model fit for the Openness subcomponents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
Item 41 loaded moderately higher on depression in the young adults for the tripartite solution.
“Of these Neuroticism items, Item 46 loaded slightly (.46 vs. 42) and Item 41 moderately (.71 vs. .52) higher on depression in the young adults for the tripartite solution.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
The parent domains of these subcomponents also correlated with social desirability in the same direction and to a comparable degree.
“Table 3 shows that the parent domains of these subcomponents also correlated with social desirability in the same direction and to a comparable degree.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
Many items loaded saliently on method factors including a few that loaded higher on their corresponding method factor than on their trait factor.
“Although additional factors usually improve model fit, many items loaded saliently on these method factors including a few that loaded higher on their corresponding method factor than on their trait factor.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
In the bipartite alternative, Item 51 loaded marginally higher on negative affect in the young adults.
“In the bipartite alternative, Item 51 loaded marginally (.64 vs. .63) and Item 36 slightly (.64 vs. .58) higher on negative affect in the young adults, whereas item 21 loaded slightly (.57 vs. .56) and 56 moderately (.74 vs. .95) higher on negative affect in the middle-aged adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
Under the tripartite arrangement, Item 41 characterizes trait depression better in young than midlife adults.
“Under the tripartite arrangement, Item 41, which deals with feeling discouraged and giving up when hardship is encountered, characterizes trait depression better in young than midlife adults; decomposing Neuroticism into only two subcomponents, Item 56, which asks about shame, characterizes self-reproach better in middle-aged respondents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
43 of 60 items were invariant across samples with respect to trait and method factor loadings and residual variances when using the two-subcomponent Neuroticism scheme.
“The series of nested multiple-group models revealed that 45 of the 60 items were invariant across samples with respect to trait and method factor loadings and residual variances when using the three-subcomponent scheme for Neuroticism, and 43 of 60 were invariant using the two-subcomponent Neuroticism scheme.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
Significant negative correlations with social desirability were observed in the young adults for negative affect and self-reproach in the two-subcomponent Neuroticism model and for anxiety and self-reproach in the three-subcomponent Neuroticism model.
“Significant negative correlations with social desirability were observed in the young adults (Ns = 296–302, ps < .005) for negative affect and self-reproach in the two-subcomponent Neuroticism model and for anxiety and self-reproach in the three-subcomponent Neuroticism model.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
Decomposing the Neuroticism domain into three rather than two item clusters resulted in slightly more independent subcomponents, particularly in the young adults.
“Of interest, decomposing the Neuroticism domain into three rather than two item clusters resulted in slightly more independent subcomponents, particularly in the young adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation§ RESULTS
Bentler's θ provided far higher estimates of subscale reliability for some subcomponents.
“Bentler’s (1972, in press) θ provided far higher estimates of subscale reliability for some subcomponents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bentler, 1972, in press
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- Findingown data§ RESULTS
The most restrictive models specifying only latent traits evidenced adequate fit according to the RMSEA.
“In general, the most restrictive models specifying only latent traits evidenced adequate fit, according to the RMSEA (e.g., .048 for the Conscientiousness subcomponents to .086 for the Extraversion subcomponents, both in the middle-aged sample).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
Item 54 had a loading difference across samples of .35.
“Other loading discrepancies across samples were within .20 for all items except Items 34 and 54, which had loading differences across samples of .31 and .35, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
Adding positive and negative item-keying method factors decreased RMSEAs considerably.
“When I added positive and negative item-keying method factors, RMSEAs decreased considerably.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
In other instances, broad domain correlations were driven primarily by one or two subcomponents.
“In other instances, it was evident that broad domain correlations were driven primarily by one or two subcomponents (e.g., prosocial orientation and loneliness in the young adults).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
Other loading discrepancies across samples were within .20 for all items except Items 34 and 54.
“Other loading discrepancies across samples were within .20 for all items except Items 34 and 54, which had loading differences across samples of .31 and .35, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
Models including method factors provided a better fit, as indicated by substantial decreases in AIC values.
“Substantial decreases in the AIC values also indicate that models including method factors provided a better fit.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
The unconventionality subcomponent was an obvious exception.
“An obvious exception was the unconventionality subcomponent.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ RESULTS
When treated as unweighted linear composites of observed item scores rather than latent variables, subcomponent intercorrelations were lower.
“When treated as unweighted linear composites of observed items scores rather than latent variables, subcomponent intercorrelations were lower (see following and Table 4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
Item 46 loaded slightly higher on depression in the young adults for the tripartite solution.
“Of these Neuroticism items, Item 46 loaded slightly (.46 vs. 42) and Item 41 moderately (.71 vs. .52) higher on depression in the young adults for the tripartite solution.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
Item 21 loaded slightly higher on negative affect in the middle-aged adults.
“In the bipartite alternative, Item 51 loaded marginally (.64 vs. .63) and Item 36 slightly (.64 vs. .58) higher on negative affect in the young adults, whereas item 21 loaded slightly (.57 vs. .56) and 56 moderately (.74 vs. .95) higher on negative affect in the middle-aged adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
About three fourths of the items showed metric invariance with respect to trait and method factor loadings as well as equal residual variance across age groups.
“Moreover, about three fourths of the items showed metric invariance with respect to trait and method factor loadings as well as equal residual variance across age groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
In both samples, broad Extraversion correlated more highly with loneliness than any subcomponent.
“in both samples, broad Extraversion correlated more highly with loneliness than any subcomponent.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
Hypothesized relations obtained, in general.
“Hypothesized relations obtained, in general.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ DISCUSSION
The NEO-FFI subcomponents were more reliable in the middle-aged sample than in the young adult sample, with the exceptions of intellectual interests, prosocial orientation, and activity.
“the subcomponents were more reliable in the middle-aged rather than the young adult sample, with the exceptions of intellectual interests, prosocial orientation, and activity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
Self-reproach did not predict suicidal ideation in the young adults.
“self-reproach, which did not predict suicidal ideation in the young adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
Sociability was more predictive than positive affect of loneliness among the middle-aged adults.
“Sociability was more predictive than positive affect of loneliness among the middle-aged adults”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
Aesthetic interests predicted the amount of weekly time middle-aged people devoted to artistic hobbies slightly better than broad Openness.
“aesthetic interests predicted the amount of weekly time middle-aged people devoted to artistic hobbies slightly better than broad Openness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
Intellectual interests was unrelated to loneliness.
“intellectual interests was unrelated to loneliness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
When reliability differences were equalized by correcting for measurement error, the pattern of differential correlations among the subcomponents and domains was magnified in some cases.
“when reliability differences were equalized by correcting for measurement error, the pattern of differential correlations among the subcomponents and domains was magnified in some cases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
Goal striving did not predict job satisfaction in the middle-aged adults.
“Exceptions involved goal striving, which did not predict job satisfaction in the middle-aged adults”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
Less than half the subcomponents in each sample met assumptions of essential tau equivalence required for Cronbach's α to provide a strictly accurate estimate of reliability.
“With respect to reliability, less than half the subcomponents in each sample met assumptions of essential tau equivalence required for Cronbach’s α to provide a strictly accurate estimate of reliability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ DISCUSSION
The unconventionality subcomponent was essentially unrecoverable in these samples.
“it is easy to understand why such a subcomponent was essentially unrecoverable in these samples.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The item content of unconventionality tapped a dimension of personality defined by the rejection of intellectual and cultural norms; high scorers would be free thinking and unshackled by social and attitudinal conventions.
- Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
The average internal consistency reliabilities observed in the middle-aged sample (.72-.73, with and without unconventionality) and young sample (.66-.68) were nearly identical to the .70 and .66 reported by Saucier.
“the average internal consistency reliabilities observed in both this middle-aged sample (.72–.73, with and without unconventionality) and young sample (.66–.68) were nearly identical to the (α-based) .70 and .66 reported by Saucier.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saucier
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- Findingreasoning§ DISCUSSION
The unconventionality item cluster was an obvious exception to the pattern of subcomponent reliability.
“The unconventionality item cluster was an obvious exception to this pattern.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ DISCUSSION
In other cases, criterion correlations were not markedly different across subcomponents.
“In other cases, criterion correlations were not markedly different across subcomponents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
Raykov's ρ yielded reliability estimates slightly higher.
“Raykov’s ρ (1997a), an internal consistency estimate unaffected by violation of this assumption, yielded reliability estimates slightly higher.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Raykov, 1997a
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- Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
These results clearly show that α was high for the multifactorial NEO-FFI domains.
“For instance, even though α is intended for unidimensional scales, these results clearly show that α was high for the multifactorial NEO-FFI domains.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ DISCUSSION
In the young adults, the prosocial component of Agreeableness rather than nonantagonistic orientation seemed to best predict loneliness.
“in the young adults, it was the prosocial component of Agreeableness rather than nonantagonistic orientation that seemed to best predict loneliness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
The reduced length of the NEO-FFI subcomponents brought expected reductions in reliability.
“these analyses generally revealed that the reduced length of the subcomponents brought expected reductions in reliability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
Sociability predicted the extent to which college students socialized with the other sex better than broad Extraversion.
“Sociability predicted the extent to which college students socialized with the other sex better than broad Extraversion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION
In the corrected correlations, sociability was the second most predictive subcomponent of loneliness in young adults.
“In the corrected correlations, sociability was the second most predictive subcomponent of loneliness in young adults”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Abstract
Empirical results support the idea that irrelevant information in a broadband composite attenuates the correlation with an outcome of interest.
“Empirical results support this (Ashton, 1998; Ashton et al., 1995; Paunonen, 1998, 2003; Paunonen & Ashton, 2001; cf. also Carver, 1989).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ashton, 1998
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- cites Ashton et al., 1995
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- cites Paunonen, 1998
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- Premisecitation§ METHOD
Cronbach's alpha underestimates reliability in composites that are not essentially tau equivalent.
“Because Raykov (1997a, 1997b) demonstrated that Cronbach’s α underestimates reliability in composites that are not essentially tau equivalent (i.e., in which items differ in amount of true score variance, regardless of intercept), I first tested each subcomponent for essential tau equivalence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Raykov, 1997a
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- cites Raykov, 1997b
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- Premisecitation§ Abstract
In their development, Saucier's subcomponents evidenced strong average internal consistency comparable to NEO-PI-R facets (average Cronbach's alpha of .70 in a development sample and .66 in a cross-validation sample compared to average NEO-PI-R facet alpha of .70).
“In their development, these subcomponents evidenced strong average internal consistency comparable to NEO-PI-R facets (e.g., an average Cronbach’s α of .70 in a development sample and .66 in a cross-validation sample compared to average NEO-PI-R facet α of .70) and captured the majority (although not all) of the content of the NEO-PI-R facets (cf. Saucier, 1998).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saucier, 1998
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- Premisereasoning§ Abstract
The NEO-FFI relinquishes information about the narrow traits that comprise each broad factor.
“The 60-item NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI; Costa & McCrae, 1992) is a brief version of the NEO-PI-R designed to provide speedy and convenient measurement of the Five Factor Model domains; however, it does so by relinquishing information about the narrow traits that comprise each broad factor.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Abstract
Saucier's subcomponents captured the majority (although not all) of the content of the NEO-PI-R facets.
“In their development, these subcomponents evidenced strong average internal consistency comparable to NEO-PI-R facets (e.g., an average Cronbach’s α of .70 in a development sample and .66 in a cross-validation sample compared to average NEO-PI-R facet α of .70) and captured the majority (although not all) of the content of the NEO-PI-R facets (cf. Saucier, 1998).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saucier, 1998
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- Interpretationreasoning§ Abstract
In the simplified case of Figure 1, the broadband composite will correlate less with the criterion than the relevant specific composite because the broadband trait has a lower ratio of shared to unshared variance with the criterion.
“However, in the simplified case of Figure 1, the broadband composite will correlate less with the criterion than the relevant specific composite because the broadband trait has a lower ratio of shared to unshared variance with the criterion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Abstract
Saucier's NEO-FFI subcomponents are somewhat similar, although not as specific, as the facets of the full length NEO-PI-R.
“These subcomponents are somewhat similar, although not as specific, as the facets of the full length NEO-PI-R and are listed in Table 1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saucier, 1998
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- Premisereasoning§ Abstract
Imprecision in predictive analyses can arise because frequently only some but not all aspects of a broad trait are correlated with the criterion of interest.
“In other words, imprecision in predictive analyses can arise because frequently only some but not all aspects of a broad trait are correlated with the criterion of interest.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Abstract
In hierarchical personality inventories, increasing bandwidth from a specific to a broad trait tends to increase fidelity as well.
“Thus, in hierarchical personality inventories, increasing bandwidth from a specific to a broad trait tends to increase fidelity as well, a situation slightly different than the inverse relationship between the two originally articulated by Cronbach and Gleser (1965).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ones & Viswesvaran, 1996
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- Interpretationown data§ Abstract
Correlations with criterion items suggested that subcomponents may prove useful in specifying which elements of NEO-FFI domains are more or less related to variables of interest.
“Correlations with criterion items suggested that subcomponents may prove useful in specifying which elements of NEO-FFI domains are more or less related to variables of interest.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The two samples (young adult university students and middle-aged community adults) are suitable for cross-validating the NEO-FFI subcomponents across age and demographics.
- Premisecitation§ Abstract
The Neuroticism domain may be decomposed into either two or three item-cluster subcomponents.
“Table 1 also reveals that the Neuroticism domain may be decomposed into either two or three item-cluster subcomponents; the former scoring scheme was empirically derived (as were all other sets of subcomponents), whereas the latter was rationally derived by Saucier to provide separate measures of anxiety and depression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saucier, 1998
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- Premisenone given§ Abstract
With the exception of Murray et al.'s (2003) examination of norms and test-retest reliability in an Australian sample, little work has built on Saucier's (1998) initial efforts.
“With the exception of Murray et al.’s (2003) examination of norms and test-retest reliability in an Australian sample, little work has built on Saucier’s (1998) initial efforts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Murray et al., 2003
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- cites Saucier, 1998
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- Interpretationreasoning§ DISCUSSION
When individuals respond to questions about their typical behavior, attitudes, and feelings, they may be influenced by whether the item is worded in a way reflecting favorable or unfavorable characteristics.
“When individuals respond to questions about their typical behavior, attitudes, and feelings, they may be influenced by whether the item is worded in a way reflecting favorable or unfavorable characteristics.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ DISCUSSION
Certain Neuroticism items may show variation according to whether the two or three subcomponent scheme is used.
“Finally, certain Neuroticism items may show variation according to whether the two or three subcomponent scheme is used.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data§ DISCUSSION
Positive and negative item keying appear to contribute variance to items within each NEO-FFI domain.
“The fact that positive and negative item keying appear to contribute variance to items within each NEO-FFI domain was consistent with Raykov’s (1998) characterization of personality data as capturing a complex set of processes that are not easily summarized by simple models.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Raykov, 1998
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- Interpretationown data§ RESULTS
The unconventionality subcomponent was not a well-defined factor.
“In both groups, loadings for the unconventionality subcomponent were quite low (i.e., all below .40), which suggested that it was not a well-defined factor despite the overall model fit for the Openness subcomponents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ DISCUSSION
Young adults may respond more honestly to questions tapping orderliness, goal striving, dependability, prosocial orientation, and depression.
“Out of those domains’ subcomponents, young adults by contrast may respond more honestly to questions tapping orderliness, goal striving, dependability, prosocial orientation, and depression.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ METHOD
Adult and college norms for the NEO-FFI domains are different.
“because adult and college norms for the NEO-FFI domains are different (Costa & McCrae, 1992; see also Terracciano, McCrae, Brand, & Costa, 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Costa & McCrae, 1992
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- cites Terracciano, McCrae, Brand, & Costa, 2005
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- Interpretationown data§ RESULTS
The RMSEA values suggested that additional interitem covariance remained unexplained by models including only latent trait factors.
“However, these values suggested that additional interitem covariance remained unexplained by models including only latent trait factors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ DISCUSSION
Middle-aged individuals may produce scores on all Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness subcomponents more influenced by social desirability.
“In particular, middle-aged individuals may produce scores on all Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness subcomponents more influenced by social desirability.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data§ RESULTS
These results are consistent with Raykov's demonstration that α may underestimate reliability when items contain differing amounts of true score variance.
“These results are consistent with Raykov’s (1997a) demonstration that α may underestimate reliability when items contain differing amounts of true score variance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Raykov, 1997a
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data§ DISCUSSION
Saucier's item clusters appear replicable in independent samples.
“First, Saucier’s (1998) item clusters appear replicable in independent samples.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saucier, 1998
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data§ DISCUSSION
Item 34 appeared to describe prosocial orientation much better in young adults.
“This item asks whether the respondent is well liked by the majority of people known to him or her and appeared to describe prosocial orientation much better in young adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data§ DISCUSSION
The basic factor configuration of Saucier's lower tier NEO-FFI traits was recoverable in somewhat different samples.
“On the whole however, these analyses revealed that not only was the basic factor configuration of Saucier’s (1998) lower tier NEO-FFI traits recoverable in somewhat different samples but that the vast majority of items functioned quite similarly across age groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saucier, 1998
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data§ DISCUSSION
Scores on Item 54 appeared to characterize nonantagonistic orientation much better in middle-aged than in young adults.
“Scores appeared to characterize nonantagonistic orientation much better in middle-aged than in young adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data§ RESULTS
This is the precise pattern expected among the lower order dimensions of a set of personality domains.
“This is the precise pattern expected among the lower order dimensions of a set of personality domains.5”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data§ RESULTS
Maximally constrained multigroup models with method factors provided the most general representation of the subcomponents.
“In general, the maximally constrained multigroup models with method factors provided the most general representation of the subcomponents as evidenced by their largely metric invariance, good absolute fit, and low AICs relative to less constrained multigroup models.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ DISCUSSION
If a sample contains many unconventional participants who diverge in thought and attitude, their responses to items may be highly idiosyncratic.
“If a sample contains many unconventional participants who diverge in thought and attitude, their responses to items may be highly idiosyncratic.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The psychometric consistency of a trait in a population depends on shared convention in the interpretation of items.
- Interpretationreasoning§ DISCUSSION
One would expect diminished internal consistency of the broadband scale within which unconventionality items are embedded.
“One would also expect diminished internal consistency of the broadband scale within which such items are embedded.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The psychometric consistency of a trait in a population depends on shared convention in the interpretation of items.
- Interpretationnone given§ DISCUSSION
The nature and magnitude of differences between subcomponent and domain criterion correlations depends on the population and criterion of interest.
“The nature and magnitude of these differences depends, of course, on the population and criterion of interest.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data§ DISCUSSION
These analyses suggest ρ may slightly underestimate reliability for some subcomponents.
“Although the small magnitude of difference was consistent with prior work on these coefficients (Raykov, 1997a, 1997b; see also Zinbarg et al., 2005), these analyses do suggest it may slightly underestimate reliability for some subcomponents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ DISCUSSION
Moving to narrow bandwidth subcomponents on the NEO-FFI reduces fidelity somewhat.
“Thus, moving to narrow bandwidth subcomponents on the NEO-FFI reduces fidelity somewhat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ DISCUSSION
With shorter composites that violate essential tau equivalence, rule-of-thumb guidelines about acceptable values of α may be misleading.
“With shorter composites that violate essential tau equivalence, “rule-of-thumb” guidelines about acceptable values of α that pervade applied psychological literature may be misleading (Cortina, 1993).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cortina, 1993
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation§ DISCUSSION
Saucier's (1998) robust item cluster subcomponents mean that greater speed in five-factor personality assessment no longer need come at the expense of measurement specificity.
“Saucier’s (1998) robust item cluster subcomponents mean that greater speed in five-factor personality assessment no longer need come at the expense of measurement specificity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saucier’s (1998)
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning§ DISCUSSION
Items measuring unconventionality might be essentially uncorrelated as a result of diverging response tendencies rather than showing stable covariation.
“Rather than stable covariation, items measuring such a trait might be essentially uncorrelated as a result of diverging response tendencies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The psychometric consistency of a trait in a population depends on shared convention in the interpretation of items.
- Premisecitation§ DISCUSSION
The Openness domain has routinely shown the lowest internal consistency.
“the Openness domain has routinely shown the lowest internal consistency (e.g., Costa & McCrae, 1992; Weiss et al., 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Costa & McCrae, 1992
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- cites Weiss et al., 2005
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- Interpretationcitation§ DISCUSSION
Alternative estimates of reliability provide a better estimate of true reliability when scales are not congeneric or essentially tau equivalent.
“It is well known in the psychometric literature that α is not a measure of dimensionality or homogeneity (Cortina, 1993; Streiner, 2003a), and for this reason, alternative estimates of reliability provide a better estimate of true reliability when scales are not con-generic or essentially tau equivalent (Zinbarg et al., 2005; see also Bentler, in press).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Zinbarg et al., 2005
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- cites Bentler, in press
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- Interpretationcitation§ DISCUSSION
The effect on a four-item composite would be to substantially diminish or even eliminate the stable common variance on which internal consistency estimates are based.
“The effect on a four-item composite would be to substantially diminish or even eliminate the stable common variance on which internal consistency estimates are based (cf. Streiner, 2003b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Streiner, 2003b
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: The psychometric consistency of a trait in a population depends on shared convention in the interpretation of items.
- Premisecitation§ DISCUSSION
Violations of essential tau equivalence are fairly common in practice.
“Violations of essential tau equivalence are fairly common in practice (Raykov, 1997a, 1997b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Raykov, 1997a, 1997b
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data§ DISCUSSION
The criterion correlations suggested that NEO-FFI subcomponents hold promise for delineating which elements of broad domains are more and less related to criteria.
“the criterion correlations suggested that NEO-FFI subcomponents hold promise for delineating which elements of broad domains are more and less related to criteria.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 22
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 35
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ DISCUSSIONDecomposing Neuroticism into only two subcomponents, Item 56 characterizes self-reproach better in middle-aged respondents.
“Under the tripartite arrangement, Item 41, which deals with feeling discouraged and giving up when hardship is encountered, characterizes trait depression better in young than midlife adults; decomposing Neuroticism into only two subcomponents, Item 56, which asks about shame, characterizes self-reproach better in middle-aged respondents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ RESULTSItem 36 loaded slightly higher on negative affect in the young adults.
“In the bipartite alternative, Item 51 loaded marginally (.64 vs. .63) and Item 36 slightly (.64 vs. .58) higher on negative affect in the young adults, whereas item 21 loaded slightly (.57 vs. .56) and 56 moderately (.74 vs. .95) higher on negative affect in the middle-aged adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingreasoning§ RESULTSCorrelations among the trait factors tended to be above .60, with the Neuroticism subcomponents in the .90s.
“Correlations among the trait factors tended to be above .60, with the Neuroticism subcomponents in the .90s; this was expected given that different elements of a multifaceted construct must by definition be strongly correlated; and when measurement error is removed in latent variable models, these correlations increase, sometimes substantially.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Different elements of a multifaceted construct must by definition be strongly correlated.
- Rests on an assumption: When measurement error is removed in latent variable models, correlations increase, sometimes substantially.
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ RESULTSAmong the middle-aged adults, all subcomponents from either Neuroticism scheme correlated negatively with social desirability, whereas all subcomponents of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness correlated positively with social desirability.
“Among the middle-aged adults (Ns = 204–207, ps < .005), all subcomponents from either Neuroticism scheme correlated negatively with social desirability, whereas all subcomponents of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness correlated positively with social desirability.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ RESULTSSome specific hypotheses were supported in the uncorrected correlations; when measurement error was corrected, many were supported.
“Some specific hypotheses were supported in the uncorrected correlations; and when measurement error was corrected, many were supported.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ RESULTSOf the 60 NEO-FFI items, 53 loaded primarily on their trait factor, whereas 7 loaded higher on their respective method factor.
“Of the 60 NEO-FFI items, 53 loaded primarily on their trait factor, whereas 7 loaded higher on their respective method factor.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ DISCUSSIONSocial desirability correlations were small but significant and were moderated by age group.
“Social desirability correlations were small but significant and were moderated by age group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ RESULTSThe pattern for both samples suggested moderate to strong correlation among subcomponents within a domain and much smaller correlations between item clusters from different domains.
“The pattern for both samples suggested moderate to strong correlation among subcomponents within a domain and much smaller correlations between item clusters from different domains.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ RESULTSThe appropriate congeneric reliability estimates ranged from fair to good and were slightly higher in the middle-aged sample.
“In general, it can be seen that the appropriate congeneric reliability estimates, bolded in Table 3 (i.e., either α or ρ, depending on tau equivalency) ranged from fair to good, and were slightly higher in the middle-aged sample.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ RESULTSFor the young adults, the average subcomponent reliability was .66 (.68 without unconventionality), equal to what Saucier obtained in his college sample.
“For the young adults, the average subcomponent reliability was .66 (.68 without unconventionality), equal to what Saucier obtained in his college sample.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saucier, 1998
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Findingown data§ RESULTSAverage reliability across the subcomponents in the middle-aged sample was .72 (.73 without unconventionality), slightly higher than that reported by Saucier (1998; .70 for his midlife sample) and the average NEO-FFI facet reliability (.70).
“Average reliability across the subcomponents in the middle-aged sample was .72 (.73 without unconventionality), slightly higher than that reported by Saucier (1998; .70 for his midlife sample) and the average NEO-FFI facet reliability (.70), both of which are based strictly on α.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saucier, 1998
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ AbstractBroadband Neuroticism scores mask important phenotypic variation and may lead to imprecise results and interpretations.
“Broadband Neuroticism scores mask such important phenotypic variation,2 and may lead to accordingly imprecise results and interpretations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ AbstractThe NEO-FFI is a brief version of the NEO-PI-R designed to provide speedy and convenient measurement of the Five Factor Model domains.
“The 60-item NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI; Costa & McCrae, 1992) is a brief version of the NEO-PI-R designed to provide speedy and convenient measurement of the Five Factor Model domains; however, it does so by relinquishing information about the narrow traits that comprise each broad factor.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Costa & McCrae, 1992
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Premisecitation§ AbstractSaucier (1998) derived item cluster subcomponents for the NEO-FFI that provided a more specific level of trait measurement.
“To remedy this, Saucier (1998) derived item cluster subcomponents for the NEO-FFI that provided a more specific level of trait measurement.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saucier, 1998
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Premisecitation§ METHODRaykov recommended that the RMSEA be given the heaviest weight in assessing models based on personality data because it is less affected by violations of multivariate normality typically seen in personality data.
“Raykov (1998) recommended that the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), an absolute fit index, be given the heaviest weight in assessing models based on personality data because it is less affected by violations of multivariate normality typically seen in personality data.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Raykov, 1998
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Premisecitation§ AbstractWeiss and Costa (2005) supplemented their overall finding that Conscientiousness was inversely related to mortality with facet-level analyses that indicated that it was primarily the self-discipline facet that confers longevity.
“For instance, Weiss and Costa (2005) recently supplemented their overall finding that Conscientiousness was inversely related to mortality with facet-level analyses that indicated that it was primarily the self-discipline facet that confers longevity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Weiss & Costa, 2005
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Premisecitation§ METHODPolychoric correlation matrices were suggested for use with the ordinal response scales of personality instruments.
“I estimated models from polychoric correlation matrices, which approximate the continuous distributions underlying response scales involving ordinal categories (Olsson, 1979) and were suggested for use with the ordinal response scales of personality instruments (Panter, Swygert, Dahlstrom, & Tanaka, 1997).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Panter, Swygert, Dahlstrom, & Tanaka, 1997
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Premisecitation§ AbstractThe two-subcomponent Neuroticism scoring scheme was empirically derived, whereas the three-subcomponent scheme was rationally derived by Saucier to provide separate measures of anxiety and depression.
“Table 1 also reveals that the Neuroticism domain may be decomposed into either two or three item-cluster subcomponents; the former scoring scheme was empirically derived (as were all other sets of subcomponents), whereas the latter was rationally derived by Saucier to provide separate measures of anxiety and depression.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saucier, 1998
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Premisenone given§ AbstractThe higher reliability of broad trait scales means only that a general, multidimensional construct has been measured with greater precision.
“First, the higher reliability of broad trait scales means only that a general, multidimensional construct has been measured with greater precision.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ AbstractPersonality traits can be measured in hierarchical tiers that vary in generality.
“Most researchers have agreed that personality traits can be measured in hierarchical tiers that vary in generality (Cattell & Krug, 1986; Costa & McCrae, 1997; Eysenck, 1998; Goldberg, 1990).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Cattell & Krug, 1986
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- cites Costa & McCrae, 1997
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- cites Eysenck, 1998
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Premisereasoning§ AbstractThe exact substantive meaning of a correlation between a broad trait and a criterion may be difficult to discern because the broad trait involves several components.
“A third reason narrow traits remain important is that the exact substantive meaning of a correlation between a broad trait and a criterion may be difficult to discern because the broad trait involves several components.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisereasoning§ AbstractThe replicability and psychometric characteristics of Saucier's subcomponents in cross-validation samples remain largely unknown.
“However, their replicability and psychometric characteristics in cross-validation samples remain largely unknown.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ AbstractTraits at higher levels of multistratum taxonomies are composites of more fine-grained specific traits.
“Traits at higher levels of multistratum taxonomies are merely composites of more fine-grained specific traits.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ AbstractWithin the Five Factor Model, the broad trait of Conscientiousness is composed of narrow attributes such as self-discipline, achievement orientation, and orderliness.
“For example, within the Five Factor Model of personality (Costa & McCrae, 1997; Digman, 1990; Goldberg, 1990; John & Srivastava, 1999), the broad trait of Conscientiousness is composed of narrow attributes such as self-discipline, achievement orientation, and orderliness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Costa & McCrae, 1997
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- cites Digman, 1990
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- cites Goldberg, 1990
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Premisecitation§ METHODPolychoric correlation matrices approximate the continuous distributions underlying response scales involving ordinal categories.
“I estimated models from polychoric correlation matrices, which approximate the continuous distributions underlying response scales involving ordinal categories (Olsson, 1979) and were suggested for use with the ordinal response scales of personality instruments (Panter, Swygert, Dahlstrom, & Tanaka, 1997).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Olsson, 1979
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ AbstractSaucier's NEO-FFI subcomponents represent a potentially important tool for users of the NEO-FFI.
“These arguments for the use of narrow trait composites suggest that Saucier’s (1998) NEO-FFI subcomponents represent a potentially important tool for users of the NEO-FFI.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saucier, 1998
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Premisecitation§ AbstractAshton argued that the greater reliability of broadband trait scales does not always mean they have better predictive power.
“A second reason lower order, narrow traits are important was highlighted by Ashton (1998). Ashton argued that the greater reliability of broadband trait scales does not always mean they have better predictive power.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ashton, 1998
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Premisecitation§ AbstractCronbach and Gleser discussed a general relationship between bandwidth and fidelity in which increasing bandwidth tends to reduce fidelity.
“Rather than concerning themselves with the specific case of hierarchical personality inventories, Cronbach and Gleser (1965) discussed a general relationship between bandwidth and fidelity in which increasing bandwidth tends to reduce fidelity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cronbach & Gleser, 1965
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Premisecitation§ METHODBeauducell and Wittman suggested the RMSEA as a trustworthy index of model fit after simulation studies intended to reflect conditions typical of personality data.
“Similarly, after extensive simulation studies intended to reflect conditions typical of personality data (i.e., simple structure violations, non-normality, smaller sample sizes), Beauducell and Wittman (2005) also suggested the RMSEA as a trustworthy index of model fit.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Beauducell & Wittman, 2005
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Premisecitation§ METHODThe use of single-item criterion measures is common in survey research methodology and is consistent with prior bandwidth-fidelity research.
“The use of single-item criterion measures is common in survey research methodology and is consistent with prior bandwidth-fidelity research (cf. Ashton, 1998; Paunonen, 1998, 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ashton, 1998
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- cites Paunonen, 1998
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- cites Paunonen, 2003
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Premisecitation§ AbstractThe NEO-PI-R permits users to capture information about higher order broad traits as well as the lower order, narrow traits that compose them.
“The commonly used Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992) permits users to capture information about such higher order broad traits as well as the lower order, narrow traits that compose them (cf. Costa & McCrae, 1995).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Costa & McCrae, 1992
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- cites Costa & McCrae, 1995
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Premisecitation§ DISCUSSIONSocial desirability has itself been considered a personality trait reflecting positive characteristics or a sense of well-being rather than a dissembling response style per se.
“However, social desirability has itself been considered a personality trait reflecting positive characteristics or a sense of well-being rather than a dissembling response style per se (McCrae, 1986; McCrae & Costa, 1983).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites McCrae, 1986
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- cites McCrae & Costa, 1983
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Premisecitation§ RESULTSα may be high in multidimensional scales and thus should not be regarded as a measure of homogeneity.
“However, domain αs af-firmed the well-known psychometric fact that α may be high in multidimensional scales (Streiner, 2003a, 2003b) and thus should be not be regarded as a measure of “homogeneity” (Cortina, 1993).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Streiner, 2003a, 2003b
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- cites Cortina, 1993
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Interpretationreasoning§ RESULTSθ may be regarded as a more appropriate reliability estimate for the domains.
“Whereas α and ρ were intended for use with congeneric item sets, θ, which entails no such assumption, may be regarded as a more appropriate reliability estimate for the domains.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The NEO-FFI domains are multidimensional rather than congeneric by definition.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoning§ DISCUSSIONThese trait-only models were fairly strict tests of cross-validation in that they posited no additional sources of covariation among items other than factors corresponding to narrow personality traits within each domain.
“These trait-only models were fairly strict tests of cross-validation in that they posited no additional sources of covariation among items other than factors corresponding to narrow personality traits within each domain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ RESULTSθ makes no assumptions about the dimensionality of a composite and always exceeds alpha.
“This coefficient makes no assumptions about the dimensionality of a composite and always exceeds alpha (Bentler, 1972, in press).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bentler, 1972, in press
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Interpretationcitation§ DISCUSSIONThese results bear no necessary connection to the NEO-FFI validity question "Have you responded accurately and honestly".
“As one reviewer pointed out, whether social desirability is viewed as a substantively meaningful trait in and of itself or not, these results bear no necessary connection to the NEO-FFI validity question “Have you responded accurately and honestly” (Costa & McCrae, 1992).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Costa & McCrae, 1992
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Premisecitation§ DISCUSSIONScores on the short Marlowe-Crowne are correlated with age on the order of .30, at least in women.
“Some work has also indicated scores on the short Marlowe-Crowne are correlated with age on the order of .30, at least in women (Ray, 1988; Ray & Lovejoy, 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ray, 1988
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- cites Ray & Lovejoy, 2003
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Premisecitation§ DISCUSSIONα is strongly affected by the number of items in a scale.
“Streiner (2003b), among others, emphasized the well-known fact that α is strongly affected the number of items in a scale and, like Cortina (1993), cautioned against blind use of α to evaluate an instrument’s reliability without consideration for factors that affect α (Streiner, 2003a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Streiner, 2003b
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- cites Cortina, 1993
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- cites Streiner, 2003a
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Interpretationnone given§ DISCUSSIONThese analyses suggest that either item keying and/or social desirability may have affected subcomponent scores, albeit minimally.
“These analyses suggest that either item keying and/or social desirability may have affected subcomponent scores, albeit minimally.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone given§ DISCUSSIONI did not subject differences between subcomponent and domain criterion correlations to significance testing.
“I did not subject differences between subcomponent and domain criterion correlations to significance testing.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ DISCUSSIONBecause the NEO-FFI subcomponents are located beneath domains in a factorial hierarchy, they cannot be measured with the same number of items as the broad domains, and reductions in reliability are inevitable.
“because the NEO-FFI subcomponents are located beneath domains in a factorial hierarchy, they cannot be measured with same number of items as the broad domains, and, all other things being equal, reductions in reliability are inevitable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The NEO-FFI subcomponents are located beneath domains in a factorial hierarchy.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationreasoning§ DISCUSSIONModeling narrow traits as latent variables may inflate correlations between them even more by removing measurement error.
“modeling them as latent variables may inflate these correlations even more by removing measurement error.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ DISCUSSIONThe shared variance among sibling subcomponents captured by broadband composite scores appeared to outweigh the specific variance of each subcomponent in these cases, resulting in higher criterion correlations for the domains rather than their subcomponents.
“The shared variance among “sibling” subcomponents captured by broadband composite scores appeared to outweigh the specific variance of each subcomponent in these cases, which resulted in higher criterion correlations for the domains rather than their subcomponents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ DISCUSSIONCronbach's alpha may often be a reasonable lower bound estimate of true score variance within a scale.
“α may still often be a reasonable lower bound estimate of true score variance within a scale (Cortina, 1993)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cortina, 1993
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Premisecitation§ DISCUSSIONIf one could use the same number of items to measure a specific trait and a broad, multidimensional trait, the narrower bandwidth measure would show higher fidelity.
“if one could use the same number of items to measure a specific trait and a broad, multidimensional trait, the narrower bandwidth measure would show higher fidelity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cronbach and Gleser’s (1965)
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Interpretationreasoning§ DISCUSSIONThese correlations may mean that whatever positive trait might be tapped by the Marlowe-Crowne is associated with all elements of Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness in middle-aged adults but with only a limited set of these domains' subcomponents in young adults.
“In this context, these correlations may also mean that whatever positive trait might be tapped by the Marlowe-Crowne is associated with all elements of Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness in middle-aged adults but with only with a limited set of these domains’ subcomponents in young adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ DISCUSSIONThe observed average internal consistency reliabilities compare favorably with the average reliability of .70 for the NEO-PI-R facets and provide further evidence of the subcomponents' stability.
“these numbers compare favorably with the average (α-based) reliability of .70 for the NEO-PI-R facets and, in this context, provide further evidence of the subcomponents’ stability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saucier
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Premisecitation§ DISCUSSIONThe unconventionality item cluster evidenced the lowest reliability and greatest cross-validation α shrinkage in Saucier's (1998) work.
“it also evidenced the lowest reliability and greatest cross-validation α shrinkage in Saucier’s (1998) work.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saucier’s (1998)
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Interpretationnone given§ DISCUSSIONThe measurement of unconventionality as a lower order trait raises a paradox: respondents need be at least somewhat conventional in their interpretations of items measuring unconventionality, and the items need to elicit a standard pattern of covariation across samples.
“This raises an interesting paradox about the measurement of unconventionality itself as a lower order trait: Respondents need be at least somewhat conventional in their interpretations of items measuring unconventionality, and the items need to elicit a standard pattern of covariation across samples.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The psychometric consistency of a trait in a population depends on shared convention in the interpretation of items.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ DISCUSSIONα is not a measure of dimensionality or homogeneity.
“It is well known in the psychometric literature that α is not a measure of dimensionality or homogeneity (Cortina, 1993; Streiner, 2003a), and for this reason, alternative estimates of reliability provide a better estimate of true reliability when scales are not con-generic or essentially tau equivalent (Zinbarg et al., 2005; see also Bentler, in press).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Cortina, 1993
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Streiner, 2003a
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitation§ DISCUSSIONSaucier's (1998) development sample (N = 732) was considerably larger than this middle-aged sample.
“Saucier’s (1998) development sample (N = 732) was considerably larger than this middle-aged sample”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saucier’s (1998)
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown data§ DISCUSSIONWith the exception of unconventionality, the narrow trait subcomponents embedded in the NEO-FFI were stable across independent samples, comparable in reliability to NEO-PI-R facets, and offer the potential to measure personality at higher specificity than is possible with only broadband domain scores.
“with the exception of unconventionality, the narrow trait subcomponents embedded in the NEO-FFI were stable across independent samples, comparable in reliability to NEO-PI-R facets, and offer the potential to measure personality at higher specificity than is possible with only broadband domain scores.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The psychometric consistency of a trait in a population depends on shared convention in the interpretation of items.
- Rests on an assumption: The item content of unconventionality tapped a dimension of personality defined by the rejection of intellectual and cultural norms; high scorers would be free thinking and unshackled by social and attitudinal conventions.
- Rests on an assumption: The NEO-FFI subcomponents are located beneath domains in a factorial hierarchy.
The paper relies on this without support.
The two samples (young adult university students and middle-aged community adults) are suitable for cross-validating the NEO-FFI subcomponents across age and demographics.
“Sample 1 consisted of 308 young adults drawn from large introductory psychology classes (74% women; age M = 20, SD = 2.2; 66% White). Sample 2 consisted of 256 middle-age adults drawn from the community (62% women; age M = 49, SD = 5.4; 76% White).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The NEO-FFI domains are multidimensional rather than congeneric by definition.
“Because the domains are multidimensional rather than congeneric by definition, I did not test essential tau equivalence.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Different elements of a multifaceted construct must by definition be strongly correlated.
“this was expected given that different elements of a multifaceted construct must by definition be strongly correlated”
The paper relies on this without support.
When measurement error is removed in latent variable models, correlations increase, sometimes substantially.
“and when measurement error is removed in latent variable models, these correlations increase, sometimes substantially.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The psychometric consistency of a trait in a population depends on shared convention in the interpretation of items.
“By definition, however, the psychometric consistency of a trait in the population depends on shared convention in the interpretation of items.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The correction for attenuation due to measurement error may tend to favor shorter scales, other things being equal.
“The correction for attenuation due to measurement error may tend to favor shorter scales, other things being equal”
The paper relies on this without support.
Strong correlations between narrow traits within the same domain are virtually axiomatic.
“although strong correlations between narrow traits within the same domain are virtually axiomatic”
The paper relies on this without support.
The item content of unconventionality tapped a dimension of personality defined by the rejection of intellectual and cultural norms; high scorers would be free thinking and unshackled by social and attitudinal conventions.
“The item content tapped a dimension of personality defined by the rejection of intellectual and cultural norms; high scorers would be free thinking and unshackled by social and attitudinal conventions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The NEO-FFI subcomponents are located beneath domains in a factorial hierarchy.
“because the NEO-FFI subcomponents are located beneath domains in a factorial hierarchy”
The paper relies on this without support.
The middle-aged sample was demographically quite similar to Saucier's derivation sample.
“This is not surprising because the middle-aged sample was demographically quite similar to that in which Saucier (1998) derived the subcomponents.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Subsequent psychometric work identified subscales reflecting specific constituent traits of each of the Big 5 in the NEO-FFI.
“However, in some cases like the NEO-FFI, subsequent psychometric work identified subscales reflecting specific constituent traits of each of the Big 5 [190, 191] useful in health studies [66, 192].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [191]
Subsequent psychometric work identified subscales reflecting specific constituent traits of each of the Big 5 in the NEO-FFI.
“However, in some cases like the NEO-FFI, subsequent psychometric work identified subscales reflecting specific constituent traits of each of the Big 5 [190, 191] useful in health studies [66, 192].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [190]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Table 4 sample positions are reversed in the prose
MajorThe prose places young adults below the diagonal and middle-aged adults above it; the table note says the opposite.
“Table 4 presents the subscale intercorrelations, with the young adults below the diagonal, the middle-aged sample above”
“Note. Midlife adults (N = 204) below diagonal, young adults (N = 291) above diagonal.”
Neuroticism items are assigned to the wrong bipartite subcomponent
MinorThe results say Items 51, 36, 21, and 56 loaded on negative affect in the two-subcomponent scheme. Table 1 assigns all four to self-reproach, not negative affect.
“In the bipartite alternative, Item 51 loaded marginally (.64 vs. .63) and Item 36 slightly (.64 vs. .58) higher on negative affect in the young adults, whereas item 21 loaded slightly (.57 vs. .56) and 56 moderately (.74 vs. .95) higher on negative affect in the middle-aged adults.”
“Neuroticism (alternative 1) Self Reproach 6, 21, 26, 36, 41, 51, 56 Feels inferior, worthless, helpless, reactive, tense, ashamed Negative Affect 1 α , 11, 16, 31 α , 46”
A corrected criterion correlation is unchanged despite imperfect reliability
MinorTable 6 gives the young-adult positive-affect correlation with loneliness as −.57 both before and after correction for attenuation. Table 3 reports young-adult positive-affect reliability below one, so correcting that nonzero correlation for measurement error must increase its absolute magnitude.
“Positive affect .31 .35 .21 .23 −.54 − .63 .25 .29 −.29 −.34 −.31 − .34 −.57 − .57”
“Positive affect No .79 .80 .84 .19 No .71 .73 .77 .01”
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Openness and conscientiousness predict 34-SSweek patterns of Interleukin-6 in older persons
Chapman, B. P., van Wijngaarden, E., Seplaki, C. L., Talbot, N., Duberstein, P., & Moynihan, J. (2011) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.01.003 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Cronbach’s alpha for the subcomponents ranged from .55 to .85, with the exception of the Openness subcomponent Unconventionality, which showed a typically low alpha of .40, as in prior work (Saucier, 1998; Chapman, 2007), and was not used.”
MethodSelf-citationPersonality and Performance in Specific Neurocognitive Domains Among Older Persons
Chapman, B. P., Benedict, R. H. B., Lin, F. V., Roy, S., Federoff, H. J., & Mapstone, M. E. (2017) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2017.03.006 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationAn In-depth Review of Conscientiousness and Educational Issues
Spielmann, J., Yoon, H. R., Ayoub, M., Chen, Y., Eckland, N. S., Trautwein, U., Zheng, A., & Roberts, B. W. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-022-09693-2 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“The NEO-FFI was not designed to assess facets, but broadly captures orderliness, industriousness, and responsibility facets (Chapman, 2007).”
MethodBig Five personality traits and medically unexplained symptoms in later life
van Dijk, S. D. M., Hanssen, D. J. C., Naarding, P., Lucassen, P. L., Comijs, H. C., & Voshaar, R. C. O. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.05.002 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“The internal consistencies of all domains range from acceptable to good, and are comparable to those of the American version [31].”
ResultKlimstra, T. A., Luyckx, K., Hale, W. W., & Goossens, L. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0827-y · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Zimprich, D., Allemand, M., & Dellenbach, M. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.01.018 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“1) Recently, Chapman (2007) replicated this item cluster structure.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPersonality of late‐ and early‐onset elderly suicide attempters
Szücs, A., Szántó, K., Wright, A. G. C., & Dombrovski, A. Y. (2020) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5254 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“There are three conscientiousness subcomponents, namely orderliness (being methodical, neat, organized, and efficient), goalstriving (being goal-driven, hardworking, and motivated to excel), and dependability (being reliable, consistent, and dependable).(19) Raw scores were used in this analysis, since no population n…”
MethodEllershaw, J., Fullarton, C., Rodwell, J., & McWilliams, J. (2015) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.12306 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“The facets consist of aesthetic interests, intellectual interests and unconventional thinking (Saucier 1998, Chapman 2007).”
BackgroundMorgan, S. B., Cooper, B. A., Paul, S. M., Hammer, M. J., Conley, Y. P., Levine, J. D., Miaskowski, C. A., & Dunn, L. B. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.039 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of facets of extraversion in depression and social anxiety
Spinhoven, P., Elzinga, B. M., van Hemert, A. M., de Rooij, M., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.014 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“In addition to the 5 broad personality domains, the NEOFFI also reliably provides 13 item-cluster subcomponents (Chapman, 2007; Saucier, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodFuchs, T. A., Ziccardi, S., Dwyer, M. G., Charvet, L. E., Bartnik, A., Campbell, R., Escobar, J., Hojnacki, D. W., Kolb, C., Oship, D., et al. (2019) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2019.06.026 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Rating Level and Accuracy as a Function of Rater Personality
Bernardin, H. J., Tyler, C. L., & Villanova, P. D. (2009) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2009.00472.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Future research should examine the relative predictability of the facets or item cluster subcomponents (Sackett & Lievens, 2008; Saucier, 1998; Saucier & Ostendorf, 1999), which are similar to but not identical to the facets of the longer NEO-PI-R form (Chapman, 2007; Costa & McCrae, 1992).”
Personality and Physician-Assessed Illness Burden in Older Primary Care Patients Over 4 Years
Chapman, B. P., Roberts, B., Lyness, J., & Duberstein, P. (2013) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2012.11.013 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationWilliams, P., Johnson, K. T., Curtis, B. J., King, J. B., & Anderson, J. S. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.042 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“For each participant, subclusters of the Openness to Experience factor (Chapman, 2007; Saucier, 1998) in the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) (Costa and McCrae, 1992) were extracted by scoring Intellect, items 48 (reversed), 53, and 58 (Cronbach's alpha1⁄4 .”
Chapman, B. P., Talbot, N. L., Tatman, A. W., & Britton, P. C. (2009) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2009.28.5.577 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“07), z = −4.29, P .001, and unassociated with trainee levels of Prosocial Orientation.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPositive psychological determinants of treatment adherence among primary care patients
Nsamenang, S. A., & Hirsch, J. K. (2015) · Primary Health Care Research & Development · doi:10.1017/s1463423614000292 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Using sub-cluster item scoring, four items are utilized to assess trait positive affect and five items to assess trait negative affect (Chapman, 2007).”
MethodDivorce and personality development across middle adulthood
ALLEMAND, M., HILL, P. L., & LEHMANN, R. (2015) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12067 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“However, our reliabilities are within the range of previous studies using the item clusters (Chapman, 2007).”
BackgroundResultChu, L., Tsai, J. L., & Fung, H. H.-L. (2020) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-020-00567-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“2011), and our result is similar to the previous study using the same scale (Chapman 2007; α = .52 among middle-aged adults; α = .64 among younger adults).”
ResultThe importance of personality and life-events in anxious depression: from trait to state anxiety
van der Veen, D. C., van Dijk, S. D. M., Comijs, H. C., van Zelst, W. H., Schoevers, R. A., & Voshaar, R. C. O. (2016) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1202894 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Perceived health in lung cancer patients: the role of positive and negative affect
Hirsch, J. K., Floyd, A. R., & Duberstein, P. R. (2011) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-011-9933-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Items comprising the positive and negative affect facet scores are derived from the extraversion and neuroticism domains, respectively [25].”
MethodBenedict, R., Schwartz, C., Duberstein, P., Healy, B., Hoogs, M., Bergsland, N., Dwyer, M., Weinstock-Guttman, B., & Zivadinov, R. (2013) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31828837cc · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Personality traits may confer risk of disease, affect symptomatic expression of disease, influence disease course (38), and, of special interest in the present context, be affected by diseases that affect cerebral function, such as Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia.”
BackgroundMeasuring what counts: Development of a new four‐category measure of adult attachment
Scharfe, E. (2015) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12105 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Long‐Term Effects of an Extensive Cognitive Training on Personality Development
Sander, J., Schmiedek, F., Brose, A., Wagner, G. G., & Specht, J. (2016) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12252 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, alpha reliabilities in the current sample are within the range of previous studies using the same item clusters (Allemand, Hill, & Lehmann, 2015; Chapman, 2007).”
MethodResultWhich came first, personality traits or identity processes during early and middle adolescence?
Hatano, K., Sugimura, K., & Klimstra, T. A. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.014 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Making the right friends: A social network perspective on newcomer socialization in teams
Yuan, Z., Li, N., Mai, Y., Ye, Z., & Yu, J. (2020) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22020 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Personality Change Pre- to Post- Loss in Spousal Caregivers of Patients With Terminal Lung Cancer
Hoerger, M. P., Chapman, B. P., Prigerson, H. G., Fagerlin, A., Mohile, S. G., Epstein, R. M., Lyness, J. M., & Duberstein, P. R. (2014) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550614524448 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Internal consistency reliability was comparable across time points and samples, with a median Cronbach’s a of .81 for domains and .67 for facets, close to the .70 of longer NEO Personality Inventory–Revised facets and in line with reports from general samples (Chapman, 2007; Saucier, 1998).”
InfluentialSelf-citationGooding, D. C., Padrutt, E. R., & Pflum, M. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00147 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Readers are referred to Chapman (2007) for further information about Saucier’s item cluster components.”
BackgroundBenedict, R. H. B., Wahlig, E. L., Topciu, R. A., Englert, J. J., Schwartz, E. S., Chapman, B. P., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., & Duberstein, P. R. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.09.007 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Where significance was found at the level of the five overall NEOFFI domains, we measured NEOFFI domain component scores derived from different combinations of NEOFFI items that are clustered to yield subcomponents of each general domain [55,56].”
MethodSelf-citationDaily gender expression is associated with psychological adjustment for some people, but mainly men
Beltz, A. M., Loviska, A. M., & Weigard, A. S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88279-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
van Doorn, R. R. A., & Lang, J. W. B. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.05.004 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The two neuroticism facets in the NEO-FFI were found to be replicable across different samples (Chapman, 2007; Saucier, 1998).”
BackgroundHeterogeneity in affective complexity among men and women.
Foster, K. T., & Beltz, A. M. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000956 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Taylor, C. T., Rosenfield, D., Dowd, S. M., Dutcher, C. D., Hofmann, S. G., Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., & Smits, J. A. J. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104436 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Research supports a 4-item positive emotions scale within the domain of extraversion (items: laughs easily; not cheerful or light-hearted [R]; cheerful, vivacious; not a cheerful optimist [R]) (Chapman, 2007; Saucier, 1998).”
Dewberry, C., Davies‐Muir, A., & Newell, S. J. (2013) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12038 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sánchez‐Pérez, N., Fuentes, L. J., & González-Salinas, C. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255777 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Facet level effects of extraversion on leadership behaviours rated by subordinates
Karlsen, H. R., & Langvik, E. (2021) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2021.1930712 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…an increased focus on facets or lower-level analysis for several years, both in health psychology (Watson et al., 2019) and in managerial settings (Chapman, 2007; Do & Minbashian, 2014; Judge, Piccolo, & Kosalka, 2009), few studies have investigated the relationship between extraversion and…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe quality of the relationship perceived by spouses of people with young-onset dementia
Bruinsma, J., Peetoom, K. K. B., Millenaar, J., Köhler, S., Bakker, C., Koopmans, R. T. C. M., Pijnenburg, Y. A. L., Verhey, F. R. J., & de Vugt, M. E. (2020) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610220000332 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Self-reproach, a subdo-main of neuroticism, includes feelings of inferiority, worthlessness, helplessness, and being ashamed (Chapman, 2007).”
Personality Dimensions and Versions of “Spirituality”
Streib, H., Klein, C., & Hood, R. W. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21245-6_12 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Eldin, Y. K. Z. (2019) · American Journal of Nursing Science · doi:10.11648/j.ajns.20190802.13 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chang, E. C., Jilani, Z., Yu, T., Fowler, E. E., Lin, J., Webb, J. R., & Hirsch, J. K. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.027 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mike, A., Harris, K., Roberts, B. W., & Jackson, J. J. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.25047-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hengartner, M. P., Graf, M., & Schreiber, M. (2017) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1366 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sánchez‐Pérez, N., Fuentes, L. J., & González-Salinas, C. (2024) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-024-00801-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The “broad versus narrow measures” debate about criterion validity is ongoing (see Chapman, 2007 for a review).”
He, Y., Li, A., Li, K., & Xiao, J. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11379 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Saucier G. 1998.”
MethodPain and Depressive Symptoms in Primary Care
Hirsch, J. K., Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Chang, E. C. (2015) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000292 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Klein, C., Keller, B., Silver, C. F., Hood, R. W., & Streib, H. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21245-6_25 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
van Dijk, S. D. M., Bouman, R., Lam, J. C. A. E., den Held, R., van Alphen, S. P. J., & Voshaar, R. C. O. (2017) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4791 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The internal consistencies of all domains range from acceptable to good and are comparable to those of the American version.(37) After the assessments, the results will be discussed within a multidisciplinary diagnostic team.”
ResultDevelopment and Rasch Analysis of the Empathic Counselor Response Scale
Bayne, H. B., & Hankey, M. S. (2019) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2019.1691462 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Previous Cronbach’s alpha for this subscale range from .76 to .83, depending on tau-equivalence (Chapman, 2007).”
BackgroundPsychological Factors Protecting Against Suicidality in Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Maynard, H., Gregory, J. D., Davies, A., & Fox, J. R. E. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.3029 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Trait PA is defined as the tendency to experience positive emotions and moods, whilst trait socia-bility refers to the extent to which individuals seek out social relationships and trait activity refers to the tendency to seek energetic movement and keep busy (Chapman 2007).”
Jordi, S. B. U., Lang, B. M., Wyss, J., Auschra, B., Yılmaz, B., Krupka, N., Greuter, T., Schreiner, P., Biedermann, L., Preisig, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s00535-022-01902-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“66 in a cross-validation sample) comparable to items of established standard FFM inventories such as the NEO-PI-R [23, 24].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialConsumer Behaviour of Seniors on the Cow’s Milk Market in Slovakia: Silver Persuading Techniques
Krivošíková, A., Rybanská, J., Nagyová, Ľ., & Géci, A. (2020) · Marketing and Management of Innovations · doi:10.21272/mmi.2020.1-16 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wild horses dressed like unicorns: Relationship effects on personality
Mund, M., & Neyer, F. J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813995-0.00009-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zawadzki, M. J., Hojjaty, A., Guilas, A.-C., & Song, A. V. (2024) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2024.104472 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Merenda, P. F. (2008) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.103.3.931-942 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Heterogeneity in Affective Complexity Among Men and WomenPreprint
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“Likewise, a lack of being cooperative, trusting, and amiable is a sign of low agreeableness (Chapman 2007).”
BackgroundThe Use of IT Tools in the Assessment and Development of Leadership Abilities
Stanek, S., Sabat, A., & INGRESS B.R.S., P. (2019) · Problemy Zarządzania - Management Issues · doi:10.7172/1644-9584.85.6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Evaluating Place-Based Health: Coverage and Consistency of Indicators Across Assessment Tools
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“Depth of coverage is quantified as the number of indicators used to assess/measure a specific category or subcategory to ensure accurate measurement of the PBH construct [54,55].”
The link between daily affective complexity and anxiety is altered by oral contraceptive use
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Las facetas de los big five y la predicción del desempeño
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The Use Of Psychological Tests In Polish Organizations: Empirical Evidence
Gojny-Zbierowska, M. (2015) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.1110771
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“However, for personality-related tests, each item within the personality dimension can better represent subtle differences in behavioral tendencies and cognition than the total score (Chapman, 2007; Watson et al., 2007).”
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Al-Qawasmi, J., Agbo, G. O., Adebowale, M. A., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation · doi:10.1108/ijbpa-02-2026-0050
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- Authors
- Chapman, B. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chapman, Benjamin P.
- ORCID
- Chapman, Benjamin P.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality Assessment
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-03-27
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 220-234
- ISSN
- 0022-3891 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7752
- PMC
- PMC3807730
- OpenAlex
- W2025207988
- Semantic Scholar
- d8c4ebd473bd79190e792bd21be81817bd2e024f
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 3.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Personality Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (L30 AG031021)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH073452)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- NEO-FFI, personality assessment, replicability, reliability statistics, methodological factors, social desirability bias, discriminant validity, young adults, middle-aged adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Disorders, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self-Assessment, Social Desirability, Reproducibility of Results
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