The Neural Substrate of Human Empathy: Effects of Perspective-taking and Cognitive Appraisal
Abstract
Whether observation of distress in others leads to empathic concern and altruistic motivation, or to personal distress and egoistic motivation, seems to depend upon the capacity for self-other differentiation and cognitive appraisal. In this experiment, behavioral measures and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging were used to investigate the effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal while participants observed the facial expression of pain resulting from medical treatment. Video clips showing the faces of patients were presented either with the instruction to imagine the feelings of the patient (“imagine other”) or to imagine oneself to be in the patient's situation (“imagine self”). Cognitive appraisal was manipulated by providing information that the medical treatment had or had not been successful. Behavioral measures demonstrated that perspective-taking and treatment effectiveness instructions affected participants' affective responses to the observed pain. Hemodynamic changes were detected in the insular cortices, anterior medial cingulate cortex (aMCC), amygdala, and in visual areas including the fusiform gyrus. Graded responses related to the perspective-taking instructions were observed in middle insula, aMCC, medial and lateral premotor areas, and selectively in left and right parietal cortices. Treatment effectiveness resulted in signal changes in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex, in the ventromedial orbito-frontal cortex, in the right lateral middle frontal gyrus, and in the cerebellum. These findings support the view that humans' responses to the pain of others can be modulated by cognitive and motivational processes, which influence whether observing a conspecific in need of help will result in empathic concern, an important instigator for helping behavior.
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ToM and empathy differ in representational content (mental states versus affect), yet both might be similarly brought about by interaction between top-down and bottom-up processes.
“ToM and empathy differ in the representational content (mental states versus affect), yet both might be similarly brought about by interaction between top-down and bottom-up processes”
From Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition: ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy (2012) · cites this paper as Lamm et al. 2007
The dmPFC has consistently been related to the reflection of one's own and simulation of others' mind states.
“Moreover, the dmPFC has consistently been related to the (possibly interwoven) reflection of own and simulation of others’ mind states (Lamm et al. 2007; Jenkins and Mitchell 2010; Mitchell et al. 2006; D’Argembeau et al. 2007).”
From Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition: ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy (2012) · cites this paper as Lamm et al. 2007
The appraisal of others' pain is mediated by brain structures involved in stimulus evaluation and emotion regulation, such as the medial orbitofrontal cortex and the right lateral prefrontal cortex.
“Another study recently demonstrated that the appraisal of others' pain is mediated by brain structures involved in stimulus evaluation and emotion regulation (such as the medial orbitofrontal cortex OFC and the right lateral prefrontal cortex [24]).”
From What are you feeling? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the modulation of sensory and affective responses during empathy for pain (2007) · cites this paper as [24]
Data for the IRI are well within published norms, while the sample mean for the ECS was slightly below the norm average, and SPQ sample means are comparable to a study collecting data from 96 normal controls.
“Data for the IRI are well within published norms (as reported in detail in [5]), while the sample mean for the ECS was slightly below the norm average. SPQ sample means are comparable to a study collecting data from 96 normal controls [28].”
From What are you feeling? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the modulation of sensory and affective responses during empathy for pain (2007) · cites this paper as [5]
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Similarities and differences in perceiving threat from dynamic faces and bodies. An fMRI study
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- Authors
- Lamm, C., Batson, C. D., & Decety, J.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- University of Kansas (US)
- 1INSERM Unit 280, France
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 2007-01-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 42-58
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2157258415
- Semantic Scholar
- f8ba0151809e6a142b8b861602c4c7a0d90490fa
- Cited by
- 1,464
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 81 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 82 · 2014: 88 · 2013: 111 · 2012: 92
- FWCI
- 92.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Empathy and Medical Education
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- empathy, perspective taking, cognitive appraisal, empathic concern, altruism, personal distress, self-other distinction, facial expressions of pain, treatment effectiveness, insula, amygdala, fusiform gyrus, premotor cortex, parietal cortex, pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, cerebellum, helping behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Cognition, Emotions, Empathy, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Oxygen, Photic Stimulation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reference Values, Social Perception, Statistics as Topic
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