Associations of dietary flavonoids with risk of type 2 diabetes, and markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in women: a prospective study and cross-sectional analysis
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Flavonoids, as antioxidants, may prevent the progressive impairment of pancreatic beta-cell function due to oxidative stress and may thus reduce the occurrence of type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to examine the association of dietary flavonol and flavone intake with type 2 diabetes, and biomarkers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. METHODS: In 38,018 women aged > or =45 y and free of cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes with an average 8.8 y of follow-up, we calculated relative risks (RRs) of incident type 2 diabetes (1,614 events) according to dietary intake of total or individual flavonols and flavones and flavonoid-rich foods. We also measured and examined plasma concentrations of insulin, HbA(1C), CRP, and IL-6 in relation to total flavonol and flavone intake among 344 nondiabetic women. RESULTS: During 332,905 person-years of follow-up, none of total flavonols and flavones, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, apigenin, and luteolin was significantly associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. Among flavonoid-rich foods, apple and tea consumption was associated with diabetes risk. Women consuming > or =1 apple/d showed a significant 28% reduced risk of type 2 diabetes compared with those who consumed no apples (the multivariate-adjusted RR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.92; p = 0.006 for trend). Tea consumption was also inversely associated with diabetes risk but with a borderline significant trend (> or =4 cups/d vs. none: RR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.52-1.01; p for trend = 0.06). In 344 nondiabetic women, total intake of flavonols and flavones was not significantly related to plasma concentrations of fasting insulin, HbA(1C), CRP, or IL-6. CONCLUSIONS: These results do not support the hypothesis that high intake of flavonols and flavones reduces the development of type 2 diabetes, although we cannot rule out a modest inverse association with intake of apples and tea.
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Higher iron intake, especially haem iron, and higher iron status are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, although the literature is not fully consistent.
“There is some epidemiological evidence that higher Fe intake, particularly that of haem Fe, and higher Fe status are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and CHD (702 -714) , although not all of the literature is consistent.”
From Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [706]
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- Authors
- Song, Y., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., Sesso, H. D., & Liu, S.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Song, Yiqing
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 376-384
- ISSN
- 0731-5724 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-1087
- OpenAlex
- W2112118938
- Cited by
- 389
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 9.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hl043851-10, 1r03hl065727-01)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL43851, HL-65727)
- National Cancer Institute (CA-47988, R01CA047988)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK066401, DK 66401)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
- Keywords
- dietary flavonoids, flavonols, flavones, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, apple, tea consumption, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, apigenin, luteolin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, HbA1c, fasting insulin, postmenopausal women
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Female, Flavonoids, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Tea, Cohort Studies, Biomarkers, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Oxidative Stress, Malus
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