Retinoids: A journey from the molecular structures and mechanisms of action to clinical uses in dermatology and adverse effects
Abstract
Retinoids are a class of compounds derived from vitamin A or having structural and/or functional similarities with vitamin A. They are classified into three generations based on their molecular structures. Inside the body, retinoids bind to several classes of proteins including retinoid-binding proteins and retinoid nuclear receptors. This eventually leads to the activation of specific regulatory regions of DNA - called the retinoic acid response elements - involved in regulating cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Several clinical trials have studied the role of topical and systemic retinoids in disease, and research is still ongoing. Currently, retinoids are used in several fields of medicine. This paper aims to review the structure, mechanisms of action, and adverse effects of retinoids, as well as some of their current uses in Dermatology.
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Topically applied retinoids penetrate the keratinized epidermis and, to a lesser extent, the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
“Topically applied retinoids penetrate the keratinized epidermis and, to a lesser extent, the dermis and subcutaneous tissue [27,30,35].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
Retinoids affect the thickness and color of the skin, regulate sebaceous gland function, limit sebum production, are responsible for hair and nail growth, and influence melanin distribution in the skin.
“Retinoids also affect the thickness and color of the skin, regulate the function of the sebaceous glands, and limit sebum production, as well as being responsible for hair and nail growth, and also influencing the distribution of melanin in the skin [27,30,35].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Khalil, S., Bardawil, T., Stephan, C., Darwiche, N., Abbas, O., Kibbi, A. G., Nemer, G., & Kurban, M.
- Affiliations
- American University of Beirut (LB)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kurban, Mazen
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Dermatological Treatment
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-04-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 684-696
- ISSN
- 0954-6634 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-1753
- OpenAlex
- W2603105847
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 8 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Dermatological Treatment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinoids in leukemia and cellular processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Acne and Rosacea Treatments and Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Keywords
- retinoids, vitamin A derivatives, retinoid-binding proteins, retinoic acid response element, cell differentiation, apoptosis, topical retinoids, systemic retinoids, adverse effects, dermatological applications
- MeSH terms
- Acne Vulgaris, Administration, Topical, Bacterial Infections, Humans, Psoriasis, Retinoids, Retinol-Binding Proteins, Skin Diseases, Vitamin A, Xerophthalmia, Receptors, Retinoic Acid, Retinoid X Receptors
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