Unmasking One’s True Self Facilitates Positive Relational Outcomes: Authenticity Promotes Social Approach Processes in Social Anxiety Disorder
Abstract
Individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) are motivated to conceal what they perceive to be personal inadequacies. They recognize, however, that their behavior does not convey who they genuinely are. Here, we examined whether increasing perceived authenticity facilitates positive social functioning in these individuals. Participants diagnosed with SAD ( N = 72) engaged in two social interactions with experimental confederates. Prior to the second interaction, participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions equated on all elements except a safety behavior reduction procedure intended to increase self-authenticity. As hypothesized, increased authenticity led to beneficial changes in the cognitive, affective, and motivation processes that promote relational functioning. These results suggest that the experience of expressing one’s authentic self may reduce SAD-related social impairment.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Increased approach behavior in the form of sharing positive emotions is associated with improvements in SAD symptoms during treatment.
“For example, increased approach behavior in the form of sharing positive emotions is associated with improvements in SAD symptoms during treatment (41) and experimental reductions in safety behaviors (i.e., reduced avoidance) among people with high social anxiety (SA) results in more enjoyment during social events (42, 43).”
In one study, people with SAD engaged in an interaction with an unknown individual. They were randomly instructed to either interact normally or to reduce safety behaviors in a way intended to increase authenticity. Results showed that increases in authenticity due to reduced safety behaviors led to increased positive affect in the person with SAD, more positive perceptions of their partner's
“For example, in one study, people with SAD engaged in an interaction with an unknown individual. They were randomly instructed to either interact normally or to reduce safety behaviors in a way intended to increase authenticity. Results showed that increases in authenticity due to reduced safety behaviors led to increased positive affect in the person with SAD, more positive perceptions of their”
Cites
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.3.879 · Cited by 34,117 · see citing works
SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03206553 · Cited by 17,383 · see citing works
Russell, J. A. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077714 · Cited by 16,334 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The items reflect the pleasure pole of the affect circumplex and display good construct validity in terms of relationships with a range of affect measures (e.g., Posner, Russell, & Peterson, 2005; Russell, 1980; Yik, Russell, & Steiger, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodMediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.4.422 · Cited by 11,335 · see citing works
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (2011) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t00742-000 · Cited by 7,535 · see citing works
Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis
Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1984) · Cited by 3,925 · see citing works
Better Bootstrap Confidence Intervals
Efron, B. (1987) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1987.10478410 · Cited by 3,462 · see citing works
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10031-6 · Cited by 3,367 · see citing works
A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00022-3 · Cited by 2,987 · see citing works
A cognitive model of social phobia
Adrian Wells, A. (1995) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 2,701 · see citing works
POSNER, J., RUSSELL, J. A., & PETERSON, B. S. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050340 · Cited by 2,602 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the credibility/expectancy questionnaire
Devilly, G. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2000) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0005-7916(00)00012-4 · Cited by 2,295 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The CEQ has demonstrated good test–retest reliability and internal consistency (Devilly & Borkovec, 2000; Rodebaugh, 2004).”
Daily Well-Being: The Role of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness
Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200266002 · Cited by 2,067 · see citing works
TARGET ARTICLE: Toward a Conceptualization of Optimal Self-Esteem
Kernis, M. H. (2003) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1401_01 · Cited by 1,683 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…higher and more secure selfesteem, and greater positive affect (e.g., Brunell et al., 2010; Goldman & Kernis, 2002; Heppner et al., 2008; Kernis, 2003; Kernis & Goldman, 2006; Kernis & Heppner, 2008; Lopez & Rice, 2006; Robinson, Lopez, Ramos, & Nartova-Bochaver, 2013; Wood, Linley,…”
BackgroundSelf-disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review
Collins, N. L., & Miller, L. C. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.457 · Cited by 1,621 · see citing works
Tugade, M. M., Fredrickson, B. L., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00294.x · Cited by 1,610 · see citing works
Credibility of analogue therapy rationales
Borkovec, T. D., & Nau, S. D. (1972) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(72)90045-6 · Cited by 1,553 · see citing works
Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment
Franklin, M. E. (1996) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(96)00036-0 · Cited by 1,389 · see citing works
A Multicomponent Conceptualization of Authenticity: Theory and Research
Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2006) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38006-9 · Cited by 1,244 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…and more secure selfesteem, and greater positive affect (e.g., Brunell et al., 2010; Goldman & Kernis, 2002; Heppner et al., 2008; Kernis, 2003; Kernis & Goldman, 2006; Kernis & Heppner, 2008; Lopez & Rice, 2006; Robinson, Lopez, Ramos, & Nartova-Bochaver, 2013; Wood, Linley, Maltby,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialJournal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Rice, T. K., & Wallace, D. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced1159 · Cited by 1,192 · see citing works
Hofmann, S. G. (2007) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070701421313 · Cited by 1,064 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The results extend cognitive theories that emphasize the role of safety behaviors in maintaining SAD (Clark, 2001; Clark & Wells, 1995; Hofmann, 2007; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997).”
Laurenceau, J.-P., Barrett, L. F., & Pietromonaco, P. R. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1238 · Cited by 1,064 · cited 2× · see citing works
“People who perceive their partners positively become more responsive themselves, which leads to even more positive partner perceptions and so on, in an emerging process that results in higher quality relationships for both the partner and the self (Laurenceau et al., 1998; Reis et al., 2010).”
BackgroundDissociable Medial Prefrontal Contributions to Judgments of Similar and Dissimilar Others
Mitchell, J. P., Macrae, C. N., & Banaji, M. R. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.040 · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works
The Journal of Abnormal Psychology
(1906) · Journal of Mental Science · doi:10.1192/bjp.52.218.580 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Hyperscanning: Simultaneous fMRI during Linked Social Interactions
Montague, P. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1150 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Similarity of the Relations between Marital Status and Subjective Well-Being Across Cultures
Diener, E., Gohm, C. L., Suh, E. M., & Oishi, S. (2000) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022100031004001 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Better Bootstrap Confidence Intervals
Efron, B. (1987) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289144 · Cited by 718 · see citing works
Social phobia: the role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs
Wells, A., Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P., Ludgate, J., Hackmann, A., & Gelder, M. (1995) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80088-7 · Cited by 548 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In both conditions, the experimenter provided standardized rationales modeled after previous work (Kim, 2005; Wells et al., 1995).”
MethodA 12-point circumplex structure of core affect.
Yik, M., Russell, J. A., & Steiger, J. H. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0023980 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Brown, E. J., Turovsky, J., Heimberg, R. G., Juster, H. R., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1997) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.1.21 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Cognitive processes in social phobia
Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (1993) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90024-o · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Close relationships, inflammation, and health
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Gouin, J.-P., & Hantsoo, L. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.09.003 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Interpersonal processes in social phobia
Alden, L. E., & Taylor, C. T. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.07.006 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Crozier, W. R., & Alden, L. E. (2001) · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Approach and Avoidance Motivation in the Social Domain
Elliot, A. J., Gable, S. L., & Mapes, R. R. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205282153 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Reis, H. T., Smith, S. M., Carmichael, C. L., Caprariello, P. A., Tsai, F., Rodrigues, A. E., & Maniaci, M. R. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018344 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
English, T., & John, O. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0029847 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Moscovitch, D. A. (2009) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.04.002 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
The role of authenticity in healthy psychological functioning and subjective well-being.
Goldman, B., & Kernis, M. H. (2002) · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Methodological issues in prediction of treatment outcome.
Steketee, G. (1992) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(92)90123-p · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Meyer, M. L., Masten, C. L., Ma, Y., Wang, C., Shi, Z., Eisenberger, N. I., & Han, S. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss019 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Meanings for Closeness and Intimacy in Friendship
Parks, M. R., & Floyd, K. (1996) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407596131005 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Preliminary development and validation of a measure of relationship authenticity.
Lopez, F. G., & Rice, K. G. (2006) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.362 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
McManus, F. V., Sacadura, C., & Clark, D. M. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.12.002 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Manne, S. L., Ostroff, J. S., Rini, C. K., Fox, K. R., Goldstein, L. J., & Grana, G. (2004) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.18.4.589 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Within-Person Relationships Among Daily Self-Esteem, Need Satisfaction, and Authenticity
Heppner, W. L., Kernis, M. H., Nezlek, J. B., Foster, J. D., Lakey, C. E., & Goldman, B. M. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02215.x · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Negative self-imagery in social anxiety contaminates social interactions
Hirsch, C., Meynen, T., & Clark, D. (2004) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210444000106 · Cited by 216 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Items were rated on a 9-point scale with anchors ranging from 0 (not at all) to 8 (all the time) and were summed to create a total safety behavior score (see Hirsch et al., 2004).”
MethodEvidence for bivariate systems: An empirical test of appetition and aversion across domains
Gable, S. L., Reis, H. T., & Elliot, A. J. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00580-9 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Dickerson, S. S., Gable, S. L., Irwin, M. R., Aziz, N., & Kemeny, M. E. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02437.x · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Interpersonal consequences of the pursuit of safety
Alden, L. E., & Bieling, P. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00072-7 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Social phobia and positive social events: The price of success
Wallace, S. T., & Alden, L. E. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.3.416 · Cited by 175 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Following procedures developed in earlier studies (e.g., Stopa & Clark, 1993; Taylor & Alden, 2010; Wallace & Alden, 1997), confederates were trained to converse in a pleasant, but reserved social manner using a scripted set of verbal and nonverbal behaviors.”
MethodSparrevohn, R. M., & Rapee, R. M. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.016 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Eng, W., Coles, M. E., Heimberg, R. G., & Safren, S. A. (2005) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.01.007 · Cited by 168 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Another necessary future direction is to examine self-concealment and authenticity over the course of treatment to determine whether enhanced authenticity plays a substantial causal role in treatment outcome, particularly whether it results in clinically significant changes in the social and emotional isolation suffer…”
BackgroundDispositional authenticity and romantic relationship functioning
Brunell, A. B., Kernis, M. H., Goldman, B. M., Heppner, W., Davis, P., Cascio, E. V., & Webster, G. D. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.018 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The effect of the decreased safety behaviors on anxiety and negative thoughts in social phobics
Kim, E. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.11.002 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Interpersonal processes in psychological problems
Segrin, C. G. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 138 · see citing works
On feeling understood and feeling well: The role of interdependence
Lun, J., Kesebir, S., & Oishi, S. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.06.009 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Sociotropy and autonomy: Differential patterns of clinical presentation in unipolar depression.
Robins, C. J., & Luten, A. G. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.100.1.74 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Social anxiety and self-protective communication style in close relationships
Cuming, S., & Rapee, R. M. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.09.010 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Powers, T. A., & Zuroff, D. C. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1054 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The Social Thoughts and Beliefs Scale: A New Inventory for Assessing Cognitions in Social Phobia.
Turner, S. M., Johnson, M., Beidel, D. C., Heiser, N. A., & Lydiard, R. B. (2003) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.15.3.384 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Differential effects of safety behaviour subtypes in social anxiety disorder
Plasencia, M. L., Alden, L. E., & Taylor, C. T. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.07.005 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Daily experiences of intimacy: A study of couples
Lippert, T., & Prager, K. J. (2001) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2001.tb00041.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Authenticity, Social Context, and Well-Being in the United States, England, and Russia
Robinson, O. C., Lopez, F. G., Ramos, K., & Кимовна, Н.-Б. С. (2012) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022112465672 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Kashdan, T. B., Volkmann, J. R., Breen, W. E., & Han, S. C. (2006) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.08.007 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Modifying automatic approach action tendencies in individuals with elevated social anxiety symptoms
Taylor, C. T., & Amir, N. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.05.004 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Safety behaviors and judgmental biases in social anxiety disorder
Taylor, C. T., & Alden, L. E. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.11.005 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Voncken, M. J., Alden, L. E., Bögels, S. M., & Roelofs, J. (2008) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466508x334745 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The Effects of Safety Behavior Directed Towards a Safety Cue on Perceptions of Threat.
Engelhard, I., van Uijen, S. L., van Seters, N., & Velu, N. (2015) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.12.006 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Predictive and Reactive Mechanisms in Smile Reciprocity
Heerey, E. A., & Crossley, H. M. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612472203 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Rodebaugh, T. L. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.10.004 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Images of the self in social anxiety: effects on the retrieval of autobiographical memories
Stopa, L., & Jenkins, A. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.08.006 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Culture, Interpersonal Perceptions, and Happiness in Social Interactions
Oishi, S., Koo, M., & Akimoto, S. A. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207311198 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Rowa, K., Paulitzki, J. R., Ierullo, M. D., Chiang, B., Antony, M. M., McCabe, R. E., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.11.004 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Incidence of social phobia and identification of its risk indicators: a model for prevention
Acartürk, C., Smit, F., de Graaf, R., van Straten, A., ten Have, M., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2008) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01275.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Approach and avoidance behavior in interpersonal relationships
Gable, S. L., & Gosnell, C. L. (2013) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073913477513 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Voncken, M. J., Dijk, C., de Jong, P. J., & Roelofs, J. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.004 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
A comparison of cognitive and skills training strategies in the treatment of unassertive clients
Alden, L. E., Safran, J. D., & Weideman, R. (1978) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(78)80015-x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Individualized outcome measures of internal change: Methodological considerations.
Beutler, L. E., & Hamblin, D. (1986) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.54.1.48 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Voncken, M. J., & Dijk, K. F. L. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9449-4 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Low Implicit Self-Esteem and Dysfunctional Automatic Associations in Social Anxiety Disorder
Glashouwer, K. A., Vroling, M. S., de Jong, P. J., Lange, W.-G., & de Keijser, J. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.11.005 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Social interpretation bias and generalized social phobia: the influence of developmental experiences
Taylor, C. T., & Alden, L. E. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.006 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Forest, A. L., & Wood, J. V. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.03.005 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Learning from social rewards predicts individual differences in self-reported social ability.
Heerey, E. A. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0031511 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Segrin, C. G. (1993) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407593101006 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Levinson, C. A., Rodebaugh, T. L., & Frye, T. (2010) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-010-9202-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Schreiber, F., Heimlich, C., Schweitzer, C., & Stangier, U. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000672 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Individual differences in quiet ego functioning: Authenticity, mindfulness, and secure self-esteem.
Kernis, M. H., & Heppner, W. L. (2008) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11771-008 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Disclosure of anxiety in everyday life: Effects of social anxiety
Gee, B. A., Antony, M. M., & Koerner, N. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.016 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Alden, L., Auyeung, K., & Plasencia, L. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394427-6.00018-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 91 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ryan, W. S., & Ryan, R. M. (2019) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000162 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Understanding the Relationship Between Perceived Authenticity and Well-Being
Rivera, G. N., Christy, A. G., Kim, J., Vess, M., Hicks, J. A., & Schlegel, R. J. (2018) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000161 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Sedikides, C., Slabu, L., Lenton, A. P., & Thomaes, S. C. E. (2017) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721417713296 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Sketching the Contours of State Authenticity
Sedikides, C., Lenton, A. P., Slabu, L., & Thomaes, S. C. E. (2018) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000156 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Richey, J. A., Brewer, J. A., Sullivan-Toole, H., Strege, M. V., Kim-Spoon, J., White, S. W., & Ollendick, T. H. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101756 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Out of sync: nonverbal synchrony in social anxiety disorder
Asher, M., Kauffmann, A., & Aderka, I. M. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619894566 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Emotions in social anxiety disorder: A review
Rozen, N., & Aderka, I. M. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102696 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Treatment of social approach processes in adults with social anxiety disorder
Alden, L. E., Buhr, K., Robichaud, M., Trew, J. L., & Plasencia, M. L. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000306 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Autobiographical memory retrieval and appraisal in social anxiety disorder
Moscovitch, D. A., Vidovic, V., Lenton-Brym, A. P., Dupasquier, J. R., Barber, K. C., Hudd, T., Zabara, N., & Romano, M. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.06.008 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Moscovitch, D. A., Moscovitch, M., & Sheldon, S. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221141351 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Vulnerabilities in social anxiety: Integrating intra- and interpersonal perspectives
Ginat-Frolich, R., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Huppert, J. D., Aderka, I. M., Alden, L. E., Bar-Haim, Y., Becker, E. S., Bernstein, A., Geva, R., Heimberg, R. G., et al. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102415 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationGivon‐Benjio, N., Oren‐Yagoda, R., Aderka, I. M., & Okon‐Singer, H. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23086 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Ho, J. T. K., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2021) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1946518 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Authenticity and inauthenticity in narrative identity
Wilt, J. A., Thomas, S., & McAdams, D. P. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02178 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Asher, M., Hofmann, S. G., & Aderka, I. M. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2020.04.001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Asher, M., & Aderka, I. M. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619867055 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The grass is always greener: Envy in social anxiety disorder
Oren-Yagoda, R., Schwartz, M., & Aderka, I. M. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102445 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
When two hearts beat as one: Heart-rate synchrony in social anxiety disorder
Asher, M., Barthel, A. L., Hofmann, S. G., Okon-Singer, H., & Aderka, I. M. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103859 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Stress generation in social anxiety and depression: A two-study community assessment
Goodman, F. R., Birg, J. A., Daniel, K. E., & Kashdan, T. B. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.053 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Authenticity and Death Anxiety in Cancer Patients
Nazari, F., Khoshnood, Z., & Shahrbabaki, P. M. (2021) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222821997603 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Psychological Dimensions Relevant to Motivation and Pleasure in Schizophrenia
Abram, S. V., Weittenhiller, L. P., Bertrand, C., McQuaid, J. R., Mathalon, D., Ford, J., & Fryer, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.827260 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Seewer, N., Skoko, A., Käll, A., Andersson, G., Luhmann, M., Berger, T., & Krieger, T. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/36358 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Social anxiety and MDMA-assisted therapy investigation: a novel clinical trial protocol
Lear, M. K., Smith, S. M., Pilecki, B. C., Stauffer, C. S., & Luoma, J. B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1083354 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Feeling at Home in Two Cultural Worlds: Bicultural Identity Integration Moderates Felt Authenticity
Mok, A. (2022) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/00220221211072798 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Taylor, C. T., Tsai, T. C., & Smith, T. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102264 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
To Be Authentic, to Be Eco: Exploring the Link Between Authenticity and Pro-environmental Behavior
Yang, Y., Zhu, S., Gan, Y.-L., & Dang, J.-H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.755860 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Oren-Yagoda, R., & Aderka, I. M. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102458 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Luoma, J., & Lear, M. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.733893 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Results showed that increases in authenticity due to reduced safety behaviors led to increased positive affect in the person with SAD, more positive perceptions of their partner’s response, and a greater desire to interact with their partner again (42).”
BackgroundRassaby, M. M., Smith, T., & Taylor, C. T. (2023) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.12.009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Barber, K. C., Michaelis, M. A. M., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.03.011 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
To avoid or not to avoid: impact of self-compassion on safety behaviors in social situations
Szczyglowski, K. A., & Kocovski, N. L. (2024) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2024.2307466 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Shame Among Individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder
Oren‐Yagoda, R., Rosenblum, M., & Aderka, I. M. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10461-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bayram, Y. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07521-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Donaldson, J. L., Robertson, A. M., Cruwys, T., Rathbone, J. A., Haslam, C., Chen, J., & Dawel, A. (2025) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12539 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The standalone effect of safety behavior manipulations: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Goodson, J. T., Patel, T. A., Zech, J. M., Sala, M. C., & Cougle, J. R. (2026) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2026.102703 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Time-trajectories of depression, social anxiety, and social functioning throughout college
Birg, J. A., Loftus, P., Tennen, H. A., Armeli, S., & Goodman, F. R. (2025) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075251325427 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dabas, G., Rowa, K., Milosevic, I., Moscovitch, D. A., & McCabe, R. E. (2022) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465822000492 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gilboa‐Schechtman, E., & Azoulay, R. (2022) · Clinical Psychology and Special Education · doi:10.17759/cpse.2022110201 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effects of Pre-Existing Social Anxiety on Mental Health Outcomes During the COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
Ho, J. T. K., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/b6xjm · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Akyıl, Y. (2023) · Research on Education and Psychology · doi:10.54535/rep.1348449 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Safety behaviors during dates among individuals with social anxiety disorder
Strulov, T. S., & Aderka, I. M. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100614 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Moscovitch, D. A., & Huppert, J. D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-14146-1.00010-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Shame and loneliness in social anxiety disorder: A comparison with panic disorder
Kharbush, Z., Oren‐Yagoda, R., & Aderka, I. M. (2026) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2026.100684 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Horenstein, A., Butler, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108140416.018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Empathic Communication Among Women with High or Low Social Anxiety
Byrne, S. E., & Rapee, R. M. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10248-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Barber, K. C. (2020) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
How to Make a Good First Impression When Socially Anxious
Nielsen, M. (2023) · MacEwan University Student eJournal · doi:10.31542/gt6x6v30
Social anxiety and preferred interpersonal distance: The role of estimation bias
Bucur, S., Prasad, D., & Lange, W. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.07.007
- Authors
- Plasencia, M. L., Taylor, C. T., & Alden, L. E.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Alden, Lynn E.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-06-23
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1002-1014
- ISSN
- 2167-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 2167-7034
- OpenAlex
- W2255005615
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 4.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- social anxiety disorder, self-authenticity, self-disclosure, social functioning, interpersonal relationships, social dysfunction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review