CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 45Sleep and related disordersAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMindfulness and Compassion Interventions

Sleep quality and treatment of social anxiety disorder

Open access
Horenstein, Arielle, Morrison, Amanda S., Goldin, Philippe, ten Brink, Maia, Gross, James J., Heimberg, Richard G.·2019·Anxiety, Stress, & Coping
DOI 10.1080/10615806.2019.1617854PMC PMC6698895
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Poor sleep is prevalent among individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and may affect treatment outcome. We examined whether: (1) individuals with SAD differed from healthy controls (HCs) in sleep quality, (2) baseline sleep quality moderated the effects of treatment (Cognitive–behavioral group therapy [CBGT] vs. mindfulness-based stress reduction [MBSR] vs. waitlist [WL]) on social anxiety, (3) sleep quality changed over treatment, and (4) changes in sleep quality predicted anxiety 12-months post-treatment.Design: Participants were 108 adults with SAD from a randomized controlled trial of CBGT vs. MBSR vs. WL and 38 HCs.Methods: SAD and sleep quality were assessed pre-treatment and post-treatment; SAD was assessed again 12-months post-treatment.Results: Participants with SAD reported poorer sleep quality than HCs. The effect of treatment condition on post-treatment social anxiety did not differ as a function of baseline sleep quality. Sleep quality improved in MBSR, significantly more than WL, but not CBGT. Sleep quality change from pre- to post-treatment in CBGT or MBSR did not predict later social anxiety.Conclusions: MBSR, and not CBGT, improved sleep quality among participants. Other results were inconsistent with prior research; possible explanations, limitations, and implications for future research are discussed. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02036658.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In a secondary analysis of an RCT, adults with social anxiety disorder (SAD) reported poorer sleep quality than healthy controls, but baseline sleep quality did not moderate treatment outcome. Sleep quality improved significantly in MBSR relative to waitlist, not in CBGT, and changes in sleep quality did not predict social anxiety 12 months post-treatment.

Key findings

  • Participants with SAD reported significantly poorer baseline sleep quality than healthy controls, and two-thirds of SAD participants reported poor sleep quality at baseline.
  • Baseline sleep quality did not significantly moderate the effect of treatment condition (CBGT vs. MBSR vs. WL) on post-treatment social anxiety.
  • Sleep quality improved significantly in MBSR from pre- to post-treatment (\(F_{time}(1,26)=7.93, p<.01, \eta_p^2=.23\)) but not in CBGT (\(F_{time}(1,29)=1.42, p=.24, \eta_p^2=.05\)) or WL (\(F_{time}(1,33)=0.31, p=.58, \eta_p^2=.01\)); MBSR improved more than WL (\(F(1,59)=6.55, p=.013, \eta_p^2=.10\)), but MBSR did not differ from CBGT (\(F(1,55)=0.66, p=.42, \eta_p^2=.01\)).
  • Change in sleep quality from pre- to post-treatment did not predict social anxiety symptoms 12 months post-treatment (\(\beta=.16, p=.28\)).

Methods

  • Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial: 108 treatment-seeking adults with generalized SAD randomized to CBGT (\(n=36\)), MBSR (\(n=36\)), or waitlist (\(n=36\)), plus 38 healthy controls.
  • Sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and social anxiety was measured with the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale–Self-Report (LSAS-SR) at pre-treatment and post-treatment, with SAD symptoms assessed again 12 months post-treatment for CBGT/MBSR participants.
  • Analyses included independent-samples t-tests, mixed ANOVAs, and linear regressions; multiple imputation was used for missing 12-month follow-up data, while listwise deletion was used for some post-treatment moderation and sleep-improvement analyses.

Limitations

  • The paper states reliance on a single self-report, retrospective measure of sleep quality (PSQI), which may not correspond closely to objective sleep measures such as actigraphy or polysomnography.
  • The paper states that sleep quality was measured only at baseline and post-treatment, so week-to-week changes in sleep and anxiety could not be examined.
  • Evident in the text: there was substantial missing follow-up data (post-treatment LSAS missing for 17 participants in the full CBGT/MBSR sample, 23.6%), and treatment-condition analyses used relatively small completer samples.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/10615806.2019.1617854

Cites

70 of 70 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

0 of 51 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Participants in mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) showed significant improvement in sleep quality from pre- to post-treatment.

    “Participants showed significant improvement in sleep quality over treatment in MBSR (Ftime(1,26) = 7.93, p < .01, ηp2 = .23)”
    • Also stated in: § Results: · plain
      “Sleep quality improved in MBSR”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusions: · plain
      “MBSR, and not CBGT, improved sleep quality among participants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) reported poorer baseline sleep quality than healthy controls (HCs).

    “Participants with SAD reported poorer sleep quality than HCs.”
    • Also stated in: § Baseline sleep quality · plain
      “At baseline, individuals with SAD reported significantly poorer sleep quality than HCs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Among individuals with SAD, there were no significant differences in baseline sleep quality between participants in the CBGT, MBSR, and WL conditions.

    “Among individuals with SAD, there were no significant differences in baseline sleep quality between participants in the CBGT, MBSR, and WL conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Participants in cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) did not show significant improvement in sleep quality from pre- to post-treatment.

    “but not in CBGT (Ftime(1,29) = 1.42, p = .24, ηp2 = .05)”
    • Also stated in: § Results: · plain
      “but not CBGT”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Participants in MBSR did not differ from those in CBGT in sleep quality improvement.

    “but did not differ from those in CBGT (F(1,55) = 0.66, p = .42, ηp2 = .01)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 14
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 16

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Only individuals in the MBSR treatment condition reported significant improvements in sleep quality, both within-condition and relative to WL.

    “Our results indicated that only individuals in the MBSR treatment condition reported significant improvements in sleep quality, both within-condition and relative to WL.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Individuals in the CBGT condition experienced a non-significant improvement in sleep quality at post-treatment, and this was not different from WL.

    “Individuals in the CBGT condition experienced a non-significant improvement in sleep quality at post-treatment, and this was not different from WL.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The LSAS-SR exhibited high internal consistency (α = .92) in the current study.

    “The LSAS-SR exhibited high internal consistency (α = .92) in the current study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The ADIS has previously demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability.

    “The ADIS has previously demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability (Brown, Di Nardo, Lehman & Campbell, 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Brown, Di Nardo, Lehman & Campbell, 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    An additional 11 participants (10.8% of completers) did not have full post-treatment data.

    “In addition to the 6 individuals who dropped out, an additional 11 participants (10.8% of completers) did not have full post-treatment data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Six participants with SAD dropped out of the parent RCT and did not have post-treatment data.

    “There were 6 participants with SAD who dropped out of the parent RCT and did not have post-treatment data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Of participants in the CBGT or MBSR conditions, post-treatment LSAS data were missing for 17 participants in the full sample (23.6%) and for 12 participants in the completer sample (17.9%).

    “Of participants in the CBGT or MBSR conditions, post-treatment LSAS data were missing for 17 participants in the full sample (23.6%) and for 12 participants in the completer sample (17.9%).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The LSAS-SR has demonstrated high internal consistency (α = .96), high correlation with the original clinician-administered version (rs = .85-.98), sensitivity to treatment change, strong convergent validity (r = .62-.71) with other measures of social anxiety, and good test-retest reliability (r = .83) over a 12-week period.

    “The LSAS-SR has demonstrated high internal consistency (α = .96; Rytwinski et al., 2009) and is highly correlated with the original clinician-administered version (rs = .85-.98 among individuals with SAD; Fresco et al., 2001). It is sensitive to treatment change (e.g., S. Baker, Heinrichs, Kim, & Hofmann, 2002; Goldin et al., 2012, 2016) and has demonstrated strong convergent validity (r = .62-.71”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Rytwinski et al., 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fresco et al., 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites S. Baker et al., 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Internal consistency of the PSQI was adequate in the current sample (α = .74).

    “Internal consistency of the PSQI was adequate in the current sample (α = .74).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Some studies have demonstrated that sleep disturbance among individuals with generalized SAD is only mildly elevated or is no worse than that of non-anxious controls.

    “some studies have demonstrated that sleep disturbance among individuals with generalized SAD is only mildly elevated (Pace-Schott et al., 2018) or is no worse than that of non-anxious controls (Brown, Black, & Uhde, 1994).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Pace-Schott et al., 2018

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Brown, Black, & Uhde, 1994

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The PSQI has exhibited adequate internal consistency (α = .80), high convergent validity with other measures of sleep quality (rs > .69), and good test-retest reliability over a two-day period (r = .90) and a 1.5-2 month period (r = .86).

    “The PSQI has exhibited adequate internal consistency (α = .80), high convergent validity with other measures of sleep quality (rs > .69; Carpenter & Andrykowski, 1998), and good test-retest reliability over a two-day period (r = .90) and a 1.5-2 month period (r = .86) (Backhaus, Junghanns, Broocks, Riemann, & Hohagen, 2002).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Carpenter & Andrykowski, 1998

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Backhaus, Junghanns, Broocks, Riemann, & Hohagen, 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Relative to waitlist, both CBGT and MBSR resulted in reliable and clinically significant improvement in social anxiety.

    “As reported in Goldin et al. (2016), relative to WL, both CBGT and MBSR resulted in reliable and clinically significant improvement in social anxiety.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Goldin et al. (2016)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Studies that find an association between SAD and sleep disturbance report the percentage of individuals with SAD reporting such disturbances to be around 50-60%.

    “However, studies that do find an association between SAD and sleep disturbance have report the percentage of individuals with SAD reporting such disturbances to be around 50-60% (e.g., Stein, Kroft, & Walker, 1993; Zalta et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Stein, Kroft, & Walker, 1993

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Zalta et al., 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most research on the improvement of sleep during anxiety treatment is limited to studies focused on anxiety disorders other than SAD and studies examining only CBT.

    “Most research on the improvement of sleep during anxiety treatment is both limited to studies focused on anxiety disorders other than SAD and studies examining only CBT (Belleville et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Belleville et al., 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Although individuals with SAD experience sleep difficulties, these are not severe enough to play a significant role in SAD symptomatology and treatment.

    “which may perhaps indicate that, although individuals with SAD experience sleep difficulties, these are not severe enough to play a significant role in SAD symptomatology and treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Reduced sleep impairs the abilities to reason logically, sustain focus on complex cognitive tasks, and think flexibly.

    “Accumulated evidence suggests that reduced sleep impairs the abilities to reason logically (Blagrove, Alexander, & Horne, 1995), sustain focus on complex cognitive tasks, and think flexibly (Gobin, Banks, Fins, & Tartar, 2015; Harrison & Horne, 1999; Horne, 1988)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Blagrove et al., 1995

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Gobin et al., 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Harrison & Horne, 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Few studies have examined whether sleep quality concomitantly improves during mindfulness-based treatments for anxiety, although some pilot research suggests that it does.

    “Few studies have examined whether sleep quality concomitantly improves during mindfulness-based treatments for anxiety, although some pilot research suggests that it does (Yook et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Yook et al., 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    One previous study found that poor sleep quality had a significant influence on the course and outcome of social anxiety symptoms in group CBT for SAD.

    “existing evidence from one previous study that poor sleep quality had a significant influence on the course and outcome of social anxiety symptoms in group CBT for SAD (Zalta et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zalta et al., 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Poor sleep may impair extinction learning, which in turn contributes to the etiology and perpetuation of multiple anxiety disorders.

    “Additionally, there is evidence to suggest that poor sleep may impair extinction learning, which in turn contributes to the etiology and perpetuation of multiple anxiety disorders (e.g., Pace-Schott, Germain, & Milad, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pace-Schott, Germain, & Milad, 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Zalta and colleagues (2013) demonstrated that poorer baseline sleep quality was associated with slower improvement over time and poorer endpoint outcome among individuals in group CBT for SAD.

    “Zalta and colleagues (2013) demonstrated that poorer baseline sleep quality was associated with slower improvement over time and poorer endpoint outcome among individuals in group CBT for SAD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zalta et al., 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    CBT appears to be associated with moderate improvements in sleep over the course of treatment for numerous anxiety-related conditions that are associated with sleep difficulties, such as GAD, panic disorder, and PTSD.

    “Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), an efficacious treatment for anxiety disorders (e.g., Olatunji, Cisler, & Deacon, 2010), appears to be associated with moderate improvements in sleep over the course of treatment for numerous anxiety-related conditions that are associated with sleep difficulties, such as GAD, panic disorder, and PTSD”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Improvements in sleep quality that take place during treatment do not precede reduction in social anxiety symptoms, but instead may follow from positive treatment outcomes.

    “These findings perhaps indicate that improvements in sleep quality that take place during treatment do not precede reduction in social anxiety symptoms, but instead may follow from positive treatment outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Sleep disturbance is highly prevalent among individuals with anxiety disorders, including individuals with SAD.

    “consistent with research suggesting that sleep disturbance is highly prevalent among individuals with anxiety disorders (Cox & Olatunji, 2016; Roth et al., 2006) including individuals with SAD (Ramsawh et al., 2009; Stein et al., 1993; Zalta et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cox & Olatunji, 2016

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Roth et al., 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ramsawh et al., 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study examined measures taken only at baseline and post-treatment.

    “Additionally, our study examined measures taken only at baseline and post-treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Accumulated research shows that sleep disturbance affects important cognitive and attentional mechanisms likely implicated in both CBGT and MBSR.

    “despite accumulated research on the effect of sleep disturbance on important cognitive and attentional mechanisms (e.g. Gobin et al., 2015; Lim & Dinges, 2008) that are likely implicated in both CBGT and MBSR”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gobin et al., 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Lim & Dinges, 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Mindfulness-based treatments such as MBSR place a large emphasis on engaging attention and 'mindful awareness'.

    “In addition, mindfulness-based treatments such as MBSR place a large emphasis on engaging attention and “mindful awareness” (Kabat-Zinn, 1990).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kabat-Zinn, 1990

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Self-report measures of sleep quality and duration are not as highly correlated with more objective measures of sleep quality, such as actigraphy and polysomnography, as they are with other subjective measures of sleep quality.

    “some research suggests that self-report measures of sleep quality and duration are not as highly correlated with more objective measures of sleep quality, such as actigraphy and polysomnography, as they are with other subjective measures of sleep quality (Backhaus, Junghanns, Broocks, Riemann, Hohgen, 2002; F. Baker, Maloney, & Driver, 1999; Lauderdale, Knutson, Yan, Liu, & Rathouz, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Backhaus et al., 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Baker et al., 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Lauderdale et al., 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

27 of 27

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No data exist on improvements in sleep over the course of other treatments for SAD, such as mindfulness-based treatments.

    “In addition, no data exist on improvements in sleep over the course of other treatments for SAD, such as mindfulness-based treatments, which have also been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of SAD (e.g., Koszycki, Benger, Shlik, & Bradwejn, 2007; Norton, Abbott, Norberg, & Hunt, 2015; Hjeltnes et al., 2017; Goldin et al., 2016).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The effect of poor sleep on improvement in social anxiety symptoms over the course of other efficacious treatments for SAD (e.g., MBSR) has not yet been examined.

    “However, the effect of poor sleep on improvement in social anxiety symptoms over the course of other efficacious treatments for SAD (e.g., MBSR) has not yet been examined.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The literature on the relationship between SAD and sleep dysfunction has not always been consistent.

    “However, literature on the relationship between SAD and sleep dysfunction has not always been consistent”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Little is known about how sleep quality both affects and is affected by treatment for SAD.

    “and little is known how sleep quality both affects and is affected by treatment for SAD.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • ConsistentF(1, 59) = 6.55reported p = .013 · recomputed p = .013

    “F(1,59) = 6.55, p = .013”

  • ConsistentF(1, 55) = 0.66reported p = .42 · recomputed p = .420

    “F(1,55) = 0.66, p = .42”

  • ConsistentF(1, 62) = 1.78reported p = .19 · recomputed p = .187

    “F(1,62) = 1.78, p = .19”

3 of 3

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: Author.
  2. Di Nardo, P. A., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1994). Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV: Lifetime version (ADIS-IV-L). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  3. Hope, D., Heimberg, R. G., & Turk, C. (2010). Managing social anxiety: A cognitive-behavioral therapy approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  4. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1993). Mindfulness meditation: Health benefits of an ancient buddhist practice. In D. Goleman & J. Garin (Eds.), Mind Body Medicine: How to Use Your Mind for Better Health (pp. 257–276). Yonkers, New York: Consumer Reports Books.
  5. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2015). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Horenstein, A., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P., ten Brink, M., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G.
Affiliations
  • Temple University (US)
  • California State University, East Bay (US)
  • University of California System (US)
  • Department of Psychology, Stanford University
  • Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author
Heimberg, Richard G.
ORCID
Venue
Anxiety, Stress, & Coping
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2019-05-13
Volume
32
Issue
4
Pages
387-398
ISSN
  • 1061-5806 (ISSN-L)
  • 1477-2205
DOI
10.1080/10615806.2019.1617854
PMC
PMC6698895
OpenAlex
W2945772897
Semantic Scholar
4afcd886180b151dc3feadc68d0ea52b49cd938c
Cited by
45
References
68
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 1
FWCI
5.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Update notices
correction (2026-06-23)
Open access
Licence
doi.org/10.1080/policies-text-data-mining (tdm)
Locations
  • Anxiety Stress & Coping (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH092416)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Keywords
social anxiety disorder, sleep quality, group cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, treatment moderators, waitlist control
MeSH terms
Phobia, Social, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sleep Wake Disorders, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Case-Control Studies

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review