How relative deprivation affects the sleep quality of Chinese college students: testing an integrated model of social anxiety and trait mindfulness
Open accessAbstract
Although previous studies have confirmed the association between relative deprivation and individual health, the relationship between and underlying mechanisms of relative deprivation and sleep quality have rarely been explored. Therefore, the present study investigated how relative deprivation affected sleep quality by testing an integrated model and examining the roles of social anxiety and trait mindfulness. We surveyed 568 college students using the Relative Deprivation Scale, Interaction Anxiousness Scale, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 and PROCESS macro for SPSS. We found that a high relative deprivation score predicted poor sleep quality, and social anxiety partially mediated this relationship. Our model also indicated that the relationship between relative deprivation and sleep quality via social anxiety was moderated by mindfulness. Specifically, increasing trait mindfulness may decrease the indirect effect of relative deprivation on sleep quality through social anxiety. The current study expands our understanding of the underlying mechanisms, paths, and conditions of the effects of relative deprivation on sleep quality. Furthermore, we provide additional evidence that trait mindfulness can mitigate the adverse effects of negative events. College students should consciously use trait mindfulness techniques to consider problems, reduce anxiety, and improve their sleep quality.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 568 Chinese college students, higher relative deprivation predicted poorer sleep quality, and social anxiety partially mediated this association. Trait mindfulness moderated the indirect path: the mediation via social anxiety was significant at lower mindfulness but not at higher mindfulness.
Key findings
- Relative deprivation was positively correlated with poor sleep quality (r = 0.16, p < 0.01) and social anxiety (r = 0.24, p < 0.01); social anxiety was positively correlated with poor sleep quality (r = 0.15, p < 0.01).
- Social anxiety partially mediated the relative deprivation–sleep quality link: indirect effect = 0.03, SE = 0.01, 95% CI [0.01, 0.05], accounting for 20% of the total variance; the direct effect remained B = 0.12, 95% CI [0.04, 0.21].
- Trait mindfulness moderated relative deprivation’s effect on social anxiety (B = −0.09, p < 0.01, 95% CI [−0.15, −0.02]); simple slope was significant at low mindfulness (β = 0.29, p < 0.001) but not high mindfulness (β = 0.12, p > 0.05).
- The conditional indirect effect through social anxiety was significant at lower trait mindfulness (B = 0.03, SE = 0.01, p < 0.01, 95% CI [0.01, 0.06]) but not at higher trait mindfulness (B = 0.01, SE = 0.01, p > 0.05, 95% CI [−0.002, 0.04]); Johnson–Neyman indicated nonsignificance above M > 4.05.
Methods
- Cross-sectional questionnaire survey; convenience sample from a full-time college in central China; N = 568, mean age 19.98 years (SD = 1.66, range 16–26), 254 men (44.7%) and 314 women (55.3%).
- Measures: Relative Deprivation Scale (4 items; α = 0.72), Interaction Anxiousness Scale (15 items; α = 0.88), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (15 items; α = 0.88), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (18 items; α = 0.68); sex and age as covariates.
- Analyses: SPSS 24.0 with PROCESS macro; Model 4 for mediation and Model 7 for moderated mediation; bootstrap sample of 5,000; Harman’s one-factor test for common method bias.
Limitations
- Stated: cross-sectional design prevents causal inference; self-report may introduce social desirability bias; single-college sample limits generalizability.
- Evident: all key variables were self-reported at one time, so temporal precedence and causal direction among relative deprivation, social anxiety, and sleep quality cannot be established; Harman’s test does not eliminate common-method concerns.
- Evident: the sample is from one full-time college in central China, so results may not generalize to other regions, institutions, or non-college emerging adults.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 46 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Relative deprivation was negatively correlated with trait mindfulness (r = −0.15, p < 0.01).
“As hypothesized, relative deprivation was negatively correlated with trait mindfulness (r = −0.15, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with poor sleep quality (r = 0.16, p < 0.01) and social anxiety (r = 0.24, p < 0.01).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The indirect effect of relative deprivation on poor sleep quality via social anxiety was greater among college students with lower trait mindfulness scores than among those with higher scores.
“Specifically, the indirect effect of relative deprivation on poor sleep quality via social anxiety was greater among college students with lower trait mindfulness scores than among those with higher scores.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional associations reflect a causal process in which relative deprivation precedes social anxiety and poor sleep quality.
- Rests on an assumption: The convenience sample of 568 students from one full-time college in central China is representative of Chinese college students.
- Findingreasoning
Higher levels of social anxiety were associated with poorer sleep quality in college students.
“Regarding the second part of the mediation effect, higher levels of social anxiety were associated with poorer sleep quality in college students”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Relative deprivation remained positively associated with poor sleep quality (B = 0.12, t = 2.87, p < 0.01, 95% CI [0.04, 0.21]) when both relative deprivation and social anxiety were included in the model.
“Furthermore, relative deprivation remained positively associated with poor sleep quality (B = 0.12, t = 2.87, p < 0.01, 95% CI [0.04, 0.21]) when both relative deprivation and social anxiety were included in the model, suggesting that social anxiety partially mediated the relationship between relative deprivation and poor sleep quality (indirect effect = 0.03, SE = 0.01, 95% CI [0.01, 0.05]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For college students with stronger trait mindfulness (M > 4.04), the indirect effect of relative deprivation on sleep quality via social anxiety was not significant (B = 0.01, SE = 0.01, p > 0.05, 95% CI [−0.002, 0.04]).
“However, for college students with stronger trait mindfulness (M > 4.04), this indirect effect was not significant (B = 0.01, SE = 0.01, p > 0.05, 95% CI [−0.002, 0.04]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Relative deprivation was positively correlated with poor sleep quality (r = 0.16, p < 0.01).
“As hypothesized, relative deprivation was negatively correlated with trait mindfulness (r = −0.15, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with poor sleep quality (r = 0.16, p < 0.01) and social anxiety (r = 0.24, p < 0.01).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For college students with low trait mindfulness, relative deprivation significantly positively predicted social anxiety (βsimple slope = 0.29, t = 6.39, p < 0.001).
“As shown in Figure 2, for college students with low trait mindfulness, relative deprivation significantly positively predicted social anxiety (βsimple slope = 0.29, t = 6.39, p < 0.001), whereas for college students with high trait mindfulness, relative deprivation was not a significant predictor of social anxiety (βsimple slope = 0.12, t = 1.82, p > 0.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Relative deprivation was positively correlated with social anxiety (r = 0.24, p < 0.01).
“As hypothesized, relative deprivation was negatively correlated with trait mindfulness (r = −0.15, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with poor sleep quality (r = 0.16, p < 0.01) and social anxiety (r = 0.24, p < 0.01).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The relationship between relative deprivation and social anxiety was moderated by trait mindfulness (B = −0.09, t = 0.03, p < 0.01, 95% CI [−0.15, −0.02]).
“We observed that the relationship between relative deprivation and social anxiety was moderated by trait mindfulness (B = −0.09, t = 0.03, p < 0.01, 95% CI [−0.15, −0.02]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The mediating effect accounted for 20% of the total variance.
“Specifically, the mediating effect accounted for 20% of the total variance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of relative deprivation on social anxiety was significant within a range of scores for trait mindfulness (4.05).
“The effect of relative deprivation on social anxiety was significant within a range of the scores for trait mindfulness (4.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For college students with high trait mindfulness, relative deprivation was not a significant predictor of social anxiety (βsimple slope = 0.12, t = 1.82, p > 0.05).
“As shown in Figure 2, for college students with low trait mindfulness, relative deprivation significantly positively predicted social anxiety (βsimple slope = 0.29, t = 6.39, p < 0.001), whereas for college students with high trait mindfulness, relative deprivation was not a significant predictor of social anxiety (βsimple slope = 0.12, t = 1.82, p > 0.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
After controlling for age and sex, relative deprivation was positively associated with poor sleep quality (B = 0.15, t = 3.55, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.07, 0.23]).
“After controlling for age and sex (Table 3), relative deprivation was positively associated with poor sleep quality (B = 0.15, t = 3.55, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.07, 0.23]) and social anxiety (B = 0.23, t = 2.61, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.15, 0.31]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Social anxiety was positively correlated with poor sleep quality (r = 0.15, p < 0.01).
“Social anxiety was positively correlated with poor sleep quality (r = 0.15, p < 0.01).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Social anxiety partially mediated the relationship between relative deprivation and poor sleep quality (indirect effect = 0.03, SE = 0.01, 95% CI [0.01, 0.05]).
“Furthermore, relative deprivation remained positively associated with poor sleep quality (B = 0.12, t = 2.87, p < 0.01, 95% CI [0.04, 0.21]) when both relative deprivation and social anxiety were included in the model, suggesting that social anxiety partially mediated the relationship between relative deprivation and poor sleep quality (indirect effect = 0.03, SE = 0.01, 95% CI [0.01, 0.05]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional associations reflect a causal process in which relative deprivation precedes social anxiety and poor sleep quality.
- Rests on an assumption: The convenience sample of 568 students from one full-time college in central China is representative of Chinese college students.
- Findingown data
For college students with lower trait mindfulness scores, relative deprivation significantly affected sleep quality via social anxiety (B = 0.03, SE = 0.01, p < 0.01, 95% CI [0.01, 0.06]).
“Specifically (see Table 4), for college students with lower trait mindfulness scores, relative deprivation significantly affected sleep quality via social anxiety (B = 0.03, SE = 0.01, p < 0.01, 95% CI [0.01, 0.06]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The indirect relationship between relative deprivation and sleep quality via social anxiety was stronger among college students with low trait mindfulness.
“Specifically, the relationship was stronger among college students with low trait mindfulness”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The relationship between relative deprivation and sleep quality via social anxiety was moderated by trait mindfulness.
“Our models also indicated that the relationship between relative deprivation and sleep quality via social anxiety was moderated by trait mindfulness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
Higher levels of relative deprivation were associated with higher levels of social anxiety among college students.
“Regarding the first part of the mediation effect, higher levels of relative deprivation were associated with higher levels of social anxiety among college students”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Trait mindfulness moderated the indirect effect of relative deprivation on sleep quality through social anxiety.
“Moreover, the conditional indirect effect test indicated that trait mindfulness moderated the indirect effect of relative deprivation on sleep quality through social anxiety.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional associations reflect a causal process in which relative deprivation precedes social anxiety and poor sleep quality.
- Rests on an assumption: The convenience sample of 568 students from one full-time college in central China is representative of Chinese college students.
- Findingown data
Social anxiety was positively associated with poor sleep quality (B = 0.11, t = 2.61, p < 0.01, 95% CI [0.03, 0.20]).
“Social anxiety was positively associated with poor sleep quality (B = 0.11, t = 2.61, p < 0.01, 95% CI [0.03, 0.20]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
After controlling for age and sex, relative deprivation was positively associated with social anxiety (B = 0.23, t = 2.61, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.15, 0.31]).
“After controlling for age and sex (Table 3), relative deprivation was positively associated with poor sleep quality (B = 0.15, t = 3.55, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.07, 0.23]) and social anxiety (B = 0.23, t = 2.61, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.15, 0.31]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
College students' relative deprivation positively predicted their poor sleep quality.
“The results showed that college students’ relative deprivation positively predicted their poor sleep quality.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Social anxiety is positively correlated with poor sleep quality.
“Specifically, trait mindfulness is negatively correlated with poor sleep quality (Liu et al., 2018), whereas social anxiety is positively correlated with poor sleep quality (Horenstein et al., 2019).”
- Also stated in: § Mediating role of social anxiety · plain
“Previous studies have shown a positive correlation between social anxiety and poor sleep quality (Wang et al., 2017; Lima et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Also stated in: § Mediating role of social anxiety · plain
- Interpretationown data
Increasing trait mindfulness may decrease the indirect effect of relative deprivation on sleep quality through social anxiety.
“Specifically, increasing trait mindfulness may decrease the indirect effect of relative deprivation on sleep quality through social anxiety.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional associations reflect a causal process in which relative deprivation precedes social anxiety and poor sleep quality.
- Rests on an assumption: The convenience sample of 568 students from one full-time college in central China is representative of Chinese college students.
- Rests on an assumption: Trait mindfulness is modifiable and can be increased by techniques.
- Study design and conductown data
Cronbach's α for the Relative Deprivation Scale was 0.72.
“In this study, Cronbach’s α for the scale was 0.72.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Trait mindfulness plays a protective role in the impact of negative factors on individual physical and mental health (e.g., anxiety).
“In addition, previous studies have shown that trait mindfulness not only plays a positive role in promoting individual psychosocial adaptation but also plays a protective role in the impact of negative factors on individual physical and mental health (e.g., anxiety; Bajaj et al., 2016; Davis et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
In the few studies that explored the relationship between relative deprivation and sleep quality, only three items (sleep latency) in the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale were used to measure sleep quality, with few items and incomplete measurement.
“In the few studies that explored the relationship between the two, only three items (sleep latency) in the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale were used to measure sleep quality, with few items and incomplete measurement (Callan et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Callan et al., 2015 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Trait mindfulness is negatively correlated with poor sleep quality.
“Specifically, trait mindfulness is negatively correlated with poor sleep quality (Liu et al., 2018), whereas social anxiety is positively correlated with poor sleep quality (Horenstein et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Liu et al., 2018 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Relative deprivation is positively associated with poor sleep quality in adults.
“A previous study on relative deprivation and mental health also showed that relative deprivation was positively associated with relevant items for poor sleep quality in adults (Callan et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Callan et al., 2015 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The result further validates the cognitive maintenance model of insomnia.
“This result further validates the cognitive maintenance model of insomnia (Harvey, 2002)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Harvey, 2002 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Trait mindfulness may promote adaptive dissociation of current experience, which relieves mental health problems including social anxiety.
“trait mindfulness may promote the adaptive dissociation of one’s current experience, which, in turn, relieves mental health problems, including social anxiety (Norton et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Study design and conductreasoning
The representativeness of the sample may limit the generalizability of the results because participants were from the same college.
“Third, the representativeness of the sample may limit the generalizability of our results, as our participants were from the same college.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Individuals are prone to social anxiety due to cognitive dissonance from unreasonable cognition contained in the sense of relative deprivation.
“owing to the unreasonable cognition contained in the sense of relative deprivation, individuals are prone to social anxiety due to cognitive dissonance (Covey, 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Covey, 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Relative deprivation can lower college students' sleep quality through social anxiety.
“Specifically, relative deprivation can lower college students’ sleep quality through social anxiety”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional associations reflect the hypothesized causal direction from relative deprivation to social anxiety to sleep quality.
- Interpretationreasoning
The current study further verified the reperceiving model of mindfulness.
“The current study also further verified the reperceiving model of mindfulness”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shapiro et al., 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Trait mindfulness alleviates the indirect impact of relative deprivation on sleep quality through social anxiety.
“thus, trait mindfulness appears to alleviate the indirect impact of relative deprivation on sleep quality through the mediation of social anxiety.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The results are consistent with the risk-protective model of resiliency.
“our results are consistent with the risk-protective model of resiliency”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
The result validates resource conservation theory.
“this result validates resource conservation theory (Hobfoll, 1989; Park et al., 2014)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationown data
The adverse effect of relative deprivation on sleep quality through social anxiety can be buffered by trait mindfulness.
“but this adverse effect can be buffered by trait mindfulness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 20
- May combine two claims. 11
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataRelative deprivation (t = 3.13, p < 0.01, Cohen's d = 0.26) and trait mindfulness (t = −1.17, p < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.097) were significantly associated with sex differences.
“Independent-sample t-tests (Table 2) showed that relative deprivation (t = 3.13, p < 0.01, Cohen’s d = 0.26) and trait mindfulness (t = −1.17, p < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.097) were significantly associated with sex differences.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAmong Chinese college students, relative deprivation was both directly and indirectly associated with sleep quality through the mediating role of social anxiety.
“Our models indicated that relative deprivation was both directly and indirectly associated with sleep quality through the mediating role of social anxiety.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThe trait mindfulness of women was significantly higher than that of men.
“By contrast, the trait mindfulness of women was significantly higher than that of men.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe sample size was calculated strictly according to the formula, resulting in a minimum sample size of 385; the effective sample size of 568 was greater than 385 and acceptable.
“The sample size was selected with reference to previous studies and was calculated strictly according to the formula ( n=Z2pqe2=1.962∗0.5∗0.50.052 ) (Gegez, 2007; where “n” represents the sample size, “Z” represents the statistic of confidence level, “p” represents the possibility of options, and “e” represents sampling error), resulting in a final minimum sample size of 385 (Lwanga and Lemeshow,”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Gegez, 2007
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- cites Lwanga and Lemeshow, 1991
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMindfulness traits promote the construction of individual psychological resources, which can buffer against adverse events.
“Previous studies have suggested that mindfulness traits play a significant role in promoting the construction of individual psychological resources, which can be used as a buffer against adverse events (Garland et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Garland et al., 2015 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationSocial anxiety plays an intermediary role in family functioning and migrant adolescents' sleep quality.
“Moreover, prior studies have found that social anxiety plays an intermediary role in family functioning and migrant adolescents’ sleep quality (Wang et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wang et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationTrait mindfulness can help individuals objectively re-perceive their moment-by-moment experiences, eliminate unconscious behavioral and emotional patterns, and promote adaptive responses to negative stimuli.
“The reperceiving model of mindfulness states that trait mindfulness can help individuals objectively re-perceive their moment-by-moment experiences, eliminate unconscious behavioral and emotional patterns, and promote adaptive responses to negative stimuli (Shapiro et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shapiro et al., 2006 source
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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationRelative deprivation positively predicts social anxiety in vulnerable Chinese children (migrant and single-parent).
“Moreover, two studies of vulnerable Chinese children demonstrated that the relative deprivation of migrant and single-parent children could positively predict their social anxiety (Xiong et al., 2021a,b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Xiong et al., 2021a,b
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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationTrait mindfulness moderates the relationship between mobile phone addiction and anxiety in adolescents; for high-trait mindfulness individuals, the positive predictive effect is small.
“For example, trait mindfulness moderates the relationship between mobile phone addiction and anxiety in adolescents. For high-trait mindfulness individuals, mobile phone addiction has a small positive predictive effect on adolescent anxiety (Yang et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yang et al., 2019 source
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May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataHarman's one-factor test revealed nine distinct factors with eigenvalues greater than 1, with the largest factor accounting for 15.23% of the variance (<40%), indicating no common method bias.
“The results revealed the presence of nine distinct factors with eigenvalues greater than 1, with the largest factor accounting for 15.23% of the variance (<40%, the threshold level; Zhou and Long, 2004). Therefore, we conclude that no common method bias was apparent in the present study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe conservation of resources model proposes that when under pressure or threat, introducing resources buffers against the threat.
“The conservation of resources model proposes that when an individual is under pressure or threat, the strategy of introducing resources is usually employed as a buffer against the threat so that they can reach a state of conservation (Hobfoll, 1989; Hagger, 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationTrait mindfulness is negatively correlated with individual anxiety; higher trait mindfulness is associated with lower social anxiety.
“Previous studies have shown that trait mindfulness is negatively correlated with individual anxiety; that is, the higher an individual’s trait mindfulness, the lower their social anxiety (Makadi and Koszycki, 2020; Liu et al., 2021).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Makadi and Koszycki, 2020
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- cites Liu et al., 2021 source
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataCronbach's α for the Chinese version of the PSQI was 0.68.
“The Cronbach’s α for the Chinese version of the PSQI used in this study was 0.68.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Interpretationown dataTrait mindfulness can mitigate the adverse effects of negative events.
“Furthermore, we provide additional evidence that trait mindfulness can mitigate the adverse effects of negative events.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional associations reflect a causal process in which relative deprivation precedes social anxiety and poor sleep quality.
- Rests on an assumption: The convenience sample of 568 students from one full-time college in central China is representative of Chinese college students.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataCronbach's α for the Interaction Anxiousness Scale was 0.88.
“In this study, the Cronbach’s α for the IAS was 0.88.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataCronbach's α for the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale was 0.88.
“In the current study, the Cronbach’s α for this scale was 0.88.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationRelative deprivation has a negative emotional component, including anger and dissatisfaction.
“Relative deprivation includes negative emotions, such as anger and dissatisfaction, which may worsen sleep quality (Smith et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Smith et al., 2012 source
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PremisecitationResource conservation theory states that in stressful or threatening situations, strategies that introduce resources are used to alleviate stress and reduce health problems including social anxiety.
“resource conservation theory (Hobfoll, 1989; Park et al., 2014), which states that when individuals are in stressful or threatening situations (e.g., relative deprivation), strategies that introduce resources (e.g., trait mindfulness, a positive psychological resource) are often used to alleviate stress and threats to reduce individual health problems, including social anxiety (Chen et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAn individual's anxiety triggers attention and monitoring of negative emotions, which amplifies adverse consequences and leads to further sleep deprivation, insomnia, and other sleep problems.
“an individual’s anxiety triggers their attention and monitoring of their negative emotions. This amplifies the adverse consequences of anxiety and excessive worry about the adverse effects of insomnia, leading to further sleep deprivation, insomnia, and other sleep problems (Hiller et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningThe study was cross-sectional, which makes it difficult to draw causal inferences.
“First, it is cross-sectional in nature, which makes it difficult to draw causal inferences.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe risk-protective model of resiliency holds that the strength of the relationship between risk factors and outcomes depends on protective factors that weaken the adverse effects of risks on outcomes.
“the risk-protective model of resiliency, in which the strength of the relationship between risk factors (e.g., high relative deprivation) and outcomes (e.g., social anxiety) depends on the presence of protective factors (e.g., trait mindfulness), which weaken the adverse effects of risks on outcomes (Zimmerman et al., 1999; Hollister-Wagner et al., 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Academic Research at Yangtze University.
“The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Academic Research at Yangtze University.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationWhen individuals experience relative deprivation through upward comparison and perceive themselves to be at a disadvantage, they lower their self-evaluation and form a negative cognitive evaluation of themselves.
“When individuals experience relative deprivation through upward comparison and perceive themselves to beat a disadvantage, they will lower their self-evaluation and consider themselves to be worse than others, thus forming a negative cognitive evaluation of themselves (Kuo and Yang, 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kuo and Yang, 2019
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PremisecitationSocial anxiety is an important mediating variable in the relationship between upward social comparison (the core component of relative deprivation) and mental health.
“Previous studies have indicated that social anxiety is an important mediating variable in the relationship between upward social comparison (the core component of relative deprivation) and mental health (Zhang and Liu, 2022).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zhang and Liu, 2022
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PremisecitationThe relationship between relative deprivation and interpersonal adaptability in college freshmen is partially mediated by social anxiety.
“recent research has indicated that the relationship between relative deprivation and interpersonal adaptability in college freshmen is partially mediated by social anxiety (Zhang et al., 2022).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zhang et al., 2022
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Study design and conductnone givenWritten informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants.
“Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe core source of social anxiety is the negative evaluation of oneself.
“The core source of social anxiety is the negative evaluation of oneself; therefore, the negative evaluation caused by relative deprivation is influenced by social anxiety (Iverach et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Iverach et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe self-reporting method may affect the accuracy of the results because of biases such as social desirability.
“Second, the self-reporting method may affect the accuracy of the results because of biases such as social desirability.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe results of this study further verify the relative deprivation theory, the cognitive evaluation model of social anxiety, the interference process theory of insomnia, and the cognitive maintenance model.
“the results of this study further verify the relative deprivation theory (Smith et al., 2012), the cognitive evaluation model of social anxiety (Glass et al., 1982), the interference process theory of insomnia (Rash et al., 2019), and the cognitive maintenance model (Harvey, 2002).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
The paper relies on this without support.
The cross-sectional associations reflect a causal process in which relative deprivation precedes social anxiety and poor sleep quality.
“the present study investigated how relative deprivation affected sleep quality by testing an integrated model”
The paper relies on this without support.
The convenience sample of 568 students from one full-time college in central China is representative of Chinese college students.
“We recruited participants from a full-time college in central China using convenience sampling.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Trait mindfulness is modifiable and can be increased by techniques.
“increasing trait mindfulness may decrease the indirect effect of relative deprivation on sleep quality through social anxiety.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cross-sectional associations reflect the hypothesized causal direction from relative deprivation to social anxiety to sleep quality.
“it is cross-sectional in nature, which makes it difficult to draw causal inferences”
“relative deprivation can lower college students’ sleep quality through social anxiety”
The paper relies on this without support.
The self-report measures accurately capture the constructs of relative deprivation, social anxiety, trait mindfulness, and sleep quality.
“the self-reporting method may affect the accuracy of the results because of biases such as social desirability”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample of college students from one college is representative enough to generalize the findings to Chinese college students.
“the representativeness of the sample may limit the generalizability of our results, as our participants were from the same college”
“college students’ relative deprivation positively predicted their poor sleep quality”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Hostility is significantly correlated with poor sleep quality and ultimately decreases overall sleep quality.
“Hostility is significantly correlated with poor sleep quality and ultimately decreases overall sleep quality [33, 46].”
From Adolescents’ short-form video addiction and sleep quality: the mediating role of social anxiety (2024) · cites this paper as [46]
People with anxiety are likely to have poorer sleep quality and more prominent problems during daytime such as drowsiness, fatigue, and lack of concentration.
“People with anxiety are likely to have poorer sleep quality and more prominent problems during daytime such as drowsiness, fatigue, and lack of concentration [46].”
From Adolescents’ short-form video addiction and sleep quality: the mediating role of social anxiety (2024) · cites this paper as [46]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Claimed sex difference in social anxiety contradicts Table 2
MajorThe text says women had significantly lower social anxiety, but Table 2 gives women a slightly higher mean than men and reports a nonsignificant p value of 0.459.
“the social anxiety of women was significantly lower than that of men.”
“| Social anxiety | 3.19 | 0.60 | 3.21 | 0.56 | −0.38 | 0.459 | 0.034 |”
High-mindfulness slope has opposite signs in text and table
MinorThe simple-slope description gives the high-mindfulness slope as positive 0.12, whereas Table 4 prints −0.12 at one standard deviation above the mean.
“for college students with high trait mindfulness, relative deprivation was not a significant predictor of social anxiety (βsimple slope = 0.12, t = 1.82, p > 0.05).”
“| | M + 1SD (0.999) | −0.12 | 0.06 | −0.01 | 0.24 |”
Reported moderation t statistic does not match its coefficient
MinorTable 4 gives the interaction coefficient as −0.09 with SE = 0.03, implying a t statistic of about −3. The text instead reports t = 0.03, despite also reporting a confidence interval entirely below zero.
Reported 0.03 · recomputed -3
“the relationship between relative deprivation and social anxiety was moderated by trait mindfulness (B = −0.09, t = 0.03, p < 0.01, 95% CI [−0.15, −0.02]).”
Sleep-quality item count differs
MinorThe study says it measured all 19 sleep-quality items, but the Measures section says the index used in the study includes 18 items.
“This study measured all 19 items of the scale”
“It includes 18 items”
Mindfulness sex difference is significant in one table but not the other
MinorTable 2 reports p = 0.019 for the mindfulness sex difference. Table 1 reports the corresponding sex-mindfulness correlation as 0.05 without a significance marker, although both analyses concern the same 568 participants.
“| Mindfulness | 3.28 | 0.79 | 3.35 | 0.65 | −1.17* | 0.019 | 0.097 |”
“| 4. Mindfulness | 3.32 | 0.72 | −0.08* | 0.05 | −0.15** | − | | |”
Reported relative-deprivation coefficient and t statistic do not match
MinorThe relative-deprivation coefficient for social anxiety is 0.23 with SE = 0.04 in Table 3. Their ratio is about 5.75, not the reported t = 2.61.
Reported 2.61 · recomputed 5.75
“social anxiety (B = 0.23, t = 2.61, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.15, 0.31])”
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MethodTechnology Use and Sleep Quality in Preadolescence and Adolescence
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Mediating role of self-esteem on the relationship between mindfulness, anxiety, and depression
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Impact of Poor Sleep Quality on the Academic Performance of Medical Students
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Adolescent Aggression: Models of Resiliency<sup>1</sup>
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“, trait mindfulness), which weaken the adverse effects of risks on outcomes (Zimmerman et al., 1999; Hollister-Wagner et al., 2001).”
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“At the same time, this result validates resource conservation theory (Hobfoll, 1989; Park et al., 2014), which states that when individuals are in stressful or threatening situations (e.”
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“The core source of social anxiety is the negative evaluation of oneself; therefore, the negative evaluation caused by relative deprivation is influenced by social anxiety (Iverach et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSocial comparison processes in the experience of personal relative deprivation
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“The core process of relative deprivation is upward social comparison (bad behavior tendency), which is one of the factors influencing insomnia (Appelgryn and Bornman, 1996; Kim et al., 2018).”
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Relative Deprivation and Social Adaption: The Role of Mediator and Moderator
Ai, M. (2013) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2012.00377 · Cited by 77 · cited 3× · see citing works
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MethodThe concept, measurement, influencing factors and effects of relative deprivation
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“While sleep problems among college students are becoming increasingly serious, with the rapid growth of China’s economy and due to the widening gap between the rich and the poor and changes in social status, college students are also psychologically prone to a sense of relative deprivation (Xiong and Ye, 2016).”
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“For instance, the wording of some items was reversed to motivate participants to provide unbiased answers (Mackenzie and Fowler, 2013).”
BackgroundA Meta-Analysis of Mindfulness-Based Therapies for Insomnia and Sleep Disturbance
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Burrowes, S. A. B., Goloubeva, O. G., Stafford, K. A., McArdle, P. F., Goyal, M., Peterlin, B. L., Haythornthwaite, J. A., & Seminowicz, D. A. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002372 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Sex differences in sleep health
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“The conservation of resources model proposes that when an individual is under pressure or threat, the strategy of introducing resources is usually employed as a buffer against the threat so that they can reach a state of conservation (Hobfoll, 1989; Hagger, 2015).”
BackgroundThe moderation effect of mindfulness on the relationship between adult attachment and wellbeing
Davis, T. J., Morris, M., & Drake, M. M. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.080 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Exploring connections between self-compassion, mindfulness, and social anxiety
Makadi, E., & Koszycki, D. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01270-z · Cited by 52 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that trait mindfulness is negatively correlated with individual anxiety; that is, the higher an individual’s trait mindfulness, the lower their social anxiety (Makadi and Koszycki, 2020; Liu et al., 2021).”
BackgroundRelative Deprivation in Contemporary South Africa
Appelgryn, A. E. M., & Bornman, E. (1996) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1996.9714016 · Cited by 51 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The core process of relative deprivation is upward social comparison (bad behavior tendency), which is one of the factors influencing insomnia (Appelgryn and Bornman, 1996; Kim et al., 2018).”
BackgroundBélanger, L., Harvey, A. G., Fortier-Brochu, É., Beaulieu‐Bonneau, S., Eidelman, P., Talbot, L. S., Ivers, H., Hein, K., Lamy, M., Soehner, A. M., et al. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000084 · Cited by 51 · cited 1× · see citing works
“According to the 3-P model of insomnia, anxiety is also a predisposing factor, further making an individual prone to sleep problems (Bélanger et al., 2016).”
MethodIncidental news exposure and COVID-19 misperceptions: A moderated-mediation model
Borah, P., Su, Y., Xiao, X., & Lee, D. K. L. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107173 · Cited by 49 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This macro was developed to test complex models, including both mediators and moderators, and has been extensively used in previous research (Gori et al., 2021; Borah et al., 2022).”
MethodZhou, H., Xiao, W., Li, X., & Jiang, H. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.051 · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This scale has been used in previous studies and has demonstrated good reliability and validity (Buyukbayraktar, 2020; Zhou et al., 2022).”
MethodSleep quality and treatment of social anxiety disorder
Horenstein, A., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P., ten Brink, M., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2019) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1617854 · Cited by 45 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, social anxiety, as an important indicator of mental health, is closely related to sleep quality; participants with social anxiety disorder reported poorer sleep quality than healthy participants did (Horenstein et al., 2019; Mohammadi et al., 2020).”
BackgroundBogusch, L. M., Fekete, E. M., & Skinta, M. D. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0535-7 · Cited by 44 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Numerous studies have shown that trait mindfulness and social anxiety are associated with individual sleep quality (Bogusch et al., 2016; Burrowes et al., 2022).”
BackgroundDu, C., Wang, W., Hsiao, P. Y., Ludy, M., & Tucker, R. M. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs11050069 · Cited by 30 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Specifically, poor sleep quality can cause a variety of undesirable consequences such as poor academic performance (Maheshwari and Shaukat, 2019), dietary risk (Du et al., 2021), suicidal ideation (Littlewood et al.”
BackgroundThe role of relative deprivation in majority‐culture support for multiculturalism
Leviston, Z., Dandy, J., Jetten, J., & Walker, I. A. (2020) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12652 · Cited by 28 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In addition, considering that college students’ sex and age are associated with relative deprivation, social anxiety, and sleep quality (Asher and Aderka, 2018; Meers et al., 2019; Leviston et al., 2020), we included sex and age as covariates in the statistical analyses.”
BackgroundMethodSun, X., Yamei, Z., Niu, G., Tian, Y., Xu, L., & Duan, C. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00661-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Xiong, M., Ruojin, L. I. U., & Ye, Y. (2020) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2021.00067 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationNadler, J., Day, M. V., Beshai, S., & Mishra, S. (2020) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2020.39.10.897 · Cited by 27 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Individuals who experience relative deprivation indulge in negative evaluations and cognitions of themselves, which awaken negative emotions such as social anxiety (Nadler et al., 2020), leading to the accumulation of FIGURE 2”
BackgroundEmotional Dysregulation, Anxiety Symptoms and Insomnia in Individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder
Wołyńczyk-Gmaj, D., Jakubczyk, A., Trucco, E. M., Kobyliński, P., Zaorska, J., Gmaj, B., & Kopera, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052700 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Family Functioning and Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Mindfulness
Watkins, N. K., Salafia, C., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02219-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cognitive Assessment of Social Anxiety: a Comparison of Self‐report and Thought Listing Methods
Heinrichs, N., & Hofmann, S. G. (2005) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070410030106 · Cited by 19 · cited 1× · see citing works
“According to the cognitive self-assessment model of social anxiety, the root of social anxiety lies in negative self-evaluations after social interactions (Heinrichs and Hofmann, 2005; Amiri et al., 2017).”
MethodXiong, M., Chen, J., & Johnson, W. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053211059388 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationCompassion Mediates Poor Sleep Quality and Mental Health Outcomes
Kim, J. J., Oldham, M., Fernando, A. T., & Kirby, J. N. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01595-8 · Cited by 18 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2019), and other mental health problems (Kim et al., 2021).”
BackgroundA Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Friendship Disorders
Young, J. E. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4880-4_13 · Cited by 15 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, the cognitive dissonance model of social anxiety states that social anxiety is the result of cognitive dissonance (Young, 1986) and that relative deprivation includes the cognitive components of individuals in disadvantageous positions (Smith et al., 2012).”
BackgroundPredictive Relationships Among Smartphone Addiction, Fear of Missing Out and Interaction Anxiousness
Büyükbayraktar, Ç. G. (2020) · European Journal of Educational Sciences · doi:10.19044/ejes.v7no2a1 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This scale has been used in previous studies and has demonstrated good reliability and validity (Buyukbayraktar, 2020; Zhou et al., 2022).”
MethodKuo, F. W., & Yang, S. C. (2018) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2018.1515721 · Cited by 9 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The core process of relative deprivation is upward social comparison, whereby individuals perceive themselves as disadvantaged and inferior to others, which may also lead to negative self-evaluations (Osborne et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2018; Kuo and Yang, 2019).”
BackgroundCognitive dissonance: fifty years of a classic theory
Covey, M. A. (2009) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2589.2009.00015.x · Cited by 6 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Simultaneously, it further verifies the cognitive dissonance theory of social anxiety; owing to the unreasonable cognition contained in the sense of relative deprivation, individuals are prone to social anxiety due to cognitive dissonance (Covey, 2009).”
BackgroundMohammadi, S., Maleki, M., Tashkeh, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Sleep sciences · doi:10.18502/jss.v5i1.4566 · Cited by 3 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Furthermore, social anxiety, as an important indicator of mental health, is closely related to sleep quality; participants with social anxiety disorder reported poorer sleep quality than healthy participants did (Horenstein et al., 2019; Mohammadi et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResult
Flagged first, then by citations
6 of the 84 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 14
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- Amiri, 2017, The study of predictive model of social anxiety, based on behavioral inhibition and cognitive factors, 45
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Adolescents’ short-form video addiction and sleep quality: the mediating role of social anxiety
Jiang, L., & Yoo, Y. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01865-9 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Hostility is significantly correlated with poor sleep quality and ultimately decreases overall sleep quality [33, 46].”
BackgroundLiu, Y., Chi, X., & Xin, X. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s441859 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“53,54 Therefore, as a negative reaction to environmental stress, the effect of upward social comparison via social media on FoMO may be moderated by certain personal characteristics, such as mindfulness.”
BackgroundLi, X., Xu, C., Chen, W., & Tian, J. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15020232 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Another study indicated that the direct effect of deprivation on sleep quality and its indirect effect through social anxiety were both moderated by mindfulness, in that those two effects were weaker in individuals with high levels of mindfulness (Xiong et al., 2023).”
Social Anxiety and Its Comorbidity With Depression in Medical Students: A Network Analysis
Chen, Z., Bai, J., Hu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70045 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Xuan, M., Cao, X., Liu, Y., Deng, T., Li, S., & Wan, Y. (2025) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-025-10155-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Li, S., Zhang, K., Kong, K., Niu, H., Jiang, Z., & Guo, H. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02259-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wu, Z., He, C., & Zhao, K. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.09.14.24312582 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Influence of Sleep Quality on The Health of Migrant Students in The City of Bandung
Azahra, A. S., Prabowo, A., & Saputra, J. (2024) · International Journal of Health Medicine and Sports · doi:10.46336/ijhms.v2i1.72
Nyambe, H. K., Li, X., & Xiong, M. (2024) · International Journal of Science and Research Archive · doi:10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.2.0595
Self-citationLi, X., Xu, C., Chen, W., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4576893/v1
Wang, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.54691/92312p52
Benítez-Agudelo, J. C., Navarro-Jiménez, E., & Clemente‐Suárez, V. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1704398
Bu, Y., Feng, W., Wang, A., Zhang, M., Wang, C., & Yan, Y. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04342-7
“Emotionally, this perception elicits negative emotions, including anger, dissatisfaction, and a sense of injustice [7, 51, 66].”
InfluentialChu, X. (2026) · Journal of medicine and physical education. · doi:10.62517/jmpe.202618204
The Association Between Relative Deprivation and Aggression: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis
Xu, J., Zhang, Q., & Hu, X. (2026) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380261467484
- Authors
- Xiong, M., Chen, J., & Ye, Y.
- Affiliations
- Yangtze University (CN)
- Fujian Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xiong, Meng
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-05-18
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 1111845-1111845
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10234120
- OpenAlex
- W4377104888
- Semantic Scholar
- 29632dabe1a93113361cfafcfbebe77e0721c3ab
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 3.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- relative deprivation, sleep quality, social anxiety, trait mindfulness, university students, mediation, moderation, Chinese students
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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