Executive functions for reading and writing in typical literacy development and dyslexia

Altemeier, Leah E.; Abbott, Robert D.; Berninger, Virginia W.

doi:10.1080/13803390701562818

Cited by 350Reading and Literacy DevelopmentDevelopmental and Educational NeuropsychologyWriting and Handwriting Education

Executive functions for reading and writing in typical literacy development and dyslexia

Altemeier, Leah E., Abbott, Robert D., Berninger, Virginia W.·2008·Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

DOI 10.1080/13803390701562818

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Experiment 1: Hierarchical linear modeling of growth trajectories of three executive functions (inhibition; rapid automatic switching, RAS; and combined inhibition/switching) in typical readers and writers showed steady improvement of inhibition but leveling of RAS and inhibition/switching about fourth grade. In multiple regressions, RAS, entered after inhibition, contributed uniquely to literacy outcomes at every grade. Improvement of executive functions over the first four grades predicted literacy outcomes at fourth grade. Experiment 2: For children with dyslexia, executive functions explained less variance in literacy outcomes, and boys were worse in inhibition and inhibition/switching. Developmental, educational, and clinical significance of findings are discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/13803390701562818

Cites

62 of 62 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

EF have been shown to explain at least as much variance in academic achievement as intelligence.
“In fact, EF have been shown to explain at least as much variance in academic achievement as intelligence (e.g., Swanson, 2004; Altemeier et al., 2008; Andersson, 2008; Alloway and Alloway, 2010; Lu et al., 2011)”
From Executive control training from middle childhood to adolescence (2014) · cites this paper as Altemeier et al., 2008

Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions
Stroop, J. R. (1935) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0054651 · Cited by 18,622 · see citing works
The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798 · see citing works
The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills
Wagner, R. K., & Torgesen, J. K. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.192 · Cited by 3,303 · cited 2× · see citing works
“To explain the basis for dyslexia (a reading and spelling disorder), researchers have primarily focused on language-based processes such as phonology ( Morris et al, 1998 ; Wagner & Torgesen, 1987 ).”
Background
Executive functions and developmental psychopathology.
Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x · Cited by 3,150 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Factor analytic studies have validated at least three executive functions: inhibition, shifting, and updating/monitoring ( Hughes, 1998 ; Miyake et al, 2000 ; Pennington, 1997a , 1997b ).”
Background
Neuropsychological Assessment
Benton, A. (1994) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.45.1.1 · Cited by 2,298 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Inhibitory Control and Children's Theory of Mind
Carlson, S. M., & Moses, L. J. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00333 · Cited by 2,072 · see citing works
The double-deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias.
Wolf, M., & Bowers, P. G. (1999) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.91.3.415 · Cited by 1,820 · see citing works
Identifying the organization of writing processes
Haves, J. (1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,575 · see citing works
TEST REVIEW: Dean C. Delis, Edith Kaplan & Joel H. Kramer, Delis Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX, 2001. $415.00 (complete kit)
Shunk, A. W., Davis, A. S., & Dean, R. S. (2006) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15324826an1304_9 · Cited by 1,528 · see citing works
Wechsler Individual Achievement Test
Smith, D. R. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012058570-0/50008-2 · Cited by 1,416 · see citing works
A normative‐developmental study of executive function: A window on prefrontal function in children
Welsh, M. C., Pennington, B. F., & Groisser, D. B. (1991) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649109540483 · Cited by 1,313 · see citing works
Normal Development of Prefrontal Cortex from Birth to Young Adulthood: Cognitive Functions, Anatomy, and Biochemistry
Diamond, A. (2002) · Principles of Frontal Lobe Function · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0029 · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
Handbook of Reading Research
Pearson, P. D. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315200651 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
Test of Word Reading Efficiency
Dumont, R., & Willis, J. O. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced2080 · Cited by 1,148 · see citing works
Attention, Memory, and Executive Function
Lyon, G. R., Krasnegor, N. A., & McMenamin, S. (1996) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-199608000-00014 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests–Revised
Greenberg, D. (2014) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese2562 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
Cognitive Processes in Writing
Gregg, L. W. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315630274 · Cited by 932 · see citing works
Becoming a self-regulated writer: a social cognitive perspective
Zimmerman, B. J., & Risemberg, R. (1997) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.1997.0919 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Child Psychopathology
Melmed, R. D. (1997) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-199710000-00014 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Rapid “Automatized” Naming of Pictured Objects, Colors, Letters and Numbers by Normal Children
DENCKLA, M. B., & Rudel, R. G. (1974) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(74)80009-2 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Early Development of Executive Function: A Problem-Solving Framework
Zelazo, P. D., Carter, A. S., Reznick, J. S., & Frye, D. A. (1997) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.1.2.198 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Executive Functions in Children Aged 6 to 13: A Dimensional and Developmental Study
Brocki, K. C., & Bohlin, G. (2004) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2602_3 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Executive function in preschoolers: Links with theory of mind and verbal ability
Hughes, C. H. (1998) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.1998.tb00921.x · Cited by 715 · see citing works
What should comprehension instruction be the instruction of
Pressley, M. G. (2000) · doi:10.4324/9781410605023.ch30 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD.
Barkley, R. A. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.121.1.65 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Handbook of Learning Disabilities
Knapp, P. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200405000-00018 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Subtypes of reading disability: Variability around a phonological core.
Morris, R. D., Stuebing, K. K., Fletcher, J. M., Shaywitz, S. E., Lyon, G. R., Shankweiler, D., Katz, L. D., Francis, D. J., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1998) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.90.3.347 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Experimental Intervention Research on Students with Learning Disabilities: A Meta-Analysis of Treatment Outcomes
Swanson, H. L., & Hoskyn, M. (1998) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543068003277 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
An interactive framework for examining prefrontal cognitive processes
Roberts, R. J., & Pennington, B. F. (1996) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649609540642 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Automaticity, Retrieval Processes, and Reading: A Longitudinal Study in Average and Impaired Readers
Wolf, M., Bally, H., & Morris, R. D. (1986) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1986.tb00260.x · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Writing problems in developmental dyslexia: Under-recognized and under-treated
Berninger, V. W., Nielsen, K. H., Abbott, R. D., Wijsman, E., & Raskind, W. (2008) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2006.11.008 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Self-citation
Development of the prefrontal cortex : evolution, neurobiology, and behavior
Krasnegor, N. A., Lyon, G. R., & Goldman, P. S. (1997) · UT Back-in-Print Service eBooks · Cited by 344 · see citing works
The Measurement of Executive Function in Early Childhood
Blair, C., Zelazo, P. D., & Greenberg, M. T. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2802_1 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Executive functions in children with dyslexia
Reiter, A., Tucha, O. M., & Lange, K. W. (2004) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.289 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Automaticity, Retrieval Processes, and Reading: A Longitudinal Study in Average and Impaired Readers
Wolf, M., Bally, H., & Morris, R. D. (1986) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130373 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Early Development of Language by Hand: Composing, Reading, Listening, and Speaking Connections; Three Letter-Writing Modes; and Fast Mapping in Spelling
Berninger, V. W., Abbott, R. D., Jones, J. M., Wolf, B. J., Gould, L., Anderson-Youngstrom, M., Shimada, S., & Apel, K. (2006) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2901_5 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citation
Preschool Children's Performance in Task Switching on the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task: Separating the Dimensions Aids the Ability to Switch
Diamond, A. D., Carlson, S. M., & Beck, D. M. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2802_7 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Rapid alternating stimulus naming in the developmental dyslexias
Wolf, M. (1986) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(86)90025-8 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Executive functioning in adults and children with developmental dyslexia
Brosnan, M., Demetre, J. D., Hamill, S., Robson, K., Shepherd, H., & Cody, G. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00046-5 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Response Inhibition, Hyperactivity, and Conduct Problems Among Preschool Children
Berlin, L. J., & Bohlin, G. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3102_09 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Writing Better: Effective Strategies for Teaching Students with Learning Difficulties
Graham, S., & Harris, K. R. (2005) · Cited by 229 · see citing works
History and significance of rapid automatized naming
DENCKLA, M. B., & Cutting, L. E. (1999) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-999-0018-9 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Phonological Processing, Not Inhibitory Control, Differentiates ADHD and Reading Disability
Purvis, K., & Tannock, R. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200004000-00018 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Teaching Expressive Writing to Students with Learning Disabilities: A Meta-Analysis
Gersten, R. M., & Baker, S. (2001) · The Elementary School Journal · doi:10.1086/499668 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Executive Functions in Elementary School Children With and Without Problems in Written Expression
Hooper, S. R., Swartz, C. W., Wakely, M. B., de Kruif, R. E. L., & Montgomery, J. W. (2002) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221940203500105 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Working memory, short-term memory, speech rate, word recognition and reading comprehension in learning disabled readers: does the executive system have a role?11The research was supported by Peloy Endowment Funds awarded by the first author. This work is truly a collaborative endeavor. First authorship primarily reflects responsibility for write-up and data analysis and second authorship reflects data collection. Data was collected by the second author in the Redlands Unified School District. The authors are thankful to staff at the Redlands School District and for the comments of Jerry Carlson, Richard Eyman, Kathy Wilson, Carole Lee, Randy Engle, and the two reviewers of this journal on an earlier draft. Inquiries and requests should be directed to H. Lee Swanson, Educational Psychology, School of Education, University of California, Riverside, CA., 92521-0128.
Swanson, H. L., & Ashbaker, M. H. (2000) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(99)00025-2 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Gender differences in severity of writing and reading disabilities
Berninger, V. W., Nielsen, K. H., Abbott, R. D., Wijsman, E. M., & Raskind, W. H. (2007) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2007.02.007 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Self-citation
Executive Functions in Dyslexia
Helland, T., & Asbjørnsen, A. E. (2000) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/0929-7049(200003)6:1;1-b;ft037 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Gender differences in orthographic, verbal, and compositional fluency: Implications for assessing writing disabilities in primary grade children
Berninger, V. W., & Fuller, F. (1992) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(92)90004-o · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citation
Executive control in the revising of students with learning and writing difficulties.
Graham, S. (1997) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.89.2.223 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Executive functions and working memory: Theoretical and measurement issues.
Pennington, B. F., Bennetto, L., McAleer, O., & Roberts, R. J. (1996) · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Executive Functions in Becoming Writing Readers and Reading Writers: Note Taking and Report Writing in Third and Fifth Graders
Altemeier, L. E., Jones, J. M., Abbott, R. D., & Berninger, V. W. (2006) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2901_8 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citation
Modeling Phonological Core Deficits Within a Working Memory Architecture in Children and Adults With Developmental Dyslexia
Berninger, V. W., Abbott, R. D., Thomson, J., Wagner, R., Swanson, H. L., Wijsman, E. M., & Raskind, W. H. (2006) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1207/s1532799xssr1002_3 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citation
What Are Executive Functions and Self-Regulation and What Do They Have to Do With Language-Learning Disorders?
Singer, B. D., & Bashir, A. S. (1999) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/0161-1461.3003.265 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Teaching adolescents with learning disabilities and low achievers to plan, write, and revise compare-and-contrast essays.
Wong, B. Y. L. (1997) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Journal School of Psychology
service), S. (., & Ohio. Department of Education. (2021) · روان شناسی مدرسه · doi:10.32598/jspi · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Cognitive processing deficits in reading disabilities: A prefrontal cortical hypothesis
Kelly, M. S., Best, C. T., & Kirk, U. (1989) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/0278-2626(89)90022-5 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Process Assessment of the Learner–Test Battery for Reading and Writing
Dumont, R., & Willis, J. O. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced1666 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Working Memory and Attentional Processes across the Lifespan
Ribaupierre, A. D. (2002) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4230.003.0007 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Experimental Intervention Research on Students with Learning Disabilities: A Meta-Analysis of Treatment Outcomes
Swanson, H. L., & Hoskyn, M. (1998) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.2307/1170599 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
TEACHING ADOLESCENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES AND LOW ACHIEVERS TO PLAN, WRITE AND REVISE OPINION ESSAYS
Wong, B. Y. L., Butler, D., Ficzere, S. A., & Kuperis, S. (2006) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sex differences and ethnic variations in speed of automatized naming
Wolff, P. H., Hurwitz, I., Imamura, S., & Lee, K. W. (1983) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(83)90046-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

4 of the 66 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Training writing skills: a cognitive developmental perspective
Kellogg, R. T. (2008) · Journal of Writing Research · doi:10.17239/jowr-2008.01.01.1 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
Longitudinal relationships of levels of language in writing and between writing and reading in grades 1 to 7.
Abbott, R. D., Berninger, V. W., & Fayol, M. (2010) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019318 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Self-citation
Predicting word reading and comprehension with executive function and speed measures across development: A latent variable analysis.
Christopher, M. E., Miyake, A., Keenan, J. M., Pennington, B. F., DeFries, J. C., Wadsworth, S. J., Willcutt, E. G., & Olson, R. K. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0027375 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Executive control training from middle childhood to adolescence
Karbach, J., & Unger, K. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00390 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
The role of the executive functions in school achievement at the end of Grade 1
Monette, S., Bigras, M., & Guay, M. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2011.01.008 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
The Role of Executive Functions in Reading Comprehension
Butterfuss, R., & Kendeou, P. (2017) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-017-9422-6 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Multiple aspects of self-regulation uniquely predict mathematics but not letter–word knowledge in the early elementary grades.
Blair, C., Family Life Project Investigators, Ursache, A., Greenberg, M., & Vernon-Feagans, L. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038813 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Executive functions in intellectual disabilities: a comparison between Williams syndrome and down syndrome.
Costanzo, F., Varuzza, C., Menghini, D., Addona, F., Gianesini, T., & Vicari, S. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.01.024 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Do tasks make a difference? Accounting for heterogeneity of performance of children with reading difficulties on tasks of executive function: Findings from a meta‐analysis
Booth, J. N., Boyle, J. M. E., & Kelly, S. W. (2010) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151009x485432 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Separating the Fish From the Sharks: A Longitudinal Study of Preschool Response Inhibition
Wiebe, S. A., Sheffield, T. D., & Espy, K. A. (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01765.x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Executive functions in developmental dyslexia
Varvara, P., Varuzza, C., Sorrentino, A. C. P., Vicari, S., & Menghini, D. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00120 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding Developmental Dyslexia Within Working-Memory Architecture: Genotypes, Phenotypes, Brain, and Instruction
Berninger, V. W., Raskind, W. H., Richards, T. L., Abbott, R., & Stock, P. (2008) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640802418662 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citation
Executive functioning predicts reading, mathematics, and theory of mind during the elementary years
Cantin, R. H., Gnaedinger, E. K., Gallaway, K. C., Hesson-McInnis, M. S., & Hund, A. M. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2016.01.014 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
The contribution of theory of mind, counterfactual reasoning, and executive function to pre-readers’ language comprehension and later reading awareness and comprehension in elementary school
Guajardo, N. R., & Cartwright, K. B. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2015.11.004 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Executive functioning skills uniquely predict Chinese word reading.
Chung, K. K. H., & McBride-Chang, C. A. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024744 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Highlights of Programmatic, Interdisciplinary Research on Writing
Berninger, V. W. (2009) · Learning Disabilities Research & Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5826.2009.00281.x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citation
How executive functions contribute to reading comprehension
Nouwens, S., Groen, M. A., Kleemans, T., & Verhoeven, L. T. W. (2020) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12355 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Relationship of Word- and Sentence-Level Working Memory to Reading and Writing in Second, Fourth, and Sixth Grade
Berninger, V. W., Abbott, R. D., Swanson, H. L., Lovitt, D., Trivedi, P. A., Lin, S.-J., Gould, L., Anderson-Youngstrom, M., Shimada, S., & Amtmann, D. (2010) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2009/08-0002 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citation
Relationships of Attention and Executive Functions to Oral Language, Reading, and Writing Skills and Systems in Middle Childhood and Early Adolescence
Berninger, V. M., Abbott, R. D., Cook, C. R., & Nagy, W. E. (2016) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219415617167 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citation
The unique contribution of working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and intelligence to reading comprehension and reading speed
Johann, V. E., Könen, T., & Karbach, J. (2019) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2019.1649381 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Multisensory Integration and Child Neurodevelopment
Dionne-Dostie, E., Paquette, N., Lassonde, M. C., & Gallagher, A. (2015) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci5010032 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of executive functioning in dyslexia with consideration of the impact of comorbid ADHD
Lonergan, A., Doyle, C., Cassidy, C., MacSweeney Mahon, S., Roche, R. A. P., Boran, L., & Bramham, J. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2019.1669609 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Why Children With Dyslexia Struggle With Writing and How to Help Them
Hebert, M. A., Kearns, D. M., Hayes, J. B., Bazis, P. S., & Cooper, S. (2018) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2018_lshss-dyslc-18-0024 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Executive function: association with multiple reading skills
Cirino, P. T., Miciak, J., Ahmed, Y., Barnes, M. A., Taylor, W. P., & Gerst, E. H. (2018) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-018-9923-9 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Attention and executive functioning in infancy: Links to childhood executive function and reading achievement
Blankenship, T. L., Slough, M. A., Calkins, S. D., Deater-Deckard, K. D., Kim‐Spoon, J., & Bell, M. A. (2019) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12824 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Executive functions in individuals with Williams syndrome
Menghini, D., Addona, F., Costanzo, F., & Vicari, S. (2010) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01287.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Cognitive and environmental predictors of early literacy skills
Davidse, N. J., de Jong, M., Bus, A., Huijbregts, S., & Swaab, H. (2010) · Reading & Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-010-9233-3 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Cognitive flexibility deficits in children with specific reading comprehension difficulties
Cartwright, K. B., Coppage, E. A., Lane, A. B., Singleton, T., Marshall, T. R., & Bentivegna, C. (2016) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.01.003 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Written Expression in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis
Finnegan, E. G., & Accardo, A. L. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3385-9 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Inter-relationships among behavioral markers, genes, brain and treatment in dyslexia and dysgraphia
Berninger, V., & Richards, T. (2010) · Future Neurology · doi:10.2217/fnl.10.22 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citation
Intensive Interventions for Students Struggling in Reading and Mathematics. A Practice Guide.
Vaughn, S. R., Wanzek, J., Murray, C. S., & Roberts, G. (2012) · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Diagnosis and Treatment for Specific Learning Disabilities Involving Impairments in Written and/or Oral Language
Berninger, V. W., & O'Malley May, M. (2011) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219410391189 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citation
Increased Resting-State Functional Connectivity in the Cingulo-Opercular Cognitive-Control Network after Intervention in Children with Reading Difficulties
Horowitz‐Kraus, T., Toro‐Serey, C., & DiFrancesco, M. W. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133762 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Increased resting-state functional connectivity of visual- and cognitive-control brain networks after training in children with reading difficulties
Horowitz‐Kraus, T., DiFrancesco, M. W., Kay, B. P., Wang, Y., & Holland, S. K. (2015) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.06.010 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Pinpointing the Deficit in Executive Functions in Adolescents With Dyslexia Performing the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Horowitz‐Kraus, T. (2012) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219412453084 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The mediating role of metacognition in the relationship between executive function and self‐regulated learning
Follmer, D. J., & Sperling, R. A. (2016) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12123 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Early Executive Function at Age Two Predicts Emergent Mathematics and Literacy at Age Five
Mulder, H., Verhagen, J., van der Ven, S. H. G., Slot, P. L., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01706 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Study of the Role of Reading Motivation in Primary Students’ Reading Comprehension: Implications for a Less Simple View of Reading
Cartwright, K. B., Marshall, T. R., & Wray, E. (2015) · Reading Psychology · doi:10.1080/02702711.2014.991481 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Refining the Preschool Self‐regulation Assessment for Use in Preschool Classrooms
Bassett, H. H., Denham, S. A., Wyatt, T. M., & Warren, H. K. (2012) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1763 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Executive Functioning in Children With Developmental Dyslexia
Moura, O., Simões, M. R., & Pereira, M. A. M. (2014) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2014.964326 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The cognitive effects of computational thinking: a systematic review and meta-analytic study
Montuori, C., Gambarota, F., Altoé, G., & Arfé, B. (2024) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104961 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The contribution of executive functions to narrative writing in fourth grade children
Drijbooms, E., Groen, M. A., & Verhoeven, L. T. W. (2015) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-015-9558-z · Cited by 76 · see citing works
How executive functions predict development in syntactic complexity of narrative writing in the upper elementary grades
Drijbooms, E., Groen, M. A., & Verhoeven, L. T. W. (2016) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-016-9670-8 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Do executive functions contribute to writing quality in beginning writers? A longitudinal study with second graders
Cordeiro, C., Limpo, T., Olive, T., & Castro, S. L. (2019) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-019-09963-6 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The relation between executive functions and reading comprehension in primary-school students: A cross-lagged-panel analysis
Meixner, J. M., Warner, G. J., Lensing, N., Schiefele, U., & Elsner, B. (2018) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.04.010 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Cognitive, Parent and Teacher Rating Measures of Executive Functioning: Shared and Unique Influences on School Achievement
Dekker, M. C., Ziermans, T. B., Spruijt, A. M., & Swaab, H. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00048 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Greater functional connectivity between reading and error-detection regions following training with the reading acceleration program in children with reading difficulties
Horowitz‐Kraus, T., & Holland, S. K. (2015) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-015-0096-9 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Executive Functions in 5- to 8-Year Olds: Developmental Changes and Relationship to Academic Achievement
Röthlisberger, M., Neuenschwander, R., Cimeli, P., & Roebers, C. M. (2013) · Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology · doi:10.5539/jedp.v3n2p153 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Direct and indirect effects of executive function on reading comprehension in young adults
Georgiou, G. K., & Das, J. P. (2016) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.12091 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Cognitive inhibition in students with and without dyslexia and dyscalculia
Wang, L., Tasi, H.-J., & Yang, H. (2012) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.03.019 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The deficit profile of working memory, inhibition, and updating in Chinese children with reading difficulties
Peng, P., Tao, S., & Li, B. (2013) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.01.012 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Development and longitudinal relationships between children’s executive functions, prospective memory, and metacognition
Spiess, M. A., Meier, B., & Roebers, C. M. (2016) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2016.02.003 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Variation in Auditory Experience Affects Language and Executive Function Skills in Children Who Are Hard of Hearing
McCreery, R. W., & Walker, E. A. (2021) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000001098 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Predicting levels of reading and writing achievement in typically developing, english-speaking 2nd and 5th graders
Niedo, J., Abbott, R. D., & Berninger, V. W. (2014) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.03.013 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citation
Task-Oriented Kindergarten Behavior Pays Off in Later Childhood
Fitzpatrick, C., & Pagani, L. S. (2013) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e31827a3779 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The role of executive functions and transcription skills in writing: a cross-sectional study across 7 years of schooling
Salas, N., & Silvente, S. (2019) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-019-09979-y · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The relationship between cognitive skills and reading comprehension of narrative and expository texts: A longitudinal study from Grade 1 to Grade 4
Wu, Y., Barquero, L. A., Pickren, S. E., Barber, A. T., & Cutting, L. E. (2020) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101848 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Automaticity and Executive Abilities in Developmental Dyslexia: A Theoretical Review
Smith-Spark, J. H., & Gordon, R. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12040446 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Inhibition, Updating Working Memory, and Shifting Predict Reading Disability Symptoms in a Hybrid Model: Project KIDS
Daucourt, M. C., Schatschneider, C. W., Connor, C. M., Otaiba, S. A., & Hart, S. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00238 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Rapid Automatized Naming in Children with Dyslexia: Is Inhibitory Control Involved?
Bexkens, A., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., & Tijms, J. (2014) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1487 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
What component of executive functions contributes to normal and impaired reading comprehension in young adults?
Georgiou, G. K., & Das, J. P. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.12.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Teaching children with dyslexia to spell in a reading-writers’ workshop
Berninger, V. W., Lee, Y.-L., Abbott, R. D., & Breznitz, Z. (2011) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-011-0054-0 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
The relationship between inhibition and working memory in predicting children's reading difficulties
Booth, J. N., Boyle, J. M. E., & Kelly, S. W. (2013) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.12011 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Near- and far-transfer effects of an executive function intervention for 2nd to 5th-grade struggling readers
Cartwright, K. B., Bock, A. M., Clause, J. H., Coppage, E. A., Saunders, H. G., & Schmidt, K. J. (2020) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100932 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Contributions of Executive Function and Cognitive Intrinsic Motivation to University Students’ Reading Comprehension
Cartwright, K. B., Lee, S. A., Barber, A. T., DeWyngaert, L. U., Lane, A. B., & Singleton, T. (2019) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.273 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The relationship between Executive Functions and Computational Thinking
Robertson, J., Gray, S. I., Toye, M., & Booth, J. N. (2020) · International Journal of Computer Science Education in Schools · doi:10.21585/ijcses.v3i4.76 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cultural influences on the relation between executive functions and academic achievement
Georgiou, G. K., Wei, W., Inoue, T., Das, J. P., & Deng, C. (2019) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-019-09961-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Letter Naming and Letter Writing Reversals in Children With Dyslexia: Momentary Inefficiency in the Phonological and Orthographic Loops of Working Memory
Brooks, A., Berninger, V. W., & Abbott, R. D. (2011) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2011.606401 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citation
Far Transfer Effects of Trainings on Executive Functions in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis
Bombonato, C., Lucchese, B. D., Ruffini, C., Lieto, M., Brovedani, P., Sgandurra, G., Cioni, G., & Pecini, C. (2023) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-022-09574-z · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The dynamics of narrative writing in primary grade children: writing process factors predict story quality
Torkildsen, J. V. K., Morken, F., Helland, W. A., & Helland, T. (2015) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-015-9618-4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Bidirectionality in self-regulation and academic skills in play-based early childhood education
ten Braak, D., Størksen, I., Idsøe, T., & McClelland, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2019.101064 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Not-So-Simple View of Writing in Struggling Readers/Writers
Ahmed, Y., Kent, S., Cirino, P. T., & Keller-Margulis, M. (2022) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10573569.2021.1948374 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Role of Executive Functions in Classroom Instruction of Students with Learning Disabilities
Watson, S. M. R. (2016) · International Journal of School and Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.4172/2469-9837.1000167 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cognitive ability influences on written expression: Evidence for developmental and sex-based differences in school-age children
Hajovsky, D. B., Villeneuve, E. F., Reynolds, M. R., Niileksela, C. R., Mason, B. A., & Shudak, N. J. (2017) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2017.09.001 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Reading deficits in schizophrenia and their relationship to developmental dyslexia: A review
Whitford, V., O’Driscoll, G. A., & Titone, D. A. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.049 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Predictors of early literacy skills in children with intellectual disabilities: A clinical perspective
van Tilborg, A., Segers, E., van Balkom, H., & Verhoeven, L. T. W. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.03.025 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Multivariate genome-wide association study of rapid automatised naming and rapid alternating stimulus in Hispanic American and African–American youth
Truong, D. T., Adams, A. K., Paniagua, S., Frijters, J. C., Boada, R., Hill, D. E., Lovett, M. W., Mahone, E. M., Willcutt, E. G., Wolf, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105874 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Direct and indirect effects of executive functions, reading engagement, and higher order strategic processes in the reading comprehension of Dual Language Learners and English Monolinguals
Barber, A. T., Cartwright, K. B., Stapleton, L. M., Klauda, S. L., Archer, C. J., & Smith, P. (2020) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101848 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
WISC‐III Cognitive Profiles in Children with Developmental Dyslexia: Specific Cognitive Disability and Diagnostic Utility
Moura, O., Simões, M. R., & Pereira, M. A. M. (2013) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1468 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Neuro-Behavioral Correlates of Executive Dysfunctions in Dyslexia Over Development From Childhood to Adulthood
Farah, R., Ionta, S., & Horowitz‐Kraus, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708863 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Introduction. Generating Murmurations for an Actionable Coherence
Dippre, R. J., & Phillips, T. (2020) · The WAC Clearinghouse; University Press of Colorado eBooks · doi:10.37514/per-b.2020.1053.1.3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Inhibition and Updating, but Not Switching, Predict Developmental Dyslexia and Individual Variation in Reading Ability
Doyle, C., Smeaton, A. F., Roche, R. A. P., & Boran, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00795 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Narrowing the achievement gap in low-achieving children by targeted executive function training
Wang, C., Jaeggi, S. M., Yang, L., Zhang, T., He, X., Buschkuehl, M., & Zhang, Q. (2019) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2019.06.002 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Utility of the D-KEFS Color Word Interference Test as an embedded measure of performance validity
Eglit, G. M. L., Jurick, S. M., Delis, D. C., Filoteo, J. V., Bondi, M. W., & Jak, A. J. (2019) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2019.1643923 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Training of Executive Functions in Children: A meta-analysis of cognitive training interventions
Birtwistle, E., Chernikova, O., Wünsch, M., & Niklas, F. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241311060 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Reaction Time Variability Associated with Reading Skills in Poor Readers with ADHD
Tamm, L., Epstein, J. N., Denton, C. A., Vaughn, A. J., Peugh, J., & Willcutt, E. G. (2014) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617713001495 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The associations among preschool children’s growth in early reading, executive function, and invented spelling skills
Zhang, C., Bingham, G. E., & Quinn, M. F. (2017) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-017-9746-0 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Associations between stuttering, comorbid conditions and executive function in children: a population-based study
Choo, A. L., Smith, S. A., & Li, H. (2020) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00481-7 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Executive Function and Ambiguous Sentence Comprehension
Key-DeLyria, S., & Altmann, L. J. P. (2016) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2015_ajslp-14-0111 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The relationship between executive functions and writing in children: a systematic review
Ruffini, C., Osmani, F. Q., Martini, C., Giera, W.-K., & Pecini, C. (2023) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2023.2170998 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Inattention and Response to the ABRACADABRA Web-Based Literacy Intervention
Deault, L., Savage, R. S., & Abrami, P. C. (2009) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345740902979371 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
WISC-III Cognitive Profiles in Children with ADHD: Specific Cognitive Impairments and Diagnostic Utility
Moura, O., Costa, P., & Simões, M. R. (2019) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2018.1561410 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Motor Coordination and Executive Functions as Early Predictors of Reading and Spelling Acquisition
Michel, E., Molitor, S., & Schneider, W. (2019) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2019.1584802 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The contribution of executive functions to naming digits, objects, and words
Altani, A., Protopapas, A., & Georgiou, G. K. (2016) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-016-9666-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Executive Functions as Predictors of School Performance and Social Relationships: Primary and Secondary School Students
Zorza, J. P., Marino, J., & Mesas, A. A. (2016) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2016.23 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Distinguishing Direct and Indirect Effects of Executive Functions on Reading Comprehension in Adolescents
Ober, T. M., Brooks, P. J., Plass, J. L., & Homer, B. D. (2019) · Reading Psychology · doi:10.1080/02702711.2019.1635239 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Comprehension and Generation of Metaphoric Language in Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Dyslexia
Kasirer, A., & Mashal, N. (2016) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1550 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A comparison of cognitive flexibility and metalinguistic skills in adult good and poor comprehenders
Cartwright, K. B., Bock, A. M., Coppage, E. A., Hodgkiss, M. D., & Nelson, M. I. (2017) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.12101 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Dissociating executive function and ADHD influences on reading ability in children with dyslexia
Dahhan, N. Z. A., Halverson, K. K., Peek, C. P., Wilmot, D., D’Mello, A. M., Romeo, R. R., Meegoda, O., Imhof, A., Wade, K., Sridhar, A., et al. (2022) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2022.03.025 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Verbal learning and memory as measured by the Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning Test: ADHD with and without learning disabilities
Vakil, E., Blachstein, H., Wertman‐Elad, R., & Greenstein, Y. (2011) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2011.613816 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Inhibition and Updating, but Not Switching, Predict Developmental Dyslexia and Individual Variation in Reading Ability
Doyle, C., Smeaton, A. F., Roche, R. A. P., & Boran, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00795 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Evaluación de Funciones ejecutivas en niños con Dislexia Evolutiva
Cortés-Hurtado, B. (2016) · Re-Unir (International University of La Rioja)
A critical review on the relationship between executive functions and literacy
Fjellstad, M. H. (2017)
Examining the Level of Executive Functions in the Arabic Language among Third-Grade Students with Typical Literacy Development and DyslexiaPreprint
Gharaibeh, M., Ayasrah, M. N., & Basulayyim, A. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7786621/v1
Mixture growth models of RAN and RAS row by row: insight into the reading system at work over time
Amtmann, D., Abbott, R. D., & Berninger, V. W. (2006) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-006-9041-y · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Altemeier, L. E., Abbott, R. D., & Berninger, V. W.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
Corresponding author: Altemeier, Leah E.
ORCID: Berninger, Virginia W.
Venue: Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2008-06-04
Volume: 30
Issue: 5
Pages: 588-606
ISSN: 0165-0475 (ISSN-L)
1380-3395
1744-411X
DOI: 10.1080/13803390701562818
OpenAlex: W2057217095
Cited by: 350
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 15.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Social Sciences › Education › Writing and Handwriting Education
Keywords: executive function, dyslexia, literacy development, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, reading, writing, children, sex differences, developmental trajectories
MeSH terms: Age Factors, Attention, Child, Color Perception, Conflict, Psychological, Discrimination Learning, Dyslexia, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Problem Solving, Psychometrics, Reading, Reference Values, Semantics, Sex Factors, Writing, Reproducibility of Results, Cohort Studies

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Executive functions for reading and writing in typical literacy development and dyslexia

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks