Navigational Aids and Spatial Memory Impairment: The Role of Divided Attention
Abstract
Navigational aids impair spatial memory for experienced environments, but the cognitive mechanisms underlying impairment remain an open question. Recent evidence implicates divided attention, but to date no study has directly manipulated divided attention in navigational aid contexts. The present study addresses this need. Participants navigated virtual towns with aid presence and divided attention factorially crossed in a within-participants design. They then completed spatial memory assessments. Divided attention alone impaired spatial memory. Navigational aid presence impaired spatial memory when attention was undivided, replicating previous findings, but did not to a greater extent when attention was divided. These findings suggest that navigational aids divide attention sufficiently to impair spatial memory.
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This result aligns with previous studies showing that guiding attention to the environment and task-relevant landmarks strengthens the encoding of these features and supports spatial memory formations.
“This result aligns with previous studies, showing that guiding attention to the environment and task-relevant landmarks strengthens the encoding of these features and supports spatial memory formations (Gardony et al., 2013, 2015; Hejtmánek et al., 2018; Willis et al., 2009).”
From The influence of landmark visualization style on task performance, visual attention, and spatial learning in a real-world navigation task (2024) · cites this paper as Gardony et al., 2015
Looking at irrelevant information is associated with poorer spatial knowledge development, whilst engagement with relevant information is better for spatial learning.
“Put simply, looking at irrelevant information is associated with poorer spatial knowledge development, whilst engagement with relevant information is better for spatial learning (Chrastil & Warren, 2012; Gardony et al., 2013, 2015; Hejtmánek et al., 2018; Willis et al., 2009).”
From The influence of landmark visualization style on task performance, visual attention, and spatial learning in a real-world navigation task (2024) · cites this paper as Gardony et al., 2015
Frequent externalisation of internal cognitive processes leads to an impoverishment of the corresponding internal abilities.
“a common concern states that frequent externalisation of internal cognitive processes leads to an impoverishment of the corresponding internal abilities. This concern has received empirical support from findings on spatial memory (e.g., Fenech et al., 2010; Gardony et al., 2015), problem solving (Moritz et al., 2018, 2020; O’Hara & Payne, 1998; Van Nimwegen & Van Oostendorp, 2009), as well as the”
From Consequences of cognitive offloading: Boosting performance but diminishing memory (2021) · cites this paper as Gardony et al., 2015
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- Authors
- Gardony, A. L., Brunyé, T. T., & Taylor, H. A.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gardony, Aaron L.
- Venue
- Spatial Cognition & Computation
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-06-19
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 246-284
- ISSN
- 1387-5868 (ISSN-L)
- 1542-7633
- OpenAlex
- W2285654526
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 2.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Spatial Cognition and Computation (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- navigation aids, spatial memory, divided attention, wayfinding, cognitive impairment, attentional load
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