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Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native
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The question of genocide is never far from discussions of settler colonialism. Land is life—or, at least, land is necessary for life. Thus contests for land can be—indeed, often are—contests for li...
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64 Own interpretation · 30 Sources not found · 10 No basis given · 2 No full text of the sources · 1 Not checked yet
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“the factor that most antagonized the Georgia state government (with the at-least-tacit support of Andrew Jackson's federal administration) was not actually the recalcitrant savagery of which Indians were routinely accused, but the Cherokee's unmistakable aptitude for civilization.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Throughout this process, reformers' justifications for it (saving the Indian from the tribe, giving him the same opportunities as the White man, etc.) repeatedly included the express intention to destroy the tribe in whole.60”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60] 60. Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, 1955), p 180.
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“In the half-century from 1881, the total acreage held by Indians in the United States fell by two thirds, from just over 155 million acres to just over 52 million.59”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] 59. John R. Wunder, "Retained by the People": A History of American Indians and the Bill of Rights (New York: Oxford U.P. 1994), pp 17, 39.
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“At the height of the Dawes-era assimilation programme, for instance, in the decade after Richard Pratt penned his Denver paper, Indian numbers hit the lowest level they would ever register.50”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50] 50. "In 1998-2000, life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was shorter by 21 years for males and 20 years for females, compared with the total population . . . In 1998-2000, the death rate for Indi- genous infants was around four times the rate in the total population." Australian Bureau of Statistics, Aus- tralian Social Trends: Health-Mortality and Morbidity: Mortality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002), p 1. See also: House of Representatives Standing Committee on Family and Community Affairs, Health i
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“The centrepiece of this campaign was the allotment programme, first generalized as Indian policy in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 and subsequently intensified and extended, whereby tribal land was to be broken down into individual allotments whose proprietors could eventually sell them to White people.58”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58] 58. Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 US 1903, p 553. SETTLER COLONIALISM
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“The first major expression of this shift was the discontinuation of treaty-making, which came about in 1871.55”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55] 55. "No Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty." 16 Stat., 566 (Act of March 3, 1871), c 120, s
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“As practised by Europeans, both genocide and settler colonialism have typically employed the organizing grammar of race.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In settlercolonial terms, this enables a population to be expanded by continuing immigration at the expense of native lands and livelihoods.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Though a thoroughgoing diminution of native entitlement was axiomatic to discovery, the discourse was primarily addressed to relations between European sovereigns rather than to relations between Europeans and natives.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. As Mr Justice Johnson put it in his concurrence with Chief Justice Marshall's judgment in Cherokee v. Georgia, "The hunter state bore within itself the promise of vacating the territory, because when game ceased, the hunter would go elsewhere to seek it. But a more fixed state of society would amount to a permanent destruction of the hope, and, of consequence, of the beneficial character of the pre-emptive right." Cherokee v. Georgia, 30 US (5 Peters) 1, 1831, p 23. 20 The judgments most often cited in this connection are Worcester v. Georgia, 31 US (6 Peters) 515, 1832, Crow Dog, 109 US 5
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“As observed, the logic of elimination continues into the present.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“They had become successful agriculturalists on the White model, with a number of them owning substantial holdings of Black slaves, and they had introduced a written national constitution that bore more than a passing resemblance to the US one.41”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] 41. Ross-the successful self-made Cherokee entrepreneur-was really what white Georgians feared. Their biggest obstacle to acquiring the Cherokee lands was the cultivator's plow and overseer's whip-not PATRICK WOLFE the war club, bow, and scalping knife." Sean M. O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Westport, CT: Praeger 2003), p 229. For the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation, see the Cherokee Phoenix, February 28, 1828.
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“Even in contemporary, post-Native Title Australia, Aboriginal life expectancy clings to a level some 25% below that enjoyed by mainstream society, with infant mortality rates that are even worse.51”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51] 51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
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“In the end, though, the western frontier met the one moving back in from the Pacific, and there was simply no space left for removal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“As homesteaders, by contrast, the Choctaw who stayed became individual proprietors, each to his own, of separately allotted fragments of what had previously been the tribal estate, theirs to sell to White people if they chose to.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Rwanda and Burundi are colonial creations-not only so far as the obvious factor of their geographical borders is concerned, but, more intimately, in the very racial boundaries that marked and reproduced the Hutu/Tutsi division.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37] 37. Robert Melson, "Modern genocide in Rwanda: ideology, revolution, war, and mass murder in an African state," in Gellately and Kiernan, The Specter of Genocide, pp 325-338, at p 326.
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“All these strategies, including frontier homicide, are characteristic of settler colonialism.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In addition to its objective economic centrality to the project, agriculture, with its life-sustaining connectedness to land, is a potent symbol of settler-colonial identity.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Preemption sanctioned European priority but not Indigenous freedom of choice.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“the occasions on or the extent to which settler colonialism conduces to genocide are not a matter of the presence or absence of the formal apparatus of the state.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“In its positive aspect, the logic of elimination marks a return whereby the native repressed continues to structure settler-colonial society.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“I contend that, though the two have converged-which is to say, the settler-colonial logic of elimination has manifested as genocidal-they should be distinguished.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In sum, then, settler colonialism is an inclusive, land-centred project that coordinates a comprehensive range of agencies, from the metropolitan centre to the frontier encampment, with a view to eliminating Indigenous societies.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Agriculture not only supports the other sectors.It is inherently sedentary and, therefore, permanent.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Accordingly, settler-colonial discourse is resolutely impervious to glaring inconsistencies such as sedentary natives or the fact that the settlers themselves have come from somewhere else.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The American right to buy always superseded the Indian right not to sell.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] 21. Grant Foreman, Indian Removal (Norman, OK: Oklahoma U.P. 1932). SETTLER COLONIALISM
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In the paper
“Settler colonialism is inherently eliminatory but not invariably genocidal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“As opposed to enslaved people, whose reproduction augmented their owners' wealth, Indigenous people obstructed settlers' access to land, so their increase was counterproductive.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“It is both as complex social formation and as continuity through time that I term settler colonization a structure rather than an event”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“settler colonizers come to stay: invasion is a structure not an event.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“In the event, Indigenous people are either rendered dependent on the introduced economy or reduced to the stock-raids that provide the classic pretext for colonial death-squads.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Aborigines were accorded no rights to their territory, informal variants on the theme of terra nullius being taken for granted in settler culture.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“For various reasons, these removals, which turned eastern tribes into proxy invaders of Indian territory across the Mississippi, were a crude and unsatisfactory form of elimination.In particular, they were temporary, it being only a matter of time before the frontier rabble caught up with them.53”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53] 53. This was the reality behind the mushrooming frontier demographies. "In the decade before 1820, the popu- lation of the new state of Alabama increased by a startling 1,000 per cent." O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears, p 221. For an illuminating catalogue of Creek responses to this invasion, see Richard S. Lackey, comp., Frontier Claims in the Lower South. Records of Claims Filed by Citizens of the Alabama and Tom- bigbee River Settlements in the Mississippi Territory for Depradations by the Creek Indians During the War of 1812 (New Orleans: Polyanthos 1977).
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“Mass murders are not the same thing as genocide, though the one action can be both.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Tribal land was tribally owned-tribes and private property did not mix.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“On emancipation, Blacks became surplus to some requirements and, to that extent, more like Indians.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wolfe, 'Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race,' American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
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“In the first place, it shows us that settler colonialism is an indicator.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“My reason for not favouring the term is that it confuses definition with degree.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The US parallel is significant because, unlike the South African case, the formal apparatus of oppression (slavery) was overcome but Whites remained in power.76”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76] 76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
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“Colin Tatz has argued, conclusively in my view, that, while Turkish behaviour in Armenia, Nazi behaviour in Europe, and Australian behaviour towards Aborigines (among other examples) constitute genocide, the apartheid regime in South Africa does not.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Richard Pratt and Phillip Sheridan were both practitioners of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the strike on the World Trade Center is an example of mass murder but not, in my view, of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48] 48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cases, the genocide tribunal is the wrong court.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, as Palestinians become more and more dispensable, Gaza and the West Bank become less and less like Bantustans and more and more like reservations (or, for that matter, like the Warsaw Ghetto).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without the tribe, though, for all practical purposes they were no longer Indians (this is the citizenship part).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Apart from its contrivance, this analogy fails because the Nazi racialization of Jews did not conduce to their assimilation.Rather, the reverse was the case.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Notes and References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gellately
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Amir
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Definitionally, in other words, as in the case of other patterned or cumulative phenomena, genocide can obtain retrospectively.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
In some settler-colonial sites such as Fiji, native society was able to accommodate the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system they introduced.
“In some settler-colonial sites (one thinks, for instance, of Fiji), native society was able to accommodate-though hardly unscathed-the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system that they introduced.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Land is necessary for life.
“Land is life-or, at least, land is necessary for life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism always needs more land.
“Of itself, however, modernity cannot explain the insatiable dynamic whereby settler colonialism always needs more land.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Settler colonialism is a specific social formation whose specificity should be retained.
“As stated at the outset, settler colonialism is a specific social formation and it is desirable to retain that specificity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time.
“Since settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time, structural genocide should be easier to interrupt than short-term genocides.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rule of law is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.
“since it does not involve such a disruptive affront to the rule of law that is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
“There again, apartheid also relied on sequestration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.
“As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Porous borders do not offer a way out.
“Porous borders do not offer a way out.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“I use ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to emphasize how liberal interventions inspired by sympathy for Indigenous suffering are aligned with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of eliminating Indigenous peoples in order to control and exploit their territory (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, standards-heavy science education in the U.S. participates in, and is a re fl ection of, U.S. settler colonialism (Calderón, 2014a), as the displacement and elimination of indigenous knowledges from the curriculum mimics how (mostly) European settlers permanently moved into territories for economic gain, while displacing, dispossessing, and enslaving indigenous peoples (Wolfe, 2006).”
From Creating third spaces in K-12 socio-environmental education through indigenous languages: a case study (2024) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“methods included westward removal of Native communities to enable settler territorial expansion as well as ethnocidal settler governmental policy illegitimizing and illegalizing Native cultures and subsequent forced assimilation of Native peoples into Anglo lifestyles-and the settler economy, and the general imposition of settler governmental powers over Native individuals and Native Nations”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“genocide was key among the mechanisms of usurping Native populations of their resources and legal-political powers in the Americas”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The nature of the settler colonial society, regardless of where it is imposed, is defined by the divestiture of the political, governmental, economic powers of the colonized (Indigenous) population toward the benefit and supremacy of the settler population”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dominant representations of”
From Review of Network Sovereignty: Building the Internet Across Indian Country, Marisa Elena Duarte (2019) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“I use the formulation of ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to express how liberal interventions of care and protection, intended to ameliorate Indigenous suffering, align with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of Indigenous elimination (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The colonial logics of elimination that materialized security theology in Palestine are evinced in other settler colonial contexts (Wolfe, 2006), such as in the United States where curriculums of fear are framed as epistemological tools for reinforcing settler rights to Indigenous lands via statesponsored educational and genocidal projects (Nguyen, 2016).”
From Entwined Complicities: Genocidal Geographies of the Youth Carceral State and Arrivals to Educational Abolitionism (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As Wolfe (2006) famously argued, colonialism is not an event, but a structure of settler societies.”
From Decolonizing prisons: Indigenized programming and a critique of critical prison studies (2023) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Wolfe (2006) points out that settler colonialism acts as an enduring structure, not an event, meaning it is not a historical moment of conquest but an ongoing form of occupation through the enduring social, political, and economic structures built by invading people (Grimwood and Johnson 2019;Kauanui 2016;Tuck and Yang 2012;Wolfe 2006).”
From Unsettling Archaeology (2020) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These macro-level social frames are informed by a logic of elimination (Wolfe 2006), which seeks to erase Indigenous Peoples and their rightful claims to land, political sovereignty, and cultural alterity.”
From Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America (2022) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
In the citing paper
“Indigenizing healthcare by increasing numbers of Indigenous healthcare providers makes sense and it has been a focus of the Canadian governments and universities in order to improve healthcare and, ultimately, the health of First Nations [72].”
From Confronting Racism within the Canadian Healthcare System: Systemic Exclusion of First Nations from Quality and Consistent Care (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
Citations
Cites
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Harris, C. (2004) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09401009.x · Cited by 457
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Research works printed but not linked: 23
- [1]1. Rose, Hidden Histories: Black Stories from Victoria River Downs, Humbert River and Wave Hill Stations (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1991), p 46. ne, destruction of the national pattern of the oppressed group; the other, the imposition of the national pattern of the oppressor. This imposition, in turn, may be made upon the oppressed population which is allowed to remain, or upon the territory alone, after removal of the population and colonization of the area by the oppressor's own nationals." Raphae ¨l Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1944), p 79.
- [3]3. Theodor Herzl, Old-New Land [Altneuland, 1902], Lotta Levensohn, trans. (New York: M. Wiener 1941), p 38.
- [13]13. Robert A. Williams, Jr., The American Indian in Western Legal Thought: The Discourses of Conquest (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1990), esp. pp 233-286.
- [14]14. This observation unites almost all commentators, whatever their political inclination. Cf. e.g. Anthony Anghie, "Finding the peripheries: sovereignty and colonialism in nineteenth-century international law," Harvard International Law Journal, Vol 40, 1999, pp 1-80, at p 69;
- [19]19. The classic accounts from a well-established literature include: Annie H. Abel, "The history of events resulting in Indian consolidation west of the Mississippi River," in American Historical Association Annual Report for 1906, 2 vols (Washington, DC: American Historical Association 1906), Vol 2, pp 233 - 450;
- [25]25. For discussion of Olney's "tide of history" concept, see Jackie Delpero, "'The tide of history': Australian native title discourse in global context," MA thesis, Victoria University, Australia, 2003;
- [26]26. David Rittter, "The judgement of the world: the Yorta Yorta case and the "tide of history,'" Australian Historical Studies, Vol 123, 2004, pp 106-121.
- [29]29. n order to justify the inclusion of the Negev in the future Jewish state, eleven new kibbutzim were simul- taneously installed in that desert region on October 6th, 1946, in addition to the ten settlements already established there during the War for the same purpose." Nathan Weinstock, Zionism, False Messiah, Alan Adler, trans. (London: Ink Links 1979), p 249.
- [32]32. Enzo Traverso, The Origins of Nazi Violence, Janet Lloyd, trans. (New York: New Press 2003);
- [35]35. Israel is also, of course, a partial exception here, though not so substantial an exception as is asserted by those who claim that Israel cannot be a colonial formation because it lacks a single commissioning metro- polis. From the outset, the Yishuv co-opted Ottoman, British and US imperialism to its own advantage, a reciprocated opportunism involving what Maxime Rodinson neatly glossed as "the collective mother country." Rodinson, Israel. A Settler-Colonial State? David Thorstad, trans. (New York: Monad 1973), p 76.
- [39]39. "For the provisions serving to the support of humane life, produced by one acre of inclosed and cultivated land, are (to speak much within compasse) ten times more, than those, which are yeilded [sic] by an acre of Land, of an equal richnesse, lyeing wast in common." John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. 1963 [1698]), p 312.
- [40]40. The new Jew is an enduring Zionist theme. In introducing his terrorist memoir, future Israeli prime minister Menachim Begin announced that, in addition to his Jewish readers, he had also written the book for gentiles: "lest they be unwilling to realise, or all too ready to overlook, the fact that out of blood and fire and tears and ashes a new specimen of human being was born, a specimen completely unknown to the world for over eighteen hundred years, 'the FIGHTING JEW'." Begin, The Revolt, Samuel Katz, trans. (London: W.H. Allen 1979), p xxv, capitals in original. For a more recent diasporan example, see, for instance, the Adi Nes photograph used as publicity for the Jewish Museum of New York's 1998-1999 "After Rabin: new art from Israel" show, at www.thejewishmuseum.org/site/pages/content/exhibitions/special/rabin/rabin_zoom/rabinL1.html 41 "
- [48]48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
- [51]51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
- [61]61. See e.g. Frederick E. Hoxie, A Final Promise. The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920 (Cambridge: Nebraska U.P. 1989); Prucha, Americanizing the American Indians, passim.
- [63]63. "Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process." Patrick Wolfe, "Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race," American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
- [68]68. Wolfe, "Nation and miscegeNation," p 111; Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology, p 180. Scholars who have made this point after me are too numerous to mention. Among those who made it before I did, see e.g. Jeremy Beckett, "The past in the present, the present in the past: constructing a national Aboriginality," in his, ed., Past and Present: The Construction of Aboriginality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1988), pp 191-217;
- [71]71. Evans and Thorpe, "The massacre of Aboriginal history," Overland, Vol 163, 2001, pp 21 -39, at p 36.
- [73]73. Robert K. Hitchcock and Tara M. Twedt, "Physical and cultural genocide of various Indigenous peoples," in Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons and Israel W. Charny, eds, Genocide in the Twentieth Century (New York: Garland Press 1995), pp 483 -514, at pp 498-501. For "politicide" ("a process that covers a wide range of social, political, and military activities whose goal is to destroy the political and national viability of a whole community of people"), see Baruch Kimmerling, Politicide. Ariel Sharon's War Against the Palestinians (rev. ed., London: Verso 2006).
- [76]76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
- [80]80. A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish). See Shmuel Amir, "Overseas foreign workers in Israel: policy aims and labor market outcomes," International Migration Review, Vol 36, 2002, pp 41-58;
- [81]81. Eric Beachemin, "Illegal in Israel," Radio Netherlands broadcast, September 15, 2004, at http://www2.rnw.nl/rnw/en/features/humanrights/tornlives/ilegalinisrael?view ¼ Standard; Leila Farsakh, "An occupation that creates children willing to die. Israel: an apartheid state?," Monde Diplomatique, English language edition, November 4, 2003, at http://mondediplo.com/2003/11/ 04apartheid
- [85]85. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Eman- cipation (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1984), pp 180-223.
Cited by
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Items 701–800 of 6,388
Young people's rural multicultures: researching social relationships among youth in rural contexts
Butler, R. (2019) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676261.2019.1657564 · Cited by 22
Indefinite stuckness: Listening in a time of hyper-incarceration and border entrapment
Russell, E., & Rae, M. (2019) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/1462474519886546 · Cited by 22
“…out’ and naturalising the mass suffering, disappearance, and premature death of Aboriginal people in order to sustain the myth that these are inevitable and ‘out of our hands’ (Razack, 2015; Whittaker, 2018), rather than products of a continuous structure of settler colonialism (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialIndigenous Efflorescence: Beyond Revitalisation in Sapmi and Ainu Mosir
Kroik, Å. V., Roche, G., & Maruyama, H. (2018) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/ie.2018 · Cited by 28
The planned, the unplanned and the hyper-planned: dwelling in contemporary Jerusalem
Braier, M., & Yacobi, H. (2017) · Planning Theory & Practice · doi:10.1080/14649357.2016.1266505 · Cited by 22
“Settler colonialism denotes states where a new political order that carried the settlers’ own sovereignty was constituted, while the settlers became the majority of the population and gained control over the land (Veracini, 2010; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundNative Americans in Higher Education: An Ecological Systems PerspectivePreprint
Fish, J., & Syed, M. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/asrde · Cited by 22
Sensational signs, authority and the public sphere: Settler colonial rhetoric in times of change
Deumert, A. (2019) · Journal of Sociolinguistics · doi:10.1111/josl.12377 · Cited by 22
Bakan, A. B., & Abu‐Laban, Y. (2021) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2021.1892789 · Cited by 21
“…is underpinned by the logic of elimination and land dispossession inherent in the settler-colonization of Palestine as with other settler-colonial formations (Wolfe 2006); however it is amplified through erasure, denials of experience, and suppression of claims well beyond Israel/Palestine.”
BackgroundCapitalizing on Heritage: St. Augustine, Florida, and the Landscape of American Racial Ideology
Petersen, C. (2022) · City and Community · doi:10.1177/15356841221101568 · Cited by 20
“…situations where the colonizer eventually returns home to the metropolis, the settler colonial story never ends (Deloria 1969; Dunbar-Ortiz 2014; Fenelon 2016; Glenn 2015; Goldstein 2008; Launius and Boyce 2021; McKay et al. 2020; Moreton-Robinson 2015; Steinman 2015; Veracini 2008; Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundSomers, M. R. (2022) · Journal of Law and Political Economy · doi:10.5070/lp63259631 · Cited by 20
Decolonising practice in teacher education in Australia: Reflections of shared leadership
Hughes, R., & Fricker, A. (2024) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-023-00670-4 · Cited by 24
“In some places like the Northern American continent, the extinguishing of sovereignty included the signing and then breaking of numerous treaties that resulted in a loss of land and often a great loss of life (Wolfe, 2006).”
Sovacool, B. K., Dunlap, A., & Novaković, B. (2025) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/24694452.2024.2433040 · Cited by 22
“The colonial process, Wolfe (2006) reminded us, comes in three nondeterministic phases: (1) initial confrontation (or invasion), (2) an incarceration period (displacement and resettlement), and (3) an assimilation period that aims to integrate Indigenous populations into the colonial system.”
Exiled at Home: Writing Return and the Palestinian Home
Shalhoub‐Kevorkian, N., & Ihmoud, S. (2014) · Biography · doi:10.1353/bio.2014.0029 · Cited by 21
Higgins, K. W. (2017) · Population Space and Place · doi:10.1002/psp.2112 · Cited by 21
‘Get Over It’? Racialised Temporalities and Bodily Orientations in Time
Ngo, H. (2019) · Journal of Intercultural Studies · doi:10.1080/07256868.2019.1577231 · Cited by 22
“It is this casting of Indigenous peoples as temporally prior to ‘civilisation’ that justifies the project of settler colonialism, a project that, as Patrick Wolfe argues in ‘Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native’, ‘destroys to replace’ (Wolfe 2006: 388).”
Background“Nothing much had happened”: Settler colonialism in Hannah Arendt
Temin, D. M. (2019) · European Journal of Political Theory · doi:10.1177/1474885119893077 · Cited by 21
“…of practices of settler-colonization are most central to apprehending settler colonialism as a way of justifying these forms of colonial violence: First, “settler colonizers come to stay,” and primarily seek land as the proprietary and territorial foundations of a new state (Wolfe, 2006: 388).”
BackgroundSpeed, S. (2019) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1111/aman.13359 · Cited by 21
“One of the primary insights of settler-colonial theory is that some of the states formed by European colonial expansion are characterized by colonial occupation as an enduring structure (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundExploding Individuals: Engaging Indigenous Logic and Decolonizing Science
Sinclair, R. (2020) · Hypatia · doi:10.1017/hyp.2019.18 · Cited by 21
“…impossibility of true contradictions—are part of what Patrick Wolfe calls a “logic of elimination” that supports and rationalizes settler colonialism (Wolfe 2006).2 Yet rather than abandoning the project of logic altogether, Native scholars continue to foreground the ways their paraconsistent…”
BackgroundDrug trafficking in the Tarahumara region, northern Mexico: An analysis of racism and dispossession
Valdivia, F. D. R., & Okowí, J. (2021) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105426 · Cited by 21
The Political Consequences of Indigenous Resentment
Beauvais, E. (2020) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2020.25 · Cited by 21
“Settler-colonialism is a specific type of colonialism—political domination over a territory—that involves replacing colonized, Indigenous peoples with settlers from the dominating polity (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundMyette, E., & Riva, M. (2021) · The Extractive Industries and Society · doi:10.1016/j.exis.2021.100901 · Cited by 21
Claire, T., & Surprise, K. (2021) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12777 · Cited by 26
Teaching for truth: engaging with difficult knowledge to advance reconciliation
Tupper, J., & Mitchell, T. A. (2021) · Pedagogy Culture and Society · doi:10.1080/14681366.2021.1977983 · Cited by 28
“Indeed, what Wolfe (2006) describes as the logic of elimination is about settler futurity, and more specifically, the ability of the settler colonial state to maintain its access to land.”
BackgroundKrakouer, J., Savaglio, M., Taylor, K., & Skouteris, H. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13477 · Cited by 22
“Colonisation, as an ongoing structure, not an event, has created conditions that have impacted the health and wellbeing of First Nations peoples in settlercolonies where the coloniser has come to stay, rather than to extract and leave [1].”
BackgroundUrban nullius? Urban Indigenous People and Climate Change
Nursey‐Bray, M., Parsons, M., & Gienger, A. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141710830 · Cited by 21
Mapping the spatial politics of Australian settler colonialism
Benson, E., Brigg, M., Hu, K., et al. (2023) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2023.102855 · Cited by 21
Fullwiley, D. (2015) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12117_2 · Cited by 21
“She and others concur that land is necessary for life, and that the wholesale appropriation of native lands corresponds to a logic of elimination that structured past dispossession and still structures colonial settler society today (Stevenson 2012: 598; Wolfe 2006: 387).”
BackgroundJacob, M. M. (2017) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci7010001 · Cited by 22
“This may not be surprising, given that the U.S., as a settler colonial nation-state, is built upon a legacy of dispossessing Indigenous peoples and uses settler colonial logics to rationalize violence and greed within the borders of the U.S. as well as globally (Wolfe 2006; Smith 2006; Jacob 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialPacing Climate Precarity: Food, Care and Sovereignty in Iñupiaq Alaska
Griffin, P. J. (2019) · Medical Anthropology · doi:10.1080/01459740.2019.1643854 · Cited by 21
Bacon, J. M. (2019) · Environmental Sociology · doi:10.1080/23251042.2019.1706262 · Cited by 21
“An invalidation-legitimation axis is central to settler colonialism – a unique form of colonialism where the invading population attempts to replace pre-existing societies through a variety of elimination projects including genocide (e.g. Wolfe 2006; Tuck and Wayne Yang 2013).”
BackgroundScully, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2560-5_11 · Cited by 22
Biopower of Colonialism in Carceral Contexts: Implications for Aboriginal Deaths in Custody
Anthony, T., & Blagg, H. (2021) · Journal of Bioethical Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s11673-020-10076-x · Cited by 22
“They are premised on the “logic” of eliminating the native population (Wolfe 2006, 387).”
BackgroundLightfoot, K. G. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1422190112 · Cited by 22
Decolonizing the Archive: Digitizing Native Literature with Students and Tribal Communities
Senier (2014) · Resilience A Journal of the Environmental Humanities · doi:10.5250/resilience.1.3.006 · Cited by 25
A Feeling of Unease: Distance, Emotion, and Securitizing Indigenous Protest in Canada
Rythoven, E. V. (2021) · International Political Sociology · doi:10.1093/ips/olab008 · Cited by 20
Waubanascum, C., Haight, W., Glesener, D., et al. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106450 · Cited by 20
Butler, J. (2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478023272-002 · Cited by 23
Racism Data in Australia: A Review of Quantitative Studies and Directions for Future Research
Ben, J., Elias, A., Sharples, R., Dunn, K. M., Truong, M., Mansouri, F., Denson, N., Walton, J., & Paradies, Y. (2023) · Journal of Intercultural Studies · doi:10.1080/07256868.2023.2254725 · Cited by 22
Civilian mortality and damage to medical facilities in Gaza
Wispelwey, B. P., Mills, D. E., Asi, Y., et al. (2024) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014756 · Cited by 20
Pervez, A. (2025) · Globalisation Societies and Education · doi:10.1080/14767724.2025.2513637 · Cited by 32
The Red Continent and the Cant of the Coastline
Barr, J. (2012) · The William and Mary Quarterly · doi:10.5309/willmaryquar.69.3.0521 · Cited by 20
Mei‐Singh, L. (2016) · American Quarterly · doi:10.1353/aq.2016.0059 · Cited by 20
Indigeneity, Apartheid, Palestine: On the Transit of Political Metaphors
Rifkin, M. (2017) · Cultural Critique · doi:10.5749/culturalcritique.95.2017.0025 · Cited by 20
A “Queer-Looking Compound”: Race, Abjection, and the Politics of Hawaiian Poi
Hobart, H. J. K. (2017) · Global Food History · doi:10.1080/20549547.2017.1352441 · Cited by 20
Orr, R. I., Sharratt, K., & Iqbal, M. (2018) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2017.1421061 · Cited by 20
“…erasure theory specifically, and American Indian identity literature more generally, indicates an underlying motive of resource appropriation (Wolfe 2001, 2006, 2016), an absence of studies addressing the current and more complex aspects of the relationship between perceptions of American…”
BackgroundVexed Solidarities: Vietnamese Israelis and the Question of Palestine
Gandhi, E. L. E. (2018) · LIT Literature Interpretation Theory · doi:10.1080/10436928.2018.1415568 · Cited by 20
Decoloniality as inversion: decentring the west in emancipatory theory and pedagogy
Lissovoy, N. D. (2019) · Globalisation Societies and Education · doi:10.1080/14767724.2019.1577719 · Cited by 22
“This does not mean that this catastrophe is located solely in the past; colonialism is an ongoing set of social relationships – ‘a structure rather than an event’ (Wolfe 2006, 390).”
BackgroundBusbridge, R. (2020) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102158 · Cited by 20
Representing Australian Aboriginal Music and Dance 1930–1970
Harris, A., Foster, S., Onus, T., et al. (2020) · doi:10.5040/9781501362965 · Cited by 20
McGuire-Adams, T. D. (2021) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/00178969211009269 · Cited by 19
“Although settler colonialism is an enduring structure, not an event (Wolfe, 2006), it is ordinary people and people at all institutional levels who maintain it (Barker, 2010).”
BackgroundTracing the materiality of reconciliation in tourism
Stinson, M. J., Hurst, C. E., & Grimwood, B. S. R. (2022) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2022.103380 · Cited by 20
Centering Indigenous Research & Communities in Advancing Antiracist Research
Schultz, K., & Spencer, M. S. (2022) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/720500 · Cited by 22
“Wolfe (2006) described the settler invasion as a “structure not an event” to indicate that settler colonialism is an ongoing, organizing principle of settler-colonial societies, not a one-time event or time period.”
BackgroundCorreia, J. E. (2023) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520393110 · Cited by 27
Kuokkanen, R. (2023) · Meridians · doi:10.1215/15366936-10220458 · Cited by 20
Apoifis, N., Marlin, D., & Bennie, A. (2017) · International Review for the Sociology of Sport · doi:10.1177/1012690216686337 · Cited by 20
Kerr, J., & Andreotti, V. (2018) · Issues in teacher education · Cited by 20
Financiers in the forests on Vancouver Island, British Columbia: On fixes and colonial enclosures
Ekers, M. (2018) · Journal of Agrarian Change · doi:10.1111/joac.12294 · Cited by 20
Teaching about Decoloniality: The Experience of Non‐Indigenous Social Work Educators
Hendrick, A., & Young, S. M. (2018) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12285 · Cited by 20
Once More, With Feeling: Sport, National Anthems, and the Collective Power of Affect
McDonald, M. G. (2020) · Sociology of Sport Journal · doi:10.1123/ssj.2019-0089 · Cited by 20
Creation, destruction, and COVID: Heeding the call of country, bringing things into balance
Smith, A. S., Smith, N., Daley, L., Wright, S., & Hodge, P. (2020) · Geographical Research · doi:10.1111/1745-5871.12450 · Cited by 20
“This Gumbaynggirr-led perspective resonates with other Indigenous thinking that points to the underlying structures and violence of current events (Coulthard, 2014; Kauanui, 2016; Snelgrove, Dhamoon, & Corntassel, 2014; Whyte, 2018; Wolfe, 2006).”
Background(Un)Making the international student a settler of colour: a decolonising autoethnography
Chen, C. (2021) · Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/2159676x.2020.1850513 · Cited by 21
“Entangled with imperialism and the capitalist world-system, settler colonialism operates through the replacement of Indigenous Peoples with an invasive population that comes not only to ‘settle’ but also to impose new social structures and epistemic regimes (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundPedaling Power: Bicycles, Subjectivities and Landscapes in a Settler Colonial Society
Clarsen, G. (2014) · Mobilities · doi:10.1080/17450101.2014.927201 · Cited by 20
“Stated in the baldest of terms, at the heart of the settler project is the displacement of indigenous people from their country and their replacement by newcomers, who install themselves as the new sovereign owners (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundAvatar and Nature Spirituality
Schönfeld, M. (2014) · International Dialogue · doi:10.32873/uno.dc.id.4.1.1091 · Cited by 20
Organic Union or Aggressive Altruism: Imperial Internationalism in East Africa in the 1920s
Gorman, D. (2013) · The Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History · doi:10.1080/03086534.2013.851857 · Cited by 19
Customs and Duty: Indigenous Hip Hop and the US–Canada Border
Przybylski, L. (2017) · Journal of Borderlands Studies · doi:10.1080/08865655.2016.1222880 · Cited by 19
Rising to the Challenge: Embedding Environmental Justice in Management and Organization Studies
Foster, A., Wissman-Weber, N., Bray, L. A., DeBoer, J., Ergene, S., Stewart, O. J., & Dunham, I. M. (2023) · Organization & Environment · doi:10.1177/10860266231201992 · Cited by 21
“Settler colonialism describes the structures and processes enabling settler societies like the United States, Canada, Brazil, New Zealand, Australia, and Israel to occupy and appropriate Native lands (Coulthard, 2014; Veracini, 2010; Wolfe, 2006).”
The Underside of Order: Race in the Constitution of International Order
Brown, O. R. (2024) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818324000018 · Cited by 21
“Hartman 1997; Hesse 2017; Warren 2018; Sabaratnam 2023; Wilderson 2010; Wolfe 2006.”
BackgroundActualizing decolonization: a case for anticolonizing and Indigenizing the curriculum
Sefa Dei, G. J., & Cacciavillani, A. (2024) · Journal of Philosophy of Education · doi:10.1093/jopedu/qhae036 · Cited by 19
Pasquetti, S., Repo, J., & Shoman, H. (2024) · International Political Sociology · doi:10.1093/ips/olae031 · Cited by 20
Understanding the October 7th Hamas Attack on Israel and the War on Gaza
Fraihat, I., & Hedaya, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-67198-2_5 · Cited by 19
Chang, D. (2015) · American Quarterly · doi:10.1353/aq.2015.0045 · Cited by 19
Amoruso, F., Pappé, I., & Richter-Devroe, S. (2019) · Interventions · doi:10.1080/1369801x.2019.1581642 · Cited by 19
“(Wolfe 2006, 402) What liberal logic presents positively as policies of integration, access and/or assimilation thus might in fact constitute in a settler colonial context a form of elimination of the native in disguise.”
BackgroundInfluentialBurn It Down: The Incommensurability Of The University And Decolonization
Mayorga, E., Leidecker, L., & de Gutierrez, D. O. (2019) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · Cited by 19
Reflecting on place: environmental education as decolonisation
Thornton, S., Graham, M., & Burgh, G. (2019) · Australian Journal of Environmental Education · doi:10.1017/aee.2019.31 · Cited by 19
Love and Theft; or, Provincializing the Anthropocene
LeMenager, S. (2021) · PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America · doi:10.1632/s0030812920000127 · Cited by 21
Decolonial Enactments of Human Resilience
Atallah, D. G. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190095888.003.0030 · Cited by 21
Dana, T. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68643-7_2 · Cited by 19
Indigenous Internet Users: Learning to Trust Ourselves
Carlson, B. L. (2021) · Australian Feminist Studies · doi:10.1080/08164649.2021.1929064 · Cited by 20
Agonistic reconciliation: inclusion, decolonisation and the need for radical innovation
Maddison, S. (2021) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2021.2006054 · Cited by 19
Duong, K. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190058418.001.0001 · Cited by 19
Castro, L. R., & Pini, B. (2022) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.05.024 · Cited by 19
Decolonizing conservation? Indigenous resurgence and buffalo restoration in the American West
Schneider, L. (2022) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/25148486221119158 · Cited by 23
“…in settler colonial contexts, they argue, must be understood as a material, political, and epistemic process of dismantling the structure and undoing the work (theft and erasure) of settler colonialism (Denzin et al., 2008; Million, 2011; Tuck and Yang, 2012; Veracini, 2007; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundDecolonizing Public Healthcare Systems: Designing with Indigenous Peoples
Barcham, M. (2022) · She ji · doi:10.1016/j.sheji.2022.10.004 · Cited by 19
Thrivance is My Identity: Moving Beyond Survival
Baumann, D. (2023) · Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies · doi:10.29333/ejecs/1669 · Cited by 19
Gazacide: Palestinians From Refugeehood to Ontological Obliteration
Nijim, M. (2025) · Critical Sociology · doi:10.1177/08969205241286530 · Cited by 20
“Patrick Wolfe (2006) warned that people who live under settler-colonial regimes should be closely observed to minimize the likelihood of genocide and Palestinians are a case in point.”
Dirlik, A. (2018) · boundary 2 · doi:10.1215/01903659-6915545 · Cited by 19
Unsettling Ecopsychology: Addressing Settler Colonialism in Ecopsychology Practice
Jones, A. T., & Segal, D. S. (2018) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2018.0059 · Cited by 19
“Indeed, the erasure of Indigenous peoples from the land and the severance of their connection to land to make way for settlers is the raison d’eˆtre of settler colonialism, what Patrick Wolfe (2006) calls its ‘‘logic of elimination’’ (p. 387).”
Gray, E., & Nicholas, L. (2018) · British Journal of Sociology of Education · doi:10.1080/01425692.2018.1522242 · Cited by 19
“…deemed to be ‘different or diverse’ within Australian education; of the Immigration Restriction Act that aimed to keep Australia white; or of the many acts of parliament that have contributed to the genocide and continued disposession of Australia’s First Peoples (de Plevitz 2007; Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundThomas, A., McCann, H., & Fela, G. (2019) · Sexualities · doi:10.1177/1363460719830347 · Cited by 19
“Such a strategy is particularly jarring in the settler colonial context of Australia, where a continuing feature of the national project is the denial of the violence of colonization alongside a modern mainstreaming agenda in Indigenous affairs (Tout, 2014; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundThe Black Mohicans: Representations of Everyday Violence in Postracial Urban America
Márquez, J. D. (2012) · American Quarterly · doi:10.1353/aq.2012.0040 · Cited by 19
Ellinghaus, K. (2009) · Genocide Studies and Prevention · doi:10.3138/gsp.4.1.59 · Cited by 19
Spirit Breaking: Uyghur Dispossession, Culture Work and Terror Capitalism in a Chinese Global City
Byler, D. (2018) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington) · Cited by 19
The Many Paths of Decolonization
Attas, R. (2022) · Music Theory Online · doi:10.30535/mto.28.2.11 · Cited by 18
Eswaran, M. (2023) · Canadian Public Policy · doi:10.3138/cpp.2022-054 · Cited by 18
“38 Assimilation is a way of eliminating future claims being made by Indigenous Peoples on the lands that belong to the Indigenous, as compellingly argued by Wolfe (2006).”
Is the Homo in Homocapitalism the Caste in Caste Capitalism and the Racial in Racial Capitalism?
Rao, R. (2024) · South Atlantic Quarterly · doi:10.1215/00382876-10920678 · Cited by 18
Higher Education Under Siege: Attacking Spaces of Hope in Palestine
McGahern, U. (2024) · Geopolitics · doi:10.1080/14650045.2024.2398240 · Cited by 18
“In settler-colonial regimes which seek to replace the original population of the colonised territory with a new society of settlers (Veracini 2013; Wolfe 2006), the practice of siege is not only immanent and inherent to it, but its aims and goals are liable to shift and overlap with time depending…”
Why and how should sociologists speak out on Palestine?
Burawoy, M. (2025) · The Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00380261251321676 · Cited by 24
A liberalism gone wrong? Muscular liberalism and the quest for monocultural difference
Jose, J. (2015) · Social Identities · doi:10.1080/13504630.2015.1093739 · Cited by 18
“As Wolfe points out, this process is more than ‘the summary liquidation of the Indigenous people’ because the very logic of this process ‘marks a return whereby the native repressed continues to structure settler-colonial society’ (Wolfe, 2006, p. 390).”
BackgroundInfluentialPalestine/Israel and State Criminality: Exception, Settler Colonialism and Racialization
Lenṭin, R. (2016) · State Crime Journal · doi:10.13169/statecrime.5.1.0032 · Cited by 18
“A poignant example is the building of the so-called “separation wall”: As Wolfe (2006) reminds us, there could hardly be a more concrete expression of spatial sequestration than the West Bank barrier ... as Palestinians become more and more dispensable, Gaza and the West Bank become less and less…”
BackgroundInfluentialIntroduction Environmental Ethics through Changing Landscapes: Indigenous Activism and Literary Arts
Cariou, W., & St-Amand, I. (2017) · Canadian review of comparative literature · doi:10.1353/crc.2017.0000 · Cited by 18
GEOLOGIES OF ERASURE: SINKHOLES, SCIENCE, AND SETTLER COLONIALISM AT THE DEAD SEA
Popperl, S. (2018) · International Journal Middle East Studies · doi:10.1017/s002074381800082x · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Wolfe, P.
- Corresponding author
- Wolfe, Patrick
- Venue
- Journal of Genocide Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 387-409
- ISSN
- 1462-3528 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9494
- OpenAlex
- W2018276495
- Cited by
- 6,491
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 580 · 2025: 873 · 2024: 682 · 2023: 696 · 2022: 623 · 2021: 724 · 2020: 614 · 2019: 554 · 2018: 364 · 2017: 213 · 2016: 154 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 155 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 27.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Genocide Research (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law
- Keywords
- settler colonialism, genocide, land dispossession
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