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Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native
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The question of genocide is never far from discussions of settler colonialism. Land is life—or, at least, land is necessary for life. Thus contests for land can be—indeed, often are—contests for li...
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64 Own interpretation · 30 Sources not found · 10 No basis given · 2 No full text of the sources · 1 Not checked yet
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“the factor that most antagonized the Georgia state government (with the at-least-tacit support of Andrew Jackson's federal administration) was not actually the recalcitrant savagery of which Indians were routinely accused, but the Cherokee's unmistakable aptitude for civilization.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Throughout this process, reformers' justifications for it (saving the Indian from the tribe, giving him the same opportunities as the White man, etc.) repeatedly included the express intention to destroy the tribe in whole.60”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60] 60. Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, 1955), p 180.
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“In the half-century from 1881, the total acreage held by Indians in the United States fell by two thirds, from just over 155 million acres to just over 52 million.59”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] 59. John R. Wunder, "Retained by the People": A History of American Indians and the Bill of Rights (New York: Oxford U.P. 1994), pp 17, 39.
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“At the height of the Dawes-era assimilation programme, for instance, in the decade after Richard Pratt penned his Denver paper, Indian numbers hit the lowest level they would ever register.50”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50] 50. "In 1998-2000, life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was shorter by 21 years for males and 20 years for females, compared with the total population . . . In 1998-2000, the death rate for Indi- genous infants was around four times the rate in the total population." Australian Bureau of Statistics, Aus- tralian Social Trends: Health-Mortality and Morbidity: Mortality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002), p 1. See also: House of Representatives Standing Committee on Family and Community Affairs, Health i
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“The centrepiece of this campaign was the allotment programme, first generalized as Indian policy in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 and subsequently intensified and extended, whereby tribal land was to be broken down into individual allotments whose proprietors could eventually sell them to White people.58”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58] 58. Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 US 1903, p 553. SETTLER COLONIALISM
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“The first major expression of this shift was the discontinuation of treaty-making, which came about in 1871.55”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55] 55. "No Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty." 16 Stat., 566 (Act of March 3, 1871), c 120, s
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“As practised by Europeans, both genocide and settler colonialism have typically employed the organizing grammar of race.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In settlercolonial terms, this enables a population to be expanded by continuing immigration at the expense of native lands and livelihoods.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Though a thoroughgoing diminution of native entitlement was axiomatic to discovery, the discourse was primarily addressed to relations between European sovereigns rather than to relations between Europeans and natives.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. As Mr Justice Johnson put it in his concurrence with Chief Justice Marshall's judgment in Cherokee v. Georgia, "The hunter state bore within itself the promise of vacating the territory, because when game ceased, the hunter would go elsewhere to seek it. But a more fixed state of society would amount to a permanent destruction of the hope, and, of consequence, of the beneficial character of the pre-emptive right." Cherokee v. Georgia, 30 US (5 Peters) 1, 1831, p 23. 20 The judgments most often cited in this connection are Worcester v. Georgia, 31 US (6 Peters) 515, 1832, Crow Dog, 109 US 5
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“As observed, the logic of elimination continues into the present.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“They had become successful agriculturalists on the White model, with a number of them owning substantial holdings of Black slaves, and they had introduced a written national constitution that bore more than a passing resemblance to the US one.41”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] 41. Ross-the successful self-made Cherokee entrepreneur-was really what white Georgians feared. Their biggest obstacle to acquiring the Cherokee lands was the cultivator's plow and overseer's whip-not PATRICK WOLFE the war club, bow, and scalping knife." Sean M. O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Westport, CT: Praeger 2003), p 229. For the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation, see the Cherokee Phoenix, February 28, 1828.
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“Even in contemporary, post-Native Title Australia, Aboriginal life expectancy clings to a level some 25% below that enjoyed by mainstream society, with infant mortality rates that are even worse.51”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51] 51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
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“In the end, though, the western frontier met the one moving back in from the Pacific, and there was simply no space left for removal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“As homesteaders, by contrast, the Choctaw who stayed became individual proprietors, each to his own, of separately allotted fragments of what had previously been the tribal estate, theirs to sell to White people if they chose to.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Rwanda and Burundi are colonial creations-not only so far as the obvious factor of their geographical borders is concerned, but, more intimately, in the very racial boundaries that marked and reproduced the Hutu/Tutsi division.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37] 37. Robert Melson, "Modern genocide in Rwanda: ideology, revolution, war, and mass murder in an African state," in Gellately and Kiernan, The Specter of Genocide, pp 325-338, at p 326.
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“All these strategies, including frontier homicide, are characteristic of settler colonialism.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In addition to its objective economic centrality to the project, agriculture, with its life-sustaining connectedness to land, is a potent symbol of settler-colonial identity.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Preemption sanctioned European priority but not Indigenous freedom of choice.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“the occasions on or the extent to which settler colonialism conduces to genocide are not a matter of the presence or absence of the formal apparatus of the state.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“In its positive aspect, the logic of elimination marks a return whereby the native repressed continues to structure settler-colonial society.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“I contend that, though the two have converged-which is to say, the settler-colonial logic of elimination has manifested as genocidal-they should be distinguished.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In sum, then, settler colonialism is an inclusive, land-centred project that coordinates a comprehensive range of agencies, from the metropolitan centre to the frontier encampment, with a view to eliminating Indigenous societies.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Agriculture not only supports the other sectors.It is inherently sedentary and, therefore, permanent.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Accordingly, settler-colonial discourse is resolutely impervious to glaring inconsistencies such as sedentary natives or the fact that the settlers themselves have come from somewhere else.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The American right to buy always superseded the Indian right not to sell.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] 21. Grant Foreman, Indian Removal (Norman, OK: Oklahoma U.P. 1932). SETTLER COLONIALISM
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In the paper
“Settler colonialism is inherently eliminatory but not invariably genocidal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“As opposed to enslaved people, whose reproduction augmented their owners' wealth, Indigenous people obstructed settlers' access to land, so their increase was counterproductive.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“It is both as complex social formation and as continuity through time that I term settler colonization a structure rather than an event”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“settler colonizers come to stay: invasion is a structure not an event.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“In the event, Indigenous people are either rendered dependent on the introduced economy or reduced to the stock-raids that provide the classic pretext for colonial death-squads.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Aborigines were accorded no rights to their territory, informal variants on the theme of terra nullius being taken for granted in settler culture.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“For various reasons, these removals, which turned eastern tribes into proxy invaders of Indian territory across the Mississippi, were a crude and unsatisfactory form of elimination.In particular, they were temporary, it being only a matter of time before the frontier rabble caught up with them.53”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53] 53. This was the reality behind the mushrooming frontier demographies. "In the decade before 1820, the popu- lation of the new state of Alabama increased by a startling 1,000 per cent." O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears, p 221. For an illuminating catalogue of Creek responses to this invasion, see Richard S. Lackey, comp., Frontier Claims in the Lower South. Records of Claims Filed by Citizens of the Alabama and Tom- bigbee River Settlements in the Mississippi Territory for Depradations by the Creek Indians During the War of 1812 (New Orleans: Polyanthos 1977).
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“Mass murders are not the same thing as genocide, though the one action can be both.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Tribal land was tribally owned-tribes and private property did not mix.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“On emancipation, Blacks became surplus to some requirements and, to that extent, more like Indians.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wolfe, 'Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race,' American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
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“In the first place, it shows us that settler colonialism is an indicator.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“My reason for not favouring the term is that it confuses definition with degree.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The US parallel is significant because, unlike the South African case, the formal apparatus of oppression (slavery) was overcome but Whites remained in power.76”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76] 76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
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“Colin Tatz has argued, conclusively in my view, that, while Turkish behaviour in Armenia, Nazi behaviour in Europe, and Australian behaviour towards Aborigines (among other examples) constitute genocide, the apartheid regime in South Africa does not.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Richard Pratt and Phillip Sheridan were both practitioners of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the strike on the World Trade Center is an example of mass murder but not, in my view, of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48] 48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cases, the genocide tribunal is the wrong court.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, as Palestinians become more and more dispensable, Gaza and the West Bank become less and less like Bantustans and more and more like reservations (or, for that matter, like the Warsaw Ghetto).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without the tribe, though, for all practical purposes they were no longer Indians (this is the citizenship part).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Apart from its contrivance, this analogy fails because the Nazi racialization of Jews did not conduce to their assimilation.Rather, the reverse was the case.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Notes and References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gellately
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Amir
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Definitionally, in other words, as in the case of other patterned or cumulative phenomena, genocide can obtain retrospectively.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
In some settler-colonial sites such as Fiji, native society was able to accommodate the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system they introduced.
“In some settler-colonial sites (one thinks, for instance, of Fiji), native society was able to accommodate-though hardly unscathed-the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system that they introduced.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Land is necessary for life.
“Land is life-or, at least, land is necessary for life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism always needs more land.
“Of itself, however, modernity cannot explain the insatiable dynamic whereby settler colonialism always needs more land.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Settler colonialism is a specific social formation whose specificity should be retained.
“As stated at the outset, settler colonialism is a specific social formation and it is desirable to retain that specificity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time.
“Since settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time, structural genocide should be easier to interrupt than short-term genocides.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rule of law is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.
“since it does not involve such a disruptive affront to the rule of law that is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
“There again, apartheid also relied on sequestration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.
“As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Porous borders do not offer a way out.
“Porous borders do not offer a way out.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“I use ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to emphasize how liberal interventions inspired by sympathy for Indigenous suffering are aligned with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of eliminating Indigenous peoples in order to control and exploit their territory (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, standards-heavy science education in the U.S. participates in, and is a re fl ection of, U.S. settler colonialism (Calderón, 2014a), as the displacement and elimination of indigenous knowledges from the curriculum mimics how (mostly) European settlers permanently moved into territories for economic gain, while displacing, dispossessing, and enslaving indigenous peoples (Wolfe, 2006).”
From Creating third spaces in K-12 socio-environmental education through indigenous languages: a case study (2024) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“methods included westward removal of Native communities to enable settler territorial expansion as well as ethnocidal settler governmental policy illegitimizing and illegalizing Native cultures and subsequent forced assimilation of Native peoples into Anglo lifestyles-and the settler economy, and the general imposition of settler governmental powers over Native individuals and Native Nations”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“genocide was key among the mechanisms of usurping Native populations of their resources and legal-political powers in the Americas”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The nature of the settler colonial society, regardless of where it is imposed, is defined by the divestiture of the political, governmental, economic powers of the colonized (Indigenous) population toward the benefit and supremacy of the settler population”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dominant representations of”
From Review of Network Sovereignty: Building the Internet Across Indian Country, Marisa Elena Duarte (2019) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“I use the formulation of ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to express how liberal interventions of care and protection, intended to ameliorate Indigenous suffering, align with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of Indigenous elimination (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The colonial logics of elimination that materialized security theology in Palestine are evinced in other settler colonial contexts (Wolfe, 2006), such as in the United States where curriculums of fear are framed as epistemological tools for reinforcing settler rights to Indigenous lands via statesponsored educational and genocidal projects (Nguyen, 2016).”
From Entwined Complicities: Genocidal Geographies of the Youth Carceral State and Arrivals to Educational Abolitionism (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As Wolfe (2006) famously argued, colonialism is not an event, but a structure of settler societies.”
From Decolonizing prisons: Indigenized programming and a critique of critical prison studies (2023) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Wolfe (2006) points out that settler colonialism acts as an enduring structure, not an event, meaning it is not a historical moment of conquest but an ongoing form of occupation through the enduring social, political, and economic structures built by invading people (Grimwood and Johnson 2019;Kauanui 2016;Tuck and Yang 2012;Wolfe 2006).”
From Unsettling Archaeology (2020) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These macro-level social frames are informed by a logic of elimination (Wolfe 2006), which seeks to erase Indigenous Peoples and their rightful claims to land, political sovereignty, and cultural alterity.”
From Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America (2022) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
In the citing paper
“Indigenizing healthcare by increasing numbers of Indigenous healthcare providers makes sense and it has been a focus of the Canadian governments and universities in order to improve healthcare and, ultimately, the health of First Nations [72].”
From Confronting Racism within the Canadian Healthcare System: Systemic Exclusion of First Nations from Quality and Consistent Care (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
Citations
Cites
How Did Colonialism Dispossess? Comments from an Edge of Empire
Harris, C. (2004) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09401009.x · Cited by 457
American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492
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Farber, D., & Litwack, L. F. (1999) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2649423 · Cited by 365
Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow
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Land, labor, and the origins of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 1882-1914
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35. The Advantages of Mingling Indians with Whites
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Fitzmaurice, A. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490521 · Cited by 145
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Brown, L. C., Kimmerling, B., & Migdal, J. S. (2003) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20033734 · Cited by 124
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Research works printed but not linked: 23
- [1]1. Rose, Hidden Histories: Black Stories from Victoria River Downs, Humbert River and Wave Hill Stations (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1991), p 46. ne, destruction of the national pattern of the oppressed group; the other, the imposition of the national pattern of the oppressor. This imposition, in turn, may be made upon the oppressed population which is allowed to remain, or upon the territory alone, after removal of the population and colonization of the area by the oppressor's own nationals." Raphae ¨l Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1944), p 79.
- [3]3. Theodor Herzl, Old-New Land [Altneuland, 1902], Lotta Levensohn, trans. (New York: M. Wiener 1941), p 38.
- [13]13. Robert A. Williams, Jr., The American Indian in Western Legal Thought: The Discourses of Conquest (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1990), esp. pp 233-286.
- [14]14. This observation unites almost all commentators, whatever their political inclination. Cf. e.g. Anthony Anghie, "Finding the peripheries: sovereignty and colonialism in nineteenth-century international law," Harvard International Law Journal, Vol 40, 1999, pp 1-80, at p 69;
- [19]19. The classic accounts from a well-established literature include: Annie H. Abel, "The history of events resulting in Indian consolidation west of the Mississippi River," in American Historical Association Annual Report for 1906, 2 vols (Washington, DC: American Historical Association 1906), Vol 2, pp 233 - 450;
- [25]25. For discussion of Olney's "tide of history" concept, see Jackie Delpero, "'The tide of history': Australian native title discourse in global context," MA thesis, Victoria University, Australia, 2003;
- [26]26. David Rittter, "The judgement of the world: the Yorta Yorta case and the "tide of history,'" Australian Historical Studies, Vol 123, 2004, pp 106-121.
- [29]29. n order to justify the inclusion of the Negev in the future Jewish state, eleven new kibbutzim were simul- taneously installed in that desert region on October 6th, 1946, in addition to the ten settlements already established there during the War for the same purpose." Nathan Weinstock, Zionism, False Messiah, Alan Adler, trans. (London: Ink Links 1979), p 249.
- [32]32. Enzo Traverso, The Origins of Nazi Violence, Janet Lloyd, trans. (New York: New Press 2003);
- [35]35. Israel is also, of course, a partial exception here, though not so substantial an exception as is asserted by those who claim that Israel cannot be a colonial formation because it lacks a single commissioning metro- polis. From the outset, the Yishuv co-opted Ottoman, British and US imperialism to its own advantage, a reciprocated opportunism involving what Maxime Rodinson neatly glossed as "the collective mother country." Rodinson, Israel. A Settler-Colonial State? David Thorstad, trans. (New York: Monad 1973), p 76.
- [39]39. "For the provisions serving to the support of humane life, produced by one acre of inclosed and cultivated land, are (to speak much within compasse) ten times more, than those, which are yeilded [sic] by an acre of Land, of an equal richnesse, lyeing wast in common." John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. 1963 [1698]), p 312.
- [40]40. The new Jew is an enduring Zionist theme. In introducing his terrorist memoir, future Israeli prime minister Menachim Begin announced that, in addition to his Jewish readers, he had also written the book for gentiles: "lest they be unwilling to realise, or all too ready to overlook, the fact that out of blood and fire and tears and ashes a new specimen of human being was born, a specimen completely unknown to the world for over eighteen hundred years, 'the FIGHTING JEW'." Begin, The Revolt, Samuel Katz, trans. (London: W.H. Allen 1979), p xxv, capitals in original. For a more recent diasporan example, see, for instance, the Adi Nes photograph used as publicity for the Jewish Museum of New York's 1998-1999 "After Rabin: new art from Israel" show, at www.thejewishmuseum.org/site/pages/content/exhibitions/special/rabin/rabin_zoom/rabinL1.html 41 "
- [48]48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
- [51]51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
- [61]61. See e.g. Frederick E. Hoxie, A Final Promise. The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920 (Cambridge: Nebraska U.P. 1989); Prucha, Americanizing the American Indians, passim.
- [63]63. "Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process." Patrick Wolfe, "Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race," American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
- [68]68. Wolfe, "Nation and miscegeNation," p 111; Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology, p 180. Scholars who have made this point after me are too numerous to mention. Among those who made it before I did, see e.g. Jeremy Beckett, "The past in the present, the present in the past: constructing a national Aboriginality," in his, ed., Past and Present: The Construction of Aboriginality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1988), pp 191-217;
- [71]71. Evans and Thorpe, "The massacre of Aboriginal history," Overland, Vol 163, 2001, pp 21 -39, at p 36.
- [73]73. Robert K. Hitchcock and Tara M. Twedt, "Physical and cultural genocide of various Indigenous peoples," in Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons and Israel W. Charny, eds, Genocide in the Twentieth Century (New York: Garland Press 1995), pp 483 -514, at pp 498-501. For "politicide" ("a process that covers a wide range of social, political, and military activities whose goal is to destroy the political and national viability of a whole community of people"), see Baruch Kimmerling, Politicide. Ariel Sharon's War Against the Palestinians (rev. ed., London: Verso 2006).
- [76]76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
- [80]80. A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish). See Shmuel Amir, "Overseas foreign workers in Israel: policy aims and labor market outcomes," International Migration Review, Vol 36, 2002, pp 41-58;
- [81]81. Eric Beachemin, "Illegal in Israel," Radio Netherlands broadcast, September 15, 2004, at http://www2.rnw.nl/rnw/en/features/humanrights/tornlives/ilegalinisrael?view ¼ Standard; Leila Farsakh, "An occupation that creates children willing to die. Israel: an apartheid state?," Monde Diplomatique, English language edition, November 4, 2003, at http://mondediplo.com/2003/11/ 04apartheid
- [85]85. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Eman- cipation (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1984), pp 180-223.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 6,388
The First Intifada, Settler Colonialism, and 21st Century Prospects for Collective Resistance
Naser–Najjab, N., & Khatib, G. (2019) · The Middle East Journal · doi:10.3751/73.2.11 · Cited by 18
Vivian, A., & Halloran, M. J. (2021) · Critical Social Policy · doi:10.1177/02610183211065701 · Cited by 18
Borland, J. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cho9781107445222.026 · Cited by 18
Dalsheim, J. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190680251.001.0001 · Cited by 23
Indigenizing Prisons: A Canadian Case Study
Tetrault, J. E. C. (2022) · Crime and Justice · doi:10.1086/720943 · Cited by 22
“More recently, Indigenous peoples have experienced at best minimal improvement in their material well-being despite ongoing academic and government research and reports (Wolfe 2006; Smith 2008).”
BackgroundShaw, R., & Soma, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2022.1007567 · Cited by 19
“We found that systemic and structural problems in the food system such as racism (Alkon and Norgaard, 2009), settler colonialism and the continued occupation of Indigenous lands (Wolfe, 2006; Stollmeyer, 2021), and economic systems that commodify food, suddenly become problems for technology to solve.”
BackgroundEdwards, F., Beardall, T. R., & Curtis, H. M. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.106915 · Cited by 25
Indigenous resistance to settler colonialism: tourism stories from the Chittagong Hill Tracts
Tripura, K., Butler, G., Szili, G., & Hannam, K. (2023) · Tourism Geographies · doi:10.1080/14616688.2023.2231424 · Cited by 20
“…not restricted to historical events but instead are perpetually in motion and slowly erode the social and cultural fabric of indigenous communities (Wolfe, 2006). they may also seek to acquire natural resources, namely land, for economic gain (see Grimwood et al., 2019a; lowman & Barker, 2015) and…”
InfluentialRees, A., & Doyon, A. (2023) · PLOS Climate · doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000307 · Cited by 21
“Therefore, settlers commonly seek to gain and retain power by separating Indigenous Peoples from the land (25,46,47).”
BackgroundTowards a social harm approach in drug policy
Dertadian, G. C., & Askew, R. (2024) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104425 · Cited by 19
Israel’s settler colonialism and the genocide in Gaza: Alternatives
Abdo, N. (2024) · Studies in Political Economy / Recherches en économie politique · doi:10.1080/07078552.2024.2325298 · Cited by 18
Waters, S. F., Richardson, M., Mills, S. R., et al. (2024) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14127 · Cited by 18
“We focus on Indigenous populations of the United States and Canada, known to some as Turtle Island, because these communities have similar experiences of settler-colonialism including centuries of assimilation, displacement, and genocide (Wolfe, 2006).”
The Use of Camps in Colonial Warfare
Scheipers, S. (2015) · The Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History · doi:10.1080/03086534.2015.1083230 · Cited by 18
All the Eagles and the Ravens in the House Say Yeah: (Ab)original Hip-Hop, Heritage, and Love
Amsterdam, L. (2013) · American Indian Culture and Research Journal · doi:10.17953/aicr.37.2.ckk76874gj573863 · Cited by 18
The Struggle of Others: Pierre Vallières, Quebecois Settler Nationalism, and the N-Word Today
Cornellier, B. (2017) · Discourse · doi:10.13110/discourse.39.1.0031 · Cited by 18
Not a Metaphor: Immigrant of Color Autoethnography as a Decolonial Move
Chandrashekar, S. (2017) · Culture Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies · doi:10.1177/1532708617728953 · Cited by 18
Materials and Methods in Native American and Indigenous Studies: Completing the Turn
Pleasant, A. M., Wigginton, C., & Wisecup, K. (2018) · Early American literature · doi:10.1353/eal.2018.0044 · Cited by 20
Introduction: Cultural production under multiple colonialisms
Costa, D. D., & Costa, A. E. D. (2019) · Cultural Studies · doi:10.1080/09502386.2019.1590436 · Cited by 21
“…between two qualitatively di ff erent forms of colonialism – settler colonies based on the logic of elimination (e.g. Canada) and franchise colonialism based on the logic of racialized labour exploitation (e.g. India under the British) – as Patrick Wolfe ’ s (2006) in fl uential account has it.”
InfluentialNicholas, L. (2019) · Social Politics International Studies in Gender State & Society · doi:10.1093/sp/jxz009 · Cited by 18
“(Smithers 2003, 493) The “History Wars” as they became known in Australia, can be understood as “negative genocide” (Wolfe 2006), entailing violence as well as conscious forgetting of the violent colonial past.”
‘I don’t think you’re going to have any aborigines in your world’:Minecraftingterra nullius
López, L. L., Wildt, L. D., & Moodie, N. (2019) · British Journal of Sociology of Education · doi:10.1080/01425692.2019.1640596 · Cited by 18
“Instead, Wolfe’s abiding analysis is one of invasion as a structure, rather than an event delineated in time (Wolfe 2006; Byrd 2016).”
BackgroundIneese-Nash, N. (2019) · AlterNative An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples · doi:10.1177/1177180119878239 · Cited by 24
“Indigenous nations were given status to designate them as a separate citizenship category within the nation state of Canada, with multiple mechanisms to slowly remove status Indian as a designation (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundReynolds, J. M. (2020) · The Southern Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1111/sjp.12353 · Cited by 20
“That they cannot do so is not primarily a question of bad luck, but of histories of colonization and imperialism (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundTaxonomy, Race Science, and Mexican Maize
Curry, H. A. (2021) · Isis · doi:10.1086/713819 · Cited by 19
Reconciling violence: Policing the politics of recognition
Simpson, M., & Billon, P. L. (2021) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.12.023 · Cited by 18
Uncanny pedagogies: teaching difficult histories at sites of colonial violence
MacDonald, L., & Kidman, J. (2021) · Critical Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/17508487.2021.1923543 · Cited by 18
“Ongoing oppression of Indigenous people is erased or minimised through carefully crafted social narratives that speak of racial harmony (Kidman, 2018; MacDonald, 2020); indeed, settlers migrated with the view that they are here to stay (Tuck & Yang, 2012; Veracini, 2010; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundSpring flooding and recurring evacuations of Kashechewan First Nation, northern Ontario, Canada
Khalafzai, M.-A. K., McGee, T. K., & Parlee, B. L. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102443 · Cited by 24
Proulx, G., & Crane, N. J. (2019) · Journal of Cultural Geography · doi:10.1080/08873631.2019.1665856 · Cited by 18
“The protest camp was located in a contested area to the north of Cannonball River, which sits outside of Standing Rock reserved land but inside a territory known as the Great Sioux Reservation, asserted by the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie (Figure 1).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCox, A. (2017) · Oxford Bibliographies in Literary and Critical Theory · doi:10.1093/obo/9780190221911-0029 · Cited by 15
The sumud within: Walid Daka’s abolitionist decolonization
Gortler, S. (2022) · Contemporary Political Theory · doi:10.1057/s41296-021-00537-2 · Cited by 20
“’ Instead, reading Daka in light of Patrick Wolfe’s insistence on analyzing ‘elimination’ as including both death-inducing and life-sustaining practices provides a more elaborate picture (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundAllard‐Tremblay, Y. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0008423923000690 · Cited by 17
Ruíz, E. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634028.001.0001 · Cited by 20
Dunlap, A., Novaković, B., & Sovacool, B. K. (2025) · Globalizations · doi:10.1080/14747731.2025.2465069 · Cited by 17
Pentateuch–Joshua: a settler-colonial document of a supplanting society
Pitkänen, P. (2013) · Settler Colonial Studies · doi:10.1080/2201473x.2013.842626 · Cited by 17
“As Wolfe describes it, settler colonialism is a specific complex social formation.(27) One important defining characteristic in settler colonialism is the concept of a settler.”
BackgroundSaba-Sa’di, S., & Sa’di, A. H. (2017) · Social Identities · doi:10.1080/13504630.2017.1303371 · Cited by 17
“Wolfe (2006), in his much-cited article Settler colonialism and the elimination of the natives, argues that settler colonial regimes are premised on an eliminatory logic towards the natives.”
BackgroundMadokoro, L. (2018) · History Compass · doi:10.1111/hic3.12516 · Cited by 17
Hasian, M. A., & Paliewicz, N. S. (2020) · Atlantic Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/15456870.2020.1741590 · Cited by 17
“As Wolfe (2006) notes, histories of “settler colonialism” and genocide consist more of a “structural complexity” than a single event (p. 392).”
BackgroundDecolonizing youth development: re-imagining youthwork for indigenous youth futures
Johnston‐Goodstar, K. (2020) · AlterNative An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples · doi:10.1177/1177180120967998 · Cited by 20
“Scholars define colonialism in terms of sociohistorical structures which seek to destroy Indigenous peoples to replace them with the colonizer’s norms, authority economies and knowledge (Wolfe, 2006; Kauanui, 2016; Tlostanova & Mignolo, 2012).”
BackgroundKrug, A. S., & Tesdell, O. I. (2020) · Plants People Planet · doi:10.1002/ppp3.10175 · Cited by 23
“• Settler colonialism (Lloyd & Wolfe, 2015; Wolfe, 2006): systems that “destroy in order to replace,” that justify domination of the land by claiming they are putting it to more profitable use via the concept of property.”
BackgroundUrbanizing Minority Minzu in the PRC: Insights from the Literature on Settler Colonialism
Wang, J. Z., & Roche, G. (2021) · Modern China · doi:10.1177/0097700421995135 · Cited by 19
“This literature focuses on settler colonialism as a distinct formation of colonialism, in which colonists seize Indigenous lands, aiming not only to displace Indigenous people, but to replace them (Cavanagh and Veracini, 2017; Veracini, 2010; Wolfe, 1999, 2006, 2016).”
Background“Alone in a Crowd: Indigenous Migrants and Language Barriers in American Immigration”
Obinna, D. N. (2021) · Race and Justice · doi:10.1177/21533687211006448 · Cited by 17
Refusal as Radical Care? Moving Beyond Modern Industrial Agriculture
Arora, S., & Dyck, B. V. (2021) · Development · doi:10.1057/s41301-021-00310-3 · Cited by 17
“Entirely missing thus is a discussion of how this multi-stakeholder table is structured unequally by five centuries of colonial curtailing of multiple ‘indigenous’ cultures and their intercultural relations, in the process of developing modern societies (Wolfe 2006; Arora and Stirling 2021).”
BackgroundIndigenous Resurgence: Decolonialization and Movements for Environmental Justice
Dhillon, J. (2022) · Berghahn Books · doi:10.3167/9781800732452 · Cited by 19
Cubitt, S. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190065713.001.0001 · Cited by 17
Junka-Aikio, L. (2022) · Postcolonial Studies · doi:10.1080/13688790.2022.2096716 · Cited by 17
“Patrick Wolfe originally argued that settler colonialism differs from traditional or plantation colonialism especially in terms of its relationship to the native population.(16) For instance, in India, the colonial administration’s main objective was”
BackgroundSettler-colonial urbanisms: convergences, divergences, limits, contestations
McClintock, N., & Marceau, S. G. (2022) · Urban Geography · doi:10.1080/02723638.2022.2125663 · Cited by 17
“Settler colonialism differs from other forms of colonization by virtue of its ultimate goal: to replace the Indigenous population with settlers from the colonizing metropôle (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundVehicles of Decolonization: Public Transit in the Palestinian West Bank
Gasteyer, S. P. (2023) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/00943061231181317n · Cited by 17
“…write about Palestine (and Israel’s occupation of Palestine) as the Weberian ‘‘ideal type’’ of the enduring reality of colonial systems controlling access to and use of land, resources, entitlement, and movement by people of European origin over indigenous people (e.g., Wolfe 2006; Veracini 2006).”
BackgroundRobertson, K. (2012) · Wicazo Sa Review · doi:10.5749/wicazosareview.27.2.0021 · Cited by 17
Pugliese, J. (2015) · Law/text/culture · doi:10.14453/ltc.803 · Cited by 17
Settler and Non-settler Colonialism in Africa
Odukoya, A. O. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95232-8_10 · Cited by 20
What the Grandfathers Taught Me: Lessons for an Indian Country Researcher
Masta, S. (2018) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2018.3254 · Cited by 21
Schneider, T. D., & Panich, L. M. (2019) · Ethnohistory · doi:10.1215/00141801-7217293 · Cited by 13
Nursey‐Bray, M. (2019) · Journal of Geography in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03098265.2019.1608921 · Cited by 19
“Decolonization recognizes that colonization is a structure not an event (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundNof kdumim : Remaking the ancient landscape in East Jerusalem’s national parks
Braverman, I. (2019) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/2514848619889594 · Cited by 17
“…features of colonial (but not settler colonial) projects, which seek to emphasize the distinctions between settlers and natives (Veracini, 2013; Wolfe, 2006), yet here with a local twist: in the revised order of things, the “newer” native (namely, the Palestinian) is allowed to exist (dwell,…”
BackgroundInfluentialAmerica First, Immigrants Last: American Xenophobia Then and Now
Lee, E. (2019) · The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era · doi:10.1017/s1537781419000409 · Cited by 17
Brisbois, B., Hoogeveen, D., Allison, S., Cole, D. C., Fyfe, T., Harder, H. G., & Parkes, M. W. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113899 · Cited by 19
Beyond shame, sorrow, and apologies—action to address indigenous health inequities
Smylie, J. K., Harris, R. B., Paine, S., Nimatuj, I. A. V., Nimatuj, & Lovett, R. W. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.o1688 · Cited by 17
de Leeuw, S., & Greenwood, M. (2017) · AlterNative An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples · doi:10.1177/1177180117714155 · Cited by 18
“Other scholars have noted that neither decolonizing nor anti-colonial work tidily “wraps up” or finishes with an unsettling of colonial power (Cameron, 2015; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundGentry, B., Boyce, G. A., Garcia, J. M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Latin American geography · doi:10.1353/lag.2019.0003 · Cited by 17
“Territoriality is settler colonialism’s specific, irreducible element” (Wolfe, 2006, p. 388).”
BackgroundDisrupting a Settler-Colonial Grammar of Place
Goeman, M. R. (2014) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822376613-010 · Cited by 20
Indigenous Peoples, Climate Change Loss and Damage, and the Responsibility of Settler StatesPreprint
Whyte, K. P. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2770085 · Cited by 17
Murrey, A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10804-2 · Cited by 21
Integrating Systems of Power and Privilege in the Study of ResiliencePreprint
McLean, K. C., Fish, J., Rogers, L. O., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/yhmj9 · Cited by 17
Intergenerational Imprisonment: Resistance and Resilience in Indigenous Communities
Mussell, L. (2020) · Journal of Law and Social Policy · doi:10.60082/0829-3929.1396 · Cited by 17
Reconciliation: six reasons to worry
Jung, C. (2018) · Journal of Global Ethics · doi:10.1080/17449626.2018.1507000 · Cited by 17
“Wolfe (2006).”
Medicines at Standing Rock: Stories of Native Healing through Survivance
Hedlund, S. (2020) · American Indian Culture and Research Journal · doi:10.17953/aicrj.44.4.hedlund · Cited by 16
Merlan, F. (2022) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1111/aman.13694 · Cited by 16
From “Chinese Colonist” to “Yellow Peril”: Capitalist Racialization in the British Empire
Ince, O. U. (2023) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055423001260 · Cited by 21
“The notion of capitalist racialization proposed here builds on Wolfe ’ s (2006, 10) definition of “ racialization ” as a colonial ordering principle, “ an assortment of local attempts to impose classificatory grids on a variety of colonized populations, to particular though coordinated ends.”
“Reviewer 2 must be stopped”; Indigenous Contributions and Epistemic Domination in Political Science
Allard‐Tremblay, Y., & Coburn, E. (2024) · Appartenances & Altérités · doi:10.4000/12kpw · Cited by 17
Ruder, S.-L. (2024) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066150.2024.2429480 · Cited by 16
“Importantly, settler colonialism is a continually reproduced structure and not simply event from/in the past (Bruyneel 2020; Wolfe 2006).”
Hitchcock, R. K., Sapignoli, M., & Babchuk, W. A. (2014) · Settler Colonial Studies · doi:10.1080/2201473x.2014.899549 · Cited by 16
Mapuche mnemonics: Beyond modernity’s violence
Gómez‐Barris, M. (2014) · Memory Studies · doi:10.1177/1750698014552410 · Cited by 16
“Whereas the modern nation-state did its work by reducing and fragmenting these communities, the neoliberal state has functioned upon the settler principle of eradication (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundFrom the Indigenous to the Indigent: Homelessness and Settler Colonialism in Hawai‘i
Lyons, L. E. (2011) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230306288_10 · Cited by 16
Los prohombres y los extintos. Patrimonio, identidad e historiografía regional en Magallanes
Ross, A. H. (2018) · Cuadernos de historia (Santiago) · doi:10.4067/s0719-12432018000100057 · Cited by 16
Taira, D. (2018) · History of Education Quarterly · doi:10.1017/heq.2018.15 · Cited by 16
The Theorist and the Theorized: Indigenous Critiques of Performance Studies
Teves, S. N. (2018) · TDR/The Drama Review · doi:10.1162/dram_a_00797 · Cited by 20
Locating a zeitgeist: Displacement, becoming and the end of alterity
Hinkson, M. (2019) · Critique of Anthropology · doi:10.1177/0308275x19856420 · Cited by 16
“Warlpiri displacement to and centralisation on government settlements in the early to mid-20th century was not an isolated event of colonial dispossession but a chapter in an ongoing process that continues in varied, uneven and pressing ways to the present (Hinkson et al., 2012; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundThe Ancestors We Get to Choose
Teaiwa, T. K. (2014) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822376613-003 · Cited by 21
Adam Smith, Settler Colonialism, and Limits of Liberal Anti-imperialism
Ince, O. (2020) · Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/711321 · Cited by 14
Chibana, M. (2020) · Humanities · doi:10.3390/h9040135 · Cited by 19
“Ignorance of the history of the place and the people and inattention to settler positionality allows migrants to disregard the Indigenous relationship to the land in the process that Wolfe calls the “logic of elimination” (Lloyd and Wolfe 2016; Wolfe 2006; Veracini 2011).”
BackgroundAntiblackness of the Social and the Human
Vargas, J. H. C., & Jung, M. (2021) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478013167-001 · Cited by 40
Guernsey, P. J. (2021) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/2514848621996577 · Cited by 16
“Settler colonial logics, among them the “logic of erasure” (Wolfe, 2006), target Native and in many cases Black and other people of color for death or removal to make more space for Whites.”
BackgroundScenes from the Fringe: Gendered Violence and the Geographies of Indigenous Feminism
Huhndorf, S. M. (2021) · Signs · doi:10.1086/712045 · Cited by 19
Palestinian futures: anticipation, imagination, embodiments. Introduction to special issue
Joronen, M., Tawil‐Souri, H., Amir, M., et al. (2021) · Geografiska Annaler Series B Human Geography · doi:10.1080/04353684.2021.2004196 · Cited by 16
Reimagining Chemicals, with and Against Technoscience
Murphy, M. (2021) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478021674-012 · Cited by 16
Alternative Historiographies of the Digital Humanities
Kim, D., & Koh, A. (2021) · Punctum Books · doi:10.53288/0274.1.00 · Cited by 19
Abdo, N. (2022) · Critical Sociology · doi:10.1177/08969205221131315 · Cited by 16
McKinley, C. E., & Jernigan, V. B. B. (2023) · Food and Foodways · doi:10.1080/07409710.2023.2172795 · Cited by 16
“2020, 288; Wolfe 2006, 388).”
Why isn’t my professor Aboriginal?
Jones, M., Stanton, P., & Rose, M. (2023) · Australian Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/03128962231160395 · Cited by 16
“The end game was annihilation of the full bloods, the ‘black ones’, and the elimination of the coloured minority through assimilation economically, linguistically and culturally, which continues to pervade Australian society to this day (Cunneen, 2021; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundPopken, L., Griffin, P. J., Coté, C., & Angel, E. (2023) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-13702-280212 · Cited by 21
For Those Who Will Follow; Earth Marred and Renewing Relationships
Allard‐Tremblay, Y. (2023) · Constellations · doi:10.1111/1467-8675.12679 · Cited by 16
Unsettling Peace: The Settler-Colonial Challenge to the Local Turn
FitzGerald, G. (2023) · Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding · doi:10.1080/17502977.2023.2215134 · Cited by 16
“Indigenous resurgence identi fi es settler colonialism as an active and enduring mode of power that structures social, economic, and political systems around the appropriation of Indigenous lands through the elimination of Indigenous populations (Wolfe 2006).”
Swerdfager, T., & Armitage, D. R. (2023) · FACETS · doi:10.1139/facets-2022-0217 · Cited by 24
Rhodes, K. L., Echo‐Hawk, A., Lewis, J., Cresci, V. L., Satter, D. E., & Dillard, D. A. (2023) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/00333549231199477 · Cited by 16
Whiting, B. (2023) · Archaeological Prospection · doi:10.1002/arp.1914 · Cited by 16
“In this regard, ‘ Settler Colonialism ’ is the term often employed to describe the set of processes that ‘ destroy as they replace ’ (Wolfe, 2006).”
Zhang, X., Kaholokula, J. K., Kahn‐John, M., Walters, K. L., Grace, X., Thao, C., Lepule, J., & Stinson, N. (2024) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2023.307494 · Cited by 16
Cherry, K. (2024) · Contemporary Political Theory · doi:10.1057/s41296-024-00684-2 · Cited by 18
“As Wolfe (2006) explains, the goal of settler colonialism has always been to destroy Indigenous political institutions and absorb Indigenous peoples into settler institutions.”
Decolonizing (Psycho)linguistics Means Dropping the Language Gap Rhetoric
Figueroa, M. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197755259.003.0009 · Cited by 16
Lechuga, M. A., & Aswad, N. G. (2024) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510974.2024.2348300 · Cited by 16
“Land is the most essential aspect of coloni-alism and conversely, decolonization requires the subversion of power over the land to achieve Indigenous land sovereignty (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundCreating Thirdspace: Indigenous Learning Lab to Transform a School Discipline System
Mawene, D., Bal, A., Bear, A. B., Ko, D., Orie, L., & Mayer-Jochimsen, M. (2024) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312241260322 · Cited by 19
“Rather than a single event, we understand settler colonialism as an ongoing structure of Indigenous elimination (Wolfe, 2006).”
The gender agenda: NGOs and capitalist relations in highland Cambodia
Frewer, T. (2017) · Critical Asian Studies · doi:10.1080/14672715.2017.1300861 · Cited by 16
Metadata
- Authors
- Wolfe, P.
- Corresponding author
- Wolfe, Patrick
- Venue
- Journal of Genocide Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 387-409
- ISSN
- 1462-3528 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9494
- OpenAlex
- W2018276495
- Cited by
- 6,491
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 580 · 2025: 873 · 2024: 682 · 2023: 696 · 2022: 623 · 2021: 724 · 2020: 614 · 2019: 554 · 2018: 364 · 2017: 213 · 2016: 154 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 155 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 27.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Genocide Research (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law
- Keywords
- settler colonialism, genocide, land dispossession
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