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Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native
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The question of genocide is never far from discussions of settler colonialism. Land is life—or, at least, land is necessary for life. Thus contests for land can be—indeed, often are—contests for li...
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64 Own interpretation · 30 Sources not found · 10 No basis given · 2 No full text of the sources · 1 Not checked yet
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“the factor that most antagonized the Georgia state government (with the at-least-tacit support of Andrew Jackson's federal administration) was not actually the recalcitrant savagery of which Indians were routinely accused, but the Cherokee's unmistakable aptitude for civilization.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Throughout this process, reformers' justifications for it (saving the Indian from the tribe, giving him the same opportunities as the White man, etc.) repeatedly included the express intention to destroy the tribe in whole.60”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60] 60. Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, 1955), p 180.
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“In the half-century from 1881, the total acreage held by Indians in the United States fell by two thirds, from just over 155 million acres to just over 52 million.59”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] 59. John R. Wunder, "Retained by the People": A History of American Indians and the Bill of Rights (New York: Oxford U.P. 1994), pp 17, 39.
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“At the height of the Dawes-era assimilation programme, for instance, in the decade after Richard Pratt penned his Denver paper, Indian numbers hit the lowest level they would ever register.50”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50] 50. "In 1998-2000, life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was shorter by 21 years for males and 20 years for females, compared with the total population . . . In 1998-2000, the death rate for Indi- genous infants was around four times the rate in the total population." Australian Bureau of Statistics, Aus- tralian Social Trends: Health-Mortality and Morbidity: Mortality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002), p 1. See also: House of Representatives Standing Committee on Family and Community Affairs, Health i
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“The centrepiece of this campaign was the allotment programme, first generalized as Indian policy in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 and subsequently intensified and extended, whereby tribal land was to be broken down into individual allotments whose proprietors could eventually sell them to White people.58”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58] 58. Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 US 1903, p 553. SETTLER COLONIALISM
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“The first major expression of this shift was the discontinuation of treaty-making, which came about in 1871.55”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55] 55. "No Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty." 16 Stat., 566 (Act of March 3, 1871), c 120, s
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“As practised by Europeans, both genocide and settler colonialism have typically employed the organizing grammar of race.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In settlercolonial terms, this enables a population to be expanded by continuing immigration at the expense of native lands and livelihoods.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Though a thoroughgoing diminution of native entitlement was axiomatic to discovery, the discourse was primarily addressed to relations between European sovereigns rather than to relations between Europeans and natives.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. As Mr Justice Johnson put it in his concurrence with Chief Justice Marshall's judgment in Cherokee v. Georgia, "The hunter state bore within itself the promise of vacating the territory, because when game ceased, the hunter would go elsewhere to seek it. But a more fixed state of society would amount to a permanent destruction of the hope, and, of consequence, of the beneficial character of the pre-emptive right." Cherokee v. Georgia, 30 US (5 Peters) 1, 1831, p 23. 20 The judgments most often cited in this connection are Worcester v. Georgia, 31 US (6 Peters) 515, 1832, Crow Dog, 109 US 5
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“As observed, the logic of elimination continues into the present.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“They had become successful agriculturalists on the White model, with a number of them owning substantial holdings of Black slaves, and they had introduced a written national constitution that bore more than a passing resemblance to the US one.41”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] 41. Ross-the successful self-made Cherokee entrepreneur-was really what white Georgians feared. Their biggest obstacle to acquiring the Cherokee lands was the cultivator's plow and overseer's whip-not PATRICK WOLFE the war club, bow, and scalping knife." Sean M. O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Westport, CT: Praeger 2003), p 229. For the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation, see the Cherokee Phoenix, February 28, 1828.
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“Even in contemporary, post-Native Title Australia, Aboriginal life expectancy clings to a level some 25% below that enjoyed by mainstream society, with infant mortality rates that are even worse.51”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51] 51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
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“In the end, though, the western frontier met the one moving back in from the Pacific, and there was simply no space left for removal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“As homesteaders, by contrast, the Choctaw who stayed became individual proprietors, each to his own, of separately allotted fragments of what had previously been the tribal estate, theirs to sell to White people if they chose to.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Rwanda and Burundi are colonial creations-not only so far as the obvious factor of their geographical borders is concerned, but, more intimately, in the very racial boundaries that marked and reproduced the Hutu/Tutsi division.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37] 37. Robert Melson, "Modern genocide in Rwanda: ideology, revolution, war, and mass murder in an African state," in Gellately and Kiernan, The Specter of Genocide, pp 325-338, at p 326.
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“All these strategies, including frontier homicide, are characteristic of settler colonialism.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In addition to its objective economic centrality to the project, agriculture, with its life-sustaining connectedness to land, is a potent symbol of settler-colonial identity.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Preemption sanctioned European priority but not Indigenous freedom of choice.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“the occasions on or the extent to which settler colonialism conduces to genocide are not a matter of the presence or absence of the formal apparatus of the state.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“In its positive aspect, the logic of elimination marks a return whereby the native repressed continues to structure settler-colonial society.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“I contend that, though the two have converged-which is to say, the settler-colonial logic of elimination has manifested as genocidal-they should be distinguished.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In sum, then, settler colonialism is an inclusive, land-centred project that coordinates a comprehensive range of agencies, from the metropolitan centre to the frontier encampment, with a view to eliminating Indigenous societies.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Agriculture not only supports the other sectors.It is inherently sedentary and, therefore, permanent.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Accordingly, settler-colonial discourse is resolutely impervious to glaring inconsistencies such as sedentary natives or the fact that the settlers themselves have come from somewhere else.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The American right to buy always superseded the Indian right not to sell.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] 21. Grant Foreman, Indian Removal (Norman, OK: Oklahoma U.P. 1932). SETTLER COLONIALISM
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In the paper
“Settler colonialism is inherently eliminatory but not invariably genocidal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“As opposed to enslaved people, whose reproduction augmented their owners' wealth, Indigenous people obstructed settlers' access to land, so their increase was counterproductive.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“It is both as complex social formation and as continuity through time that I term settler colonization a structure rather than an event”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“settler colonizers come to stay: invasion is a structure not an event.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“In the event, Indigenous people are either rendered dependent on the introduced economy or reduced to the stock-raids that provide the classic pretext for colonial death-squads.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Aborigines were accorded no rights to their territory, informal variants on the theme of terra nullius being taken for granted in settler culture.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“For various reasons, these removals, which turned eastern tribes into proxy invaders of Indian territory across the Mississippi, were a crude and unsatisfactory form of elimination.In particular, they were temporary, it being only a matter of time before the frontier rabble caught up with them.53”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53] 53. This was the reality behind the mushrooming frontier demographies. "In the decade before 1820, the popu- lation of the new state of Alabama increased by a startling 1,000 per cent." O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears, p 221. For an illuminating catalogue of Creek responses to this invasion, see Richard S. Lackey, comp., Frontier Claims in the Lower South. Records of Claims Filed by Citizens of the Alabama and Tom- bigbee River Settlements in the Mississippi Territory for Depradations by the Creek Indians During the War of 1812 (New Orleans: Polyanthos 1977).
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“Mass murders are not the same thing as genocide, though the one action can be both.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Tribal land was tribally owned-tribes and private property did not mix.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“On emancipation, Blacks became surplus to some requirements and, to that extent, more like Indians.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wolfe, 'Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race,' American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
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“In the first place, it shows us that settler colonialism is an indicator.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“My reason for not favouring the term is that it confuses definition with degree.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The US parallel is significant because, unlike the South African case, the formal apparatus of oppression (slavery) was overcome but Whites remained in power.76”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76] 76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
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“Colin Tatz has argued, conclusively in my view, that, while Turkish behaviour in Armenia, Nazi behaviour in Europe, and Australian behaviour towards Aborigines (among other examples) constitute genocide, the apartheid regime in South Africa does not.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Richard Pratt and Phillip Sheridan were both practitioners of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the strike on the World Trade Center is an example of mass murder but not, in my view, of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48] 48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cases, the genocide tribunal is the wrong court.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, as Palestinians become more and more dispensable, Gaza and the West Bank become less and less like Bantustans and more and more like reservations (or, for that matter, like the Warsaw Ghetto).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without the tribe, though, for all practical purposes they were no longer Indians (this is the citizenship part).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Apart from its contrivance, this analogy fails because the Nazi racialization of Jews did not conduce to their assimilation.Rather, the reverse was the case.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Notes and References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gellately
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Amir
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Definitionally, in other words, as in the case of other patterned or cumulative phenomena, genocide can obtain retrospectively.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
In some settler-colonial sites such as Fiji, native society was able to accommodate the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system they introduced.
“In some settler-colonial sites (one thinks, for instance, of Fiji), native society was able to accommodate-though hardly unscathed-the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system that they introduced.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Land is necessary for life.
“Land is life-or, at least, land is necessary for life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism always needs more land.
“Of itself, however, modernity cannot explain the insatiable dynamic whereby settler colonialism always needs more land.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Settler colonialism is a specific social formation whose specificity should be retained.
“As stated at the outset, settler colonialism is a specific social formation and it is desirable to retain that specificity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time.
“Since settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time, structural genocide should be easier to interrupt than short-term genocides.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rule of law is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.
“since it does not involve such a disruptive affront to the rule of law that is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
“There again, apartheid also relied on sequestration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.
“As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Porous borders do not offer a way out.
“Porous borders do not offer a way out.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“I use ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to emphasize how liberal interventions inspired by sympathy for Indigenous suffering are aligned with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of eliminating Indigenous peoples in order to control and exploit their territory (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, standards-heavy science education in the U.S. participates in, and is a re fl ection of, U.S. settler colonialism (Calderón, 2014a), as the displacement and elimination of indigenous knowledges from the curriculum mimics how (mostly) European settlers permanently moved into territories for economic gain, while displacing, dispossessing, and enslaving indigenous peoples (Wolfe, 2006).”
From Creating third spaces in K-12 socio-environmental education through indigenous languages: a case study (2024) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“methods included westward removal of Native communities to enable settler territorial expansion as well as ethnocidal settler governmental policy illegitimizing and illegalizing Native cultures and subsequent forced assimilation of Native peoples into Anglo lifestyles-and the settler economy, and the general imposition of settler governmental powers over Native individuals and Native Nations”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“genocide was key among the mechanisms of usurping Native populations of their resources and legal-political powers in the Americas”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The nature of the settler colonial society, regardless of where it is imposed, is defined by the divestiture of the political, governmental, economic powers of the colonized (Indigenous) population toward the benefit and supremacy of the settler population”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dominant representations of”
From Review of Network Sovereignty: Building the Internet Across Indian Country, Marisa Elena Duarte (2019) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“I use the formulation of ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to express how liberal interventions of care and protection, intended to ameliorate Indigenous suffering, align with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of Indigenous elimination (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The colonial logics of elimination that materialized security theology in Palestine are evinced in other settler colonial contexts (Wolfe, 2006), such as in the United States where curriculums of fear are framed as epistemological tools for reinforcing settler rights to Indigenous lands via statesponsored educational and genocidal projects (Nguyen, 2016).”
From Entwined Complicities: Genocidal Geographies of the Youth Carceral State and Arrivals to Educational Abolitionism (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As Wolfe (2006) famously argued, colonialism is not an event, but a structure of settler societies.”
From Decolonizing prisons: Indigenized programming and a critique of critical prison studies (2023) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Wolfe (2006) points out that settler colonialism acts as an enduring structure, not an event, meaning it is not a historical moment of conquest but an ongoing form of occupation through the enduring social, political, and economic structures built by invading people (Grimwood and Johnson 2019;Kauanui 2016;Tuck and Yang 2012;Wolfe 2006).”
From Unsettling Archaeology (2020) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These macro-level social frames are informed by a logic of elimination (Wolfe 2006), which seeks to erase Indigenous Peoples and their rightful claims to land, political sovereignty, and cultural alterity.”
From Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America (2022) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
In the citing paper
“Indigenizing healthcare by increasing numbers of Indigenous healthcare providers makes sense and it has been a focus of the Canadian governments and universities in order to improve healthcare and, ultimately, the health of First Nations [72].”
From Confronting Racism within the Canadian Healthcare System: Systemic Exclusion of First Nations from Quality and Consistent Care (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
Citations
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Research works printed but not linked: 23
- [1]1. Rose, Hidden Histories: Black Stories from Victoria River Downs, Humbert River and Wave Hill Stations (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1991), p 46. ne, destruction of the national pattern of the oppressed group; the other, the imposition of the national pattern of the oppressor. This imposition, in turn, may be made upon the oppressed population which is allowed to remain, or upon the territory alone, after removal of the population and colonization of the area by the oppressor's own nationals." Raphae ¨l Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1944), p 79.
- [3]3. Theodor Herzl, Old-New Land [Altneuland, 1902], Lotta Levensohn, trans. (New York: M. Wiener 1941), p 38.
- [13]13. Robert A. Williams, Jr., The American Indian in Western Legal Thought: The Discourses of Conquest (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1990), esp. pp 233-286.
- [14]14. This observation unites almost all commentators, whatever their political inclination. Cf. e.g. Anthony Anghie, "Finding the peripheries: sovereignty and colonialism in nineteenth-century international law," Harvard International Law Journal, Vol 40, 1999, pp 1-80, at p 69;
- [19]19. The classic accounts from a well-established literature include: Annie H. Abel, "The history of events resulting in Indian consolidation west of the Mississippi River," in American Historical Association Annual Report for 1906, 2 vols (Washington, DC: American Historical Association 1906), Vol 2, pp 233 - 450;
- [25]25. For discussion of Olney's "tide of history" concept, see Jackie Delpero, "'The tide of history': Australian native title discourse in global context," MA thesis, Victoria University, Australia, 2003;
- [26]26. David Rittter, "The judgement of the world: the Yorta Yorta case and the "tide of history,'" Australian Historical Studies, Vol 123, 2004, pp 106-121.
- [29]29. n order to justify the inclusion of the Negev in the future Jewish state, eleven new kibbutzim were simul- taneously installed in that desert region on October 6th, 1946, in addition to the ten settlements already established there during the War for the same purpose." Nathan Weinstock, Zionism, False Messiah, Alan Adler, trans. (London: Ink Links 1979), p 249.
- [32]32. Enzo Traverso, The Origins of Nazi Violence, Janet Lloyd, trans. (New York: New Press 2003);
- [35]35. Israel is also, of course, a partial exception here, though not so substantial an exception as is asserted by those who claim that Israel cannot be a colonial formation because it lacks a single commissioning metro- polis. From the outset, the Yishuv co-opted Ottoman, British and US imperialism to its own advantage, a reciprocated opportunism involving what Maxime Rodinson neatly glossed as "the collective mother country." Rodinson, Israel. A Settler-Colonial State? David Thorstad, trans. (New York: Monad 1973), p 76.
- [39]39. "For the provisions serving to the support of humane life, produced by one acre of inclosed and cultivated land, are (to speak much within compasse) ten times more, than those, which are yeilded [sic] by an acre of Land, of an equal richnesse, lyeing wast in common." John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. 1963 [1698]), p 312.
- [40]40. The new Jew is an enduring Zionist theme. In introducing his terrorist memoir, future Israeli prime minister Menachim Begin announced that, in addition to his Jewish readers, he had also written the book for gentiles: "lest they be unwilling to realise, or all too ready to overlook, the fact that out of blood and fire and tears and ashes a new specimen of human being was born, a specimen completely unknown to the world for over eighteen hundred years, 'the FIGHTING JEW'." Begin, The Revolt, Samuel Katz, trans. (London: W.H. Allen 1979), p xxv, capitals in original. For a more recent diasporan example, see, for instance, the Adi Nes photograph used as publicity for the Jewish Museum of New York's 1998-1999 "After Rabin: new art from Israel" show, at www.thejewishmuseum.org/site/pages/content/exhibitions/special/rabin/rabin_zoom/rabinL1.html 41 "
- [48]48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
- [51]51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
- [61]61. See e.g. Frederick E. Hoxie, A Final Promise. The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920 (Cambridge: Nebraska U.P. 1989); Prucha, Americanizing the American Indians, passim.
- [63]63. "Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process." Patrick Wolfe, "Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race," American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
- [68]68. Wolfe, "Nation and miscegeNation," p 111; Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology, p 180. Scholars who have made this point after me are too numerous to mention. Among those who made it before I did, see e.g. Jeremy Beckett, "The past in the present, the present in the past: constructing a national Aboriginality," in his, ed., Past and Present: The Construction of Aboriginality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1988), pp 191-217;
- [71]71. Evans and Thorpe, "The massacre of Aboriginal history," Overland, Vol 163, 2001, pp 21 -39, at p 36.
- [73]73. Robert K. Hitchcock and Tara M. Twedt, "Physical and cultural genocide of various Indigenous peoples," in Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons and Israel W. Charny, eds, Genocide in the Twentieth Century (New York: Garland Press 1995), pp 483 -514, at pp 498-501. For "politicide" ("a process that covers a wide range of social, political, and military activities whose goal is to destroy the political and national viability of a whole community of people"), see Baruch Kimmerling, Politicide. Ariel Sharon's War Against the Palestinians (rev. ed., London: Verso 2006).
- [76]76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
- [80]80. A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish). See Shmuel Amir, "Overseas foreign workers in Israel: policy aims and labor market outcomes," International Migration Review, Vol 36, 2002, pp 41-58;
- [81]81. Eric Beachemin, "Illegal in Israel," Radio Netherlands broadcast, September 15, 2004, at http://www2.rnw.nl/rnw/en/features/humanrights/tornlives/ilegalinisrael?view ¼ Standard; Leila Farsakh, "An occupation that creates children willing to die. Israel: an apartheid state?," Monde Diplomatique, English language edition, November 4, 2003, at http://mondediplo.com/2003/11/ 04apartheid
- [85]85. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Eman- cipation (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1984), pp 180-223.
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Items 201–300 of 6,388
Hammami, R. (2015) · Cited by 60
Moses, A. D. (2013) · The Journal of Modern History · doi:10.1086/672532 · Cited by 59
Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration
Keenan, S. (2016) · Law and Critique · doi:10.1007/s10978-016-9194-z · Cited by 62
“…law (Coulthard 2014; Watson 2002), and have been critiqued for locating risdiction (Pasternak 2014), the overarching time produced by the registry – restarting the dispossession with every conveyance/Crown grant – maintains invasion as a structure rather than an event (Wolfe 2006, p. 388).”
BackgroundColes, J. A. (2020) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085920908919 · Cited by 69
“…structures: (a) White settler colonialism, which resulted in Native American land theft and removal and (b) U.S. plantation and chattel style slavery, which sought to augment wealth and build the United States via free labor through the removal of African people from African lands (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundKashmir and Palestine: archives of coloniality and solidarity
Osuri, G., & Zia, A. (2020) · Identities · doi:10.1080/1070289x.2020.1750200 · Cited by 62
“In relation to Busbridge’s critique of the framing of settler-colonialism as the logic of elimination rather than exploitation (Wolfe 2006), we would add that settler-colonial projects can be simultaneously concerned with the logic of elimination of the native as well as the logic of exploitation.”
BackgroundMethodWillow, A. J. (2016) · Humanities · doi:10.3390/h5030055 · Cited by 59
“4 While the early colonization of Latin America revolved around the physical removal of riches destined for return to Europe, Indigenous North Americans—especially and initially in the fertile east—were dispossessed of their lands by settler colonists seeking permanent access to territory [18].”
BackgroundWilson, K., Bell, T. J., Arreak, A., et al. (2020) · Arctic Science · doi:10.1139/as-2019-0021 · Cited by 59
Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America
Laluk, N. C., Montgomery, L. M., Tsosie, R., McCleave, C., Miron, R., Carroll, S. R., Aguilar, J., Thompson, A. B. W., Nelson, P., Sunseri, J., et al. (2022) · American Antiquity · doi:10.1017/aaq.2022.59 · Cited by 59
“These macro-level social frames are informed by a logic of elimination (Wolfe 2006), which seeks to erase Indigenous Peoples and their rightful claims to land, political sovereignty, and cultural alterity.”
BackgroundRevelations of a White Settler Woman Scholar-Activist: The Fraught Promise of Self-Reflexivity
D’Arcangelis, C. L. (2017) · Culture Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies · doi:10.1177/1532708617750675 · Cited by 70
“I plainly, if momentarily, saw an example of my own reenactment of White settler (researcher) privilege—the capacity to experience colonialism not as a structure that permeates social relations (Wolfe, 2006) but rather as a string of isolated events that puncture an otherwise equal playing field.”
BackgroundRethinking Statehood in Palestine: Self-Determination and Decolonization Beyond Partition
Farsakh, L. (2021) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/luminos.113 · Cited by 58
Fjellheim, E. M. (2023) · Human Rights Review · doi:10.1007/s12142-023-00678-4 · Cited by 58
“It concords, however, with violence as a structural phenomenon (Galtung, 1969) enabled through a settler colonial “elimination” of Indigenous cultures by means of the fragmentation and dispossession of their lands (Kuokkanen, 2020; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundAgha, Z., Esson, J., Griffiths, M., et al. (2024) · Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers · doi:10.1111/tran.12675 · Cited by 58
Biopolitics and checkpoint 300 in occupied Palestine: Bodies, affect, discipline
Griffiths, M., & Repo, J. (2018) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.04.004 · Cited by 58
“They Got Filters”: Indigenous Social Media, the Settler Gaze, and a Politics of Hope
Carlson, B. L., & Frazer, R. (2020) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305120925261 · Cited by 58
Mauer, K. W. (2020) · Rural Sociology · doi:10.1111/ruso.12365 · Cited by 59
Perea, J. B. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190869137.001.0001 · Cited by 57
Henne‐Ochoa, R., Elliott‐Groves, E., Meek, B. A., & Rogoff, B. (2020) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12652 · Cited by 69
Environmental governance: Broadening ontological spaces for a more livable world
DePuy, W., Weger, J. O., Foster, L. C., Bonanno, A., Kumar, S., Lear, K., Basilio, R., & German, L. (2021) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/25148486211018565 · Cited by 59
“Referencing Wolfe (2006), Tuck and Yang (2012: 5) stress that this unfolding history represents a “structure” of power, not an “event”: . . .the disruption of Indigenous relationships to land represents a profound epistemic, ontological, cosmological violence.”
Alternative View of Modernity: The Subaltern Speaks
Morris, A. D. (2022) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224211065719 · Cited by 59
“It emerged when indigenous people were removed from their lands and replaced by whites, who took those lands to exploit them for European empires (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundGildéa, R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316671702 · Cited by 60
Nichols, R. (2020) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478007500 · Cited by 64
Carpio, G. G., Barnd, N. B., & Barraclough, L. (2022) · Mobilities · doi:10.1080/17450101.2021.2004078 · Cited by 61
Mollett, S. (2020) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12696 · Cited by 60
Vinyeta, K. (2021) · Environmental Sociology · doi:10.1080/23251042.2021.1987608 · Cited by 61
“…Indigenous peoples Settler colonialism is not a faded chapter in U.S. history but an ongoing structure that shapes every dimension of contemporary life for Indigenous peoples and settlers alike (Bacon 2018; Glenn 2015; Jacob et al. 2020; McKay, Vinyeta, and Norgaard 2020; Whyte 2018; Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundWhat is planning without property? Relational practices of being and belonging
Dorries, H. (2022) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1177/02637758211068505 · Cited by 66
“In short, the Indian Act is the legal foundation of the “logic of elimination” (Wolfe, 2006) that organizes settler colonialism and aids in the acquisition of territory.”
BackgroundThe Gratifications of Whiteness
Myers, E. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197556764.001.0001 · Cited by 75
Unearthing the Time/Space/Matter of Multispecies Justice
Winter, C. J. (2023) · Cultural Politics an International Journal · doi:10.1215/17432197-10232459 · Cited by 56
“Citizens of the settler states may fear the return of property from the majority to a minority would tip the scales in the direction of new and unwarranted inequality — the many would become the poorer and the (undeserving) Native immensely wealthy.”
BackgroundInfluentialHardy, B., Filipenko, S., Smylie, D., Ziegler, C., & Smylie, J. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073320 · Cited by 46
Muhl, E., Armitage, D. R., Anderson, K., Boyko, C., Busilacchi, S., Butler, J., Cvitanovic, C., Faulkner, L., Hall, J., Martynuik, G., et al. (2023) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-14443-280417 · Cited by 73
Monchalin, R., Smylie, J. K., & Nowgesic, E. (2019) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-019-00653-1 · Cited by 54
“This is rooted in the reversed notion of the “one drop rule” [22, 42].”
BackgroundRace and the Trace of History: For Henry Reynolds
Wolfe, P. (2011) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230306288_18 · Cited by 53
Self-citationJuan, A. D., Krautwald, F., & Pierskalla, J. H. (2017) · Politics & Society · doi:10.1177/0032329217705352 · Cited by 53
Howlett, C., & Lawrence, R. (2019) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12516 · Cited by 53
Colonial management of death: To be or not to be dead in Palestine
Daher‐Nashif, S. (2020) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392120948923 · Cited by 53
“If one of Israel’s apparatuses as a settler-colonial regime is to eliminate the lives of natives (Wolfe, 2006), here it does so by eliminating their death.”
BackgroundDecolonizing Development in Diné Bikeyah
Yazzie, M. K. (2018) · Environment and Society · doi:10.3167/ares.2018.090103 · Cited by 53
“For a foundational treatment of settler colonialism, see Wolfe (2006).”
BackgroundGoldstein, A. (2014) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822375968-001 · Cited by 60
Jaffee, L. (2016) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2015.1119038 · Cited by 34
“While both authors highlight the repercussions that this remaking of Jewish identity has had for disabled Israelis, their analysis does not account for the way in which Israeli identity has been fundamentally constructed by foisting disabling portrayals onto allegedly uncivilized, premodern, and subhuman Palestinian ‘…”
BackgroundEuteneuer, J. (2018) · Open Library of Humanities · doi:10.16995/olh.212 · Cited by 52
“In a word, they had become individuals’ (Wolfe, 2006: 397).”
BackgroundInfluentialHiller, C., & Carlson, E. (2018) · Canadian social work review · doi:10.7202/1051102ar · Cited by 53
“…in mind the integral importance of Indigenous relationships to their lands when seeking to understand the precise violence of settler colonialism, a structure and set of practices organized around an enduring imperative to elide, dismiss, deny, and extinguish these very relationships (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialAbolition, Settler Colonialism, and the Persistent Threat of Indian Child Welfare
Beardall, T. R., & Edwards, F. (2021) · Columbia Journal of Race and Law · doi:10.52214/cjrl.v11i3.8744 · Cited by 52
Curley, A., Gupta, P., Lookabaugh, L., Neubert, C., & Smith, S. H. (2022) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12830 · Cited by 67
Martinez, D. J., Cannon, C. E. B., McInturff, A., Alagona, P., & Pellow, D. N. (2023) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2022.12.010 · Cited by 49
“to stop the earthquake”: Palestine and the Settler Colonial Logic of Fragmentation
Nabulsi, J. (2023) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12980 · Cited by 52
Criminality in Spaces of Death: The Palestinian Case Study
Shalhoub‐Kevorkian, N. (2013) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azt057 · Cited by 52
“In the settler colonial context, both boundary and frontier maintenance emerge from a singular ambition of appropriation through destruction and destruction through appropriation (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundEnvironmental Change and Sustainability of Indigenous Languages in Northern Alaska
Reo, N. J., Topkok, M. S., Kanayurak, N., Stanford, J. N., Peterson, D. A., & Whaley, L. J. (2019) · ARCTIC · doi:10.14430/arctic68655 · Cited by 51
“Globally, patterns of settler colonialism involved breaking up Indigenous social structures and cultural traditions, including Indigenous languages in order to access territory (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundThe Geopolitics of Social Reproduction and Depletion: The Case of Iraq and Palestine
Chilmeran, Y., & Pratt, N. (2019) · Social Politics International Studies in Gender State & Society · doi:10.1093/sp/jxz035 · Cited by 54
“As Patrick Wolfe (2006) has argued, ‘elimination is an organizing principal of settler-colonial society rather than a one-off (and superseded) occurrence’ (p. 388).”
BackgroundKrakouer, J., Nakata, S., Beaufils, J. C., et al. (2022) · Australian Social Work · doi:10.1080/0312407x.2022.2106443 · Cited by 51
“(Wolfe, 2006) and has sought to bring political legitimacy to new states that can otherwise not be considered liberal or democratic (Ivison, 2017; Nakata, 2018, 2020; Simpson, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialTransforming the Role of RPPs in Remaking Educational Systems
Ishimaru, A. M., Barajas-López, F., Min, S., Scarlett, K., & Anderson, E. (2022) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x221098077 · Cited by 51
“…to the elimination of Native people to permanently settle the land, a structure (rather than event) that manifests today in schools through the ongoing erasure of Indigenous youth and communities, their linguistic and cultural knowledge, and their sovereignty (Tuck & Yang, 2012; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundColonialism versus Imperialism
Arneil, B. (2023) · Political Theory · doi:10.1177/00905917231193107 · Cited by 59
“Wolfe (2006) and Veracini (2010) see settler colonialism as “elimination of the native,” and Kevin Bruyneel sees it as the “disavowal” of indigenous peoples.”
BackgroundGarcı́a, O., & Sung, K. K. (2018) · Bilingual Research Journal · doi:10.1080/15235882.2018.1529642 · Cited by 61
“For more on this important layered history see (Lowe, 2015; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundThe Numbered Treaties and the Politics of Incoherency
Starblanket, G. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0008423919000027 · Cited by 51
“…the simultaneous erasure of others (Stark, 2016).3 As scholars of settler colonialism have noted, such eliminatory or repressive efforts were required to secure settler claims to land and to ensure the continuity of settler colonial formations in Canada (Simpson, 2016; Stark, 2016; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundYouth justice and racialization: Comparative reflections
Cunneen, C. (2019) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480619889039 · Cited by 51
“As Wolfe (2006) has argued, settler colonialism demanded that Indigenous peoples had to be either eliminated, or contained and controlled in order to make land available as private property for the settlers who had come to stay.”
Background(2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-5224 · Cited by 51
Genocidal carcerality and Indian residential schools in Canada
Woolford, A. J., & Gacek, J. (2016) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/1462474516641375 · Cited by 51
“…2005; Scott and Hogg, 2015; Tubex et al., 2015) as well as Canada (Comack, 2008; Ricciardelli, 2013, 2014; Waldram, 1997), few of these studies encourage a more extensive comprehension of how the carceral is implicated in the ‘logic of elimination’ within settler colonial societies (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundOgden, L. A. (2018) · Environmental Humanities · doi:10.1215/22011919-4385471 · Cited by 50
Allard-Tremblay, Y., & Coburn, E. (2023) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00323217211018127 · Cited by 51
“The divide between settlers and Indigenous peoples is claimed to be already (or soon) dissolved through métissage: settlers acquire Indigeneity and Indigenous peoples are diluted into the settler collective (Leroux, 2019; Veracini, 2010; Vowel, 2016: 43–47; Wolfe, 2006: 389).”
BackgroundInfluentialUnsettling transitions: Representing Indigenous peoples and knowledge in transitions research
Doyon, A., Boron, J., & Williams, S. (2021) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102255 · Cited by 50
Haight, W., Cho, M., Soffer-Elnekave, R., Nashandi, N. J. C., & Suleiman, J. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106537 · Cited by 50
Fúnez‐Flores, J. I., Beltrán, A. C. D., & Jupp, J. (2022) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/00131946.2022.2132393 · Cited by 50
“Colonialism is a structure, not an event (Wolfe, 2006) and decolonization is thus an unfinished geopolitical project.”
BackgroundWilliams, L. K., & Gonzalez, V. V. (2016) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2016.1226850 · Cited by 50
Joronen, M. (2016) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2016.07.005 · Cited by 50
Grimwood, B. S. R., Muldoon, M., & Stevens, Z. M. (2019) · Journal of Heritage Tourism · doi:10.1080/1743873x.2018.1527845 · Cited by 50
“While these are not novel insights within the wider tourism literature, they are interpretations contextualized within a particular destination that is not only helping to naturalize the ‘logic of elimination’ that underpins settler colonialism (Wolfe, 2006) but also seemingly reliant upon it.”
BackgroundInfluentialBeyond Safety: Refusing Colonial Violence Through Indigenous Feminist Planning
Dorries, H., & Harjo, L. (2020) · Journal of Planning Education and Research · doi:10.1177/0739456x19894382 · Cited by 63
“…violence, incarceration, colonialism, Indigenous, feminism Patrick Wolfe argues that settler colonialism calculates the acquisition of territory according to a “logic of elimination,” which aims to remove Indigenous peoples from their territories to meet requirements for land (Wolfe 2006, 387).”
BackgroundWhere is critical analysis of power and positionality in knowledge translation?
Crosschild, C., Huynh, N., Sousa, I. D., Bawafaa, E., & Brown, H. J. (2021) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-021-00726-w · Cited by 61
“In Canada, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms [52] of 1982 guarantees broad equality rights and other fundamental rights such as freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, and freedom of religion.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOperationalising Indigenous data sovereignty in environmental research and governance
Williamson, B., Provost, S., & Sedran-Price, C. (2022) · Environment and Planning F · doi:10.1177/26349825221125496 · Cited by 64
“Historical colonisation and contemporary settler-colonialism have created systems, structures and processes that marginalise, discriminate and oppress Indigenous peoples (Alfred and Corntassel, 2005; Veracini, 2011; Wolfe, 2006).”
Background‘Liv Good’: dreaming the intersectionally just good life
Beckles‐Raymond, G. (2024) · Feminist Review · doi:10.1177/01417789241249469 · Cited by 50
“Liberalism in Britain unfolds in the context of a centuries-old monarchy, an enduring feudal system, a common law legal framework and a pre-existing population that could not be disposed of as with examples of settler colonialism (Wolfe, 2006; Adi, 2023, p. 43).”
Norgaard, K. M., Reed, R., & Bacon, J. M. (2017) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/2332649217706518 · Cited by 51
Marey‐Sarwan, I., & Roer‐Strier, D. (2017) · Social Service Review · doi:10.1086/692101 · Cited by 50
Mobile archives of indigeneity: Building La Comunidad Ixim through organizing in the Maya diaspora
Lopez, F. B. (2017) · Latino Studies · doi:10.1057/s41276-017-0056-0 · Cited by 49
“This is necessary because one of the consequences of settler colonialism’s strategy of territorial occupation (Wolfe 2006) is that the migration of Indigenous people in/to the United States from Latin America is at times analyzed and understood through a framework that gives primacy to the…”
BackgroundWar of the British Worlds: The Anglo-Argentines and the Falklands
Mercau, E. (2016) · Journal of British Studies · doi:10.1017/jbr.2015.178 · Cited by 48
“The Garbage of Society”: Disposable Women and the Socio‐Spatial Scripts of Femicide in Guatemala
Fuentes, L. (2020) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12669 · Cited by 49
Scrine, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.600245 · Cited by 54
“Further, they underline how these are more than legacies of subjugation to reflect on historically, as colonization is a structure rather than an event (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundBraverman, I. (2021) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/2514848621995397 · Cited by 56
“…at the core of settler colonialism— namely, the juxtapositions between center and frontier, elimination and integration or normalization, and settler and native (Allegra et al., 2017; Busbridge, 2018; Ghanim, n.d.; Salamanca et al., 2012; Veracini, 2013, 2015; Wolfe, 2006, 2012; Zureik, 2015).”
BackgroundLeisure and the “White-Savior Industrial Complex”
Anderson, K. R., Knee, E., & Mowatt, R. A. (2021) · Journal of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/00222216.2020.1853490 · Cited by 50
Sea Country: navigating Indigenous and colonial ontologies in Australian environmental education
Whitehouse, H., Lui, F. W., Sellwood, J., et al. (2014) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2013.852655 · Cited by 48
“Wolfe (2006) has argued that settler colonialism is not simply colonialism.”
BackgroundRouhana, N. N. (2017) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2017.1324999 · Cited by 48
Geographies of indigeneity: Indigenous migrant women’s organizing and translocal politics of place
Blackwell, M. (2017) · Latino Studies · doi:10.1057/s41276-017-0060-4 · Cited by 51
Writing as righting: Truth and reconciliation, poetics, and new geo‐graphing in colonial Canada
de Leeuw, S. (2017) · Canadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennes · doi:10.1111/cag.12395 · Cited by 48
Rotz, S., Fraser, E., & Martin, R. C. (2017) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066150.2017.1351953 · Cited by 56
James, D., Bowness, E., Robin, T., McIntyre, A. M., Dring, C. C., Desmarais, A. A., & Wittman, H. K. (2021) · Journal of Agriculture Food Systems and Community Development · doi:10.5304/jafscd.2021.102.019 · Cited by 49
“Our approach to decolonization is explicitly anticolonial—emphasizing anti-racism, anti-sexism, and antiheteronormativity—with the understanding that white supremacy and settler colonialism are not events of the past but ongoing processes and structures (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundEcological Mourning: Living with Loss in the Anthropocene
Craps, S. (2023) · Bloomsbury Publishing Plc eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781350233164.ch-5 · Cited by 55
Settler colonialism and decolonisation
Veracini, L. (2007) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · doi:10.25916/sut.26289784 · Cited by 47
Towards a History of Mass Violence in the Etat Indépendant du Congo, 1885–1908
Roes, A. (2010) · South African Historical Journal · doi:10.1080/02582473.2010.519937 · Cited by 47
Radical transformation or technological intervention? Two paths for universal basic income
Fouksman, E., & Klein, E. (2019) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.06.013 · Cited by 47
“This punitive turn in policy is a continuation of assimilation – an ongoing feature of Australian settler colonialism (Veracini, 2010; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundCHAPTER 8 Insects, War, Plastic Life
Mawani, R. (2015) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822375739-009 · Cited by 50
When sorry isn’t good enough: Official remembrance and reconciliation in Australia
Short, D. (2012) · Memory Studies · doi:10.1177/1750698012443886 · Cited by 47
“As Patrick Wolfe (2006) observes, ‘territoriality’ is settler colonialism’s single irreducible element.”
BackgroundHeiner, B., & Tyson, S. (2017) · Feminist Philosophy Quarterly · doi:10.5206/fpq/2016.3.3 · Cited by 53
Simpson, M. (2019) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.102044 · Cited by 48
The racial and colonial dimensions of gentrification
Kent‐Stoll, P. (2020) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12838 · Cited by 62
Confronting White Supremacy and a Militaristic Pedagogy in the U.S. Settler Colonial State
Inwood, J. F. J., & Bonds, A. (2016) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/24694452.2016.1145510 · Cited by 48
“In this sense, it is an enduring structure—an interrelated political, social, and economic process that continuously unfolds—requiring continued reconfigurations and interventions by the state (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundCritical Latinx Indigeneities: A paradigm drift
Saldaña‐Portillo, M. J. (2017) · Latino Studies · doi:10.1057/s41276-017-0059-x · Cited by 51
Hong, G. K. (2018) · Social Text · doi:10.1215/01642472-4362385 · Cited by 49
Settler Modernity, Debt Imperialism, and the Necropolitics of the Promise
Kim, J. (2018) · Social Text · doi:10.1215/01642472-4362349 · Cited by 46
Chapter 3 The Prose of Counter-Sovereignty
Vimalassery, M. (2014) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822375968-004 · Cited by 48
Thomas, C., & Gosink, E. (2021) · Perspectives on Global Development and Technology · doi:10.1163/15691497-12341581 · Cited by 46
Price, M. J., Latta, A., Spring, A., Temmer, J., Johnston, C., Chicot, L., Jumbo, J., & Leishman, M. (2022) · Agriculture and Human Values · doi:10.1007/s10460-022-10312-7 · Cited by 63
“Settler colonization is an ongoing process, evident in the active consolidation and legitimation of settler control through federal and provincial policies (Wolfe 2006; Pasternak 2017).”
BackgroundSun, J., Goforth, A. N., Nichols, L. M., Violante, A. E., Christopher, K., Howlett, R., Hogenson, D., & Graham, N. (2022) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13786 · Cited by 52
Indigenous Historical Trauma: Alter-Native Explanations for Mental Health Inequities
Gone, J. P. (2023) · Daedalus · doi:10.1162/daed_a_02035 · Cited by 48
“23 With respect to Indigenous communities, the form of psychological trauma that is most salient is both mass and chronic in character.”
BackgroundMasco, J. (2012) · Anthropological Quarterly · doi:10.1353/anq.2012.0061 · Cited by 46
A Modern Trail of Tears: The Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW) Crisis in the US
Joseph, A. S. (2021) · Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102136 · Cited by 46
Metadata
- Authors
- Wolfe, P.
- Corresponding author
- Wolfe, Patrick
- Venue
- Journal of Genocide Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 387-409
- ISSN
- 1462-3528 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9494
- OpenAlex
- W2018276495
- Cited by
- 6,491
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 580 · 2025: 873 · 2024: 682 · 2023: 696 · 2022: 623 · 2021: 724 · 2020: 614 · 2019: 554 · 2018: 364 · 2017: 213 · 2016: 154 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 155 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 27.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Genocide Research (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law
- Keywords
- settler colonialism, genocide, land dispossession
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