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Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native
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The question of genocide is never far from discussions of settler colonialism. Land is life—or, at least, land is necessary for life. Thus contests for land can be—indeed, often are—contests for li...
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64 Own interpretation · 30 Sources not found · 10 No basis given · 2 No full text of the sources · 1 Not checked yet
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“the factor that most antagonized the Georgia state government (with the at-least-tacit support of Andrew Jackson's federal administration) was not actually the recalcitrant savagery of which Indians were routinely accused, but the Cherokee's unmistakable aptitude for civilization.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Throughout this process, reformers' justifications for it (saving the Indian from the tribe, giving him the same opportunities as the White man, etc.) repeatedly included the express intention to destroy the tribe in whole.60”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60] 60. Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, 1955), p 180.
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“In the half-century from 1881, the total acreage held by Indians in the United States fell by two thirds, from just over 155 million acres to just over 52 million.59”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] 59. John R. Wunder, "Retained by the People": A History of American Indians and the Bill of Rights (New York: Oxford U.P. 1994), pp 17, 39.
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“At the height of the Dawes-era assimilation programme, for instance, in the decade after Richard Pratt penned his Denver paper, Indian numbers hit the lowest level they would ever register.50”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50] 50. "In 1998-2000, life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was shorter by 21 years for males and 20 years for females, compared with the total population . . . In 1998-2000, the death rate for Indi- genous infants was around four times the rate in the total population." Australian Bureau of Statistics, Aus- tralian Social Trends: Health-Mortality and Morbidity: Mortality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002), p 1. See also: House of Representatives Standing Committee on Family and Community Affairs, Health i
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“The centrepiece of this campaign was the allotment programme, first generalized as Indian policy in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 and subsequently intensified and extended, whereby tribal land was to be broken down into individual allotments whose proprietors could eventually sell them to White people.58”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58] 58. Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 US 1903, p 553. SETTLER COLONIALISM
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“The first major expression of this shift was the discontinuation of treaty-making, which came about in 1871.55”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55] 55. "No Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty." 16 Stat., 566 (Act of March 3, 1871), c 120, s
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“As practised by Europeans, both genocide and settler colonialism have typically employed the organizing grammar of race.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In settlercolonial terms, this enables a population to be expanded by continuing immigration at the expense of native lands and livelihoods.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Though a thoroughgoing diminution of native entitlement was axiomatic to discovery, the discourse was primarily addressed to relations between European sovereigns rather than to relations between Europeans and natives.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. As Mr Justice Johnson put it in his concurrence with Chief Justice Marshall's judgment in Cherokee v. Georgia, "The hunter state bore within itself the promise of vacating the territory, because when game ceased, the hunter would go elsewhere to seek it. But a more fixed state of society would amount to a permanent destruction of the hope, and, of consequence, of the beneficial character of the pre-emptive right." Cherokee v. Georgia, 30 US (5 Peters) 1, 1831, p 23. 20 The judgments most often cited in this connection are Worcester v. Georgia, 31 US (6 Peters) 515, 1832, Crow Dog, 109 US 5
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“As observed, the logic of elimination continues into the present.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“They had become successful agriculturalists on the White model, with a number of them owning substantial holdings of Black slaves, and they had introduced a written national constitution that bore more than a passing resemblance to the US one.41”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] 41. Ross-the successful self-made Cherokee entrepreneur-was really what white Georgians feared. Their biggest obstacle to acquiring the Cherokee lands was the cultivator's plow and overseer's whip-not PATRICK WOLFE the war club, bow, and scalping knife." Sean M. O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Westport, CT: Praeger 2003), p 229. For the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation, see the Cherokee Phoenix, February 28, 1828.
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“Even in contemporary, post-Native Title Australia, Aboriginal life expectancy clings to a level some 25% below that enjoyed by mainstream society, with infant mortality rates that are even worse.51”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51] 51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
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“In the end, though, the western frontier met the one moving back in from the Pacific, and there was simply no space left for removal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“As homesteaders, by contrast, the Choctaw who stayed became individual proprietors, each to his own, of separately allotted fragments of what had previously been the tribal estate, theirs to sell to White people if they chose to.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Rwanda and Burundi are colonial creations-not only so far as the obvious factor of their geographical borders is concerned, but, more intimately, in the very racial boundaries that marked and reproduced the Hutu/Tutsi division.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37] 37. Robert Melson, "Modern genocide in Rwanda: ideology, revolution, war, and mass murder in an African state," in Gellately and Kiernan, The Specter of Genocide, pp 325-338, at p 326.
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“All these strategies, including frontier homicide, are characteristic of settler colonialism.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In addition to its objective economic centrality to the project, agriculture, with its life-sustaining connectedness to land, is a potent symbol of settler-colonial identity.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Preemption sanctioned European priority but not Indigenous freedom of choice.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“the occasions on or the extent to which settler colonialism conduces to genocide are not a matter of the presence or absence of the formal apparatus of the state.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“In its positive aspect, the logic of elimination marks a return whereby the native repressed continues to structure settler-colonial society.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“I contend that, though the two have converged-which is to say, the settler-colonial logic of elimination has manifested as genocidal-they should be distinguished.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In sum, then, settler colonialism is an inclusive, land-centred project that coordinates a comprehensive range of agencies, from the metropolitan centre to the frontier encampment, with a view to eliminating Indigenous societies.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Agriculture not only supports the other sectors.It is inherently sedentary and, therefore, permanent.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Accordingly, settler-colonial discourse is resolutely impervious to glaring inconsistencies such as sedentary natives or the fact that the settlers themselves have come from somewhere else.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The American right to buy always superseded the Indian right not to sell.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] 21. Grant Foreman, Indian Removal (Norman, OK: Oklahoma U.P. 1932). SETTLER COLONIALISM
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In the paper
“Settler colonialism is inherently eliminatory but not invariably genocidal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“As opposed to enslaved people, whose reproduction augmented their owners' wealth, Indigenous people obstructed settlers' access to land, so their increase was counterproductive.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“It is both as complex social formation and as continuity through time that I term settler colonization a structure rather than an event”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“settler colonizers come to stay: invasion is a structure not an event.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“In the event, Indigenous people are either rendered dependent on the introduced economy or reduced to the stock-raids that provide the classic pretext for colonial death-squads.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Aborigines were accorded no rights to their territory, informal variants on the theme of terra nullius being taken for granted in settler culture.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“For various reasons, these removals, which turned eastern tribes into proxy invaders of Indian territory across the Mississippi, were a crude and unsatisfactory form of elimination.In particular, they were temporary, it being only a matter of time before the frontier rabble caught up with them.53”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53] 53. This was the reality behind the mushrooming frontier demographies. "In the decade before 1820, the popu- lation of the new state of Alabama increased by a startling 1,000 per cent." O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears, p 221. For an illuminating catalogue of Creek responses to this invasion, see Richard S. Lackey, comp., Frontier Claims in the Lower South. Records of Claims Filed by Citizens of the Alabama and Tom- bigbee River Settlements in the Mississippi Territory for Depradations by the Creek Indians During the War of 1812 (New Orleans: Polyanthos 1977).
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“Mass murders are not the same thing as genocide, though the one action can be both.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Tribal land was tribally owned-tribes and private property did not mix.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“On emancipation, Blacks became surplus to some requirements and, to that extent, more like Indians.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wolfe, 'Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race,' American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
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“In the first place, it shows us that settler colonialism is an indicator.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“My reason for not favouring the term is that it confuses definition with degree.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The US parallel is significant because, unlike the South African case, the formal apparatus of oppression (slavery) was overcome but Whites remained in power.76”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76] 76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
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“Colin Tatz has argued, conclusively in my view, that, while Turkish behaviour in Armenia, Nazi behaviour in Europe, and Australian behaviour towards Aborigines (among other examples) constitute genocide, the apartheid regime in South Africa does not.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Richard Pratt and Phillip Sheridan were both practitioners of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the strike on the World Trade Center is an example of mass murder but not, in my view, of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48] 48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cases, the genocide tribunal is the wrong court.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, as Palestinians become more and more dispensable, Gaza and the West Bank become less and less like Bantustans and more and more like reservations (or, for that matter, like the Warsaw Ghetto).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without the tribe, though, for all practical purposes they were no longer Indians (this is the citizenship part).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Apart from its contrivance, this analogy fails because the Nazi racialization of Jews did not conduce to their assimilation.Rather, the reverse was the case.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Notes and References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gellately
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Amir
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Definitionally, in other words, as in the case of other patterned or cumulative phenomena, genocide can obtain retrospectively.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
In some settler-colonial sites such as Fiji, native society was able to accommodate the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system they introduced.
“In some settler-colonial sites (one thinks, for instance, of Fiji), native society was able to accommodate-though hardly unscathed-the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system that they introduced.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Land is necessary for life.
“Land is life-or, at least, land is necessary for life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism always needs more land.
“Of itself, however, modernity cannot explain the insatiable dynamic whereby settler colonialism always needs more land.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Settler colonialism is a specific social formation whose specificity should be retained.
“As stated at the outset, settler colonialism is a specific social formation and it is desirable to retain that specificity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time.
“Since settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time, structural genocide should be easier to interrupt than short-term genocides.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rule of law is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.
“since it does not involve such a disruptive affront to the rule of law that is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
“There again, apartheid also relied on sequestration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.
“As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Porous borders do not offer a way out.
“Porous borders do not offer a way out.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“I use ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to emphasize how liberal interventions inspired by sympathy for Indigenous suffering are aligned with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of eliminating Indigenous peoples in order to control and exploit their territory (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, standards-heavy science education in the U.S. participates in, and is a re fl ection of, U.S. settler colonialism (Calderón, 2014a), as the displacement and elimination of indigenous knowledges from the curriculum mimics how (mostly) European settlers permanently moved into territories for economic gain, while displacing, dispossessing, and enslaving indigenous peoples (Wolfe, 2006).”
From Creating third spaces in K-12 socio-environmental education through indigenous languages: a case study (2024) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“methods included westward removal of Native communities to enable settler territorial expansion as well as ethnocidal settler governmental policy illegitimizing and illegalizing Native cultures and subsequent forced assimilation of Native peoples into Anglo lifestyles-and the settler economy, and the general imposition of settler governmental powers over Native individuals and Native Nations”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“genocide was key among the mechanisms of usurping Native populations of their resources and legal-political powers in the Americas”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The nature of the settler colonial society, regardless of where it is imposed, is defined by the divestiture of the political, governmental, economic powers of the colonized (Indigenous) population toward the benefit and supremacy of the settler population”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dominant representations of”
From Review of Network Sovereignty: Building the Internet Across Indian Country, Marisa Elena Duarte (2019) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“I use the formulation of ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to express how liberal interventions of care and protection, intended to ameliorate Indigenous suffering, align with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of Indigenous elimination (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The colonial logics of elimination that materialized security theology in Palestine are evinced in other settler colonial contexts (Wolfe, 2006), such as in the United States where curriculums of fear are framed as epistemological tools for reinforcing settler rights to Indigenous lands via statesponsored educational and genocidal projects (Nguyen, 2016).”
From Entwined Complicities: Genocidal Geographies of the Youth Carceral State and Arrivals to Educational Abolitionism (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As Wolfe (2006) famously argued, colonialism is not an event, but a structure of settler societies.”
From Decolonizing prisons: Indigenized programming and a critique of critical prison studies (2023) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Wolfe (2006) points out that settler colonialism acts as an enduring structure, not an event, meaning it is not a historical moment of conquest but an ongoing form of occupation through the enduring social, political, and economic structures built by invading people (Grimwood and Johnson 2019;Kauanui 2016;Tuck and Yang 2012;Wolfe 2006).”
From Unsettling Archaeology (2020) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These macro-level social frames are informed by a logic of elimination (Wolfe 2006), which seeks to erase Indigenous Peoples and their rightful claims to land, political sovereignty, and cultural alterity.”
From Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America (2022) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
In the citing paper
“Indigenizing healthcare by increasing numbers of Indigenous healthcare providers makes sense and it has been a focus of the Canadian governments and universities in order to improve healthcare and, ultimately, the health of First Nations [72].”
From Confronting Racism within the Canadian Healthcare System: Systemic Exclusion of First Nations from Quality and Consistent Care (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
Citations
Cites
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Harris, C. (2004) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09401009.x · Cited by 457
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Research works printed but not linked: 23
- [1]1. Rose, Hidden Histories: Black Stories from Victoria River Downs, Humbert River and Wave Hill Stations (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1991), p 46. ne, destruction of the national pattern of the oppressed group; the other, the imposition of the national pattern of the oppressor. This imposition, in turn, may be made upon the oppressed population which is allowed to remain, or upon the territory alone, after removal of the population and colonization of the area by the oppressor's own nationals." Raphae ¨l Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1944), p 79.
- [3]3. Theodor Herzl, Old-New Land [Altneuland, 1902], Lotta Levensohn, trans. (New York: M. Wiener 1941), p 38.
- [13]13. Robert A. Williams, Jr., The American Indian in Western Legal Thought: The Discourses of Conquest (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1990), esp. pp 233-286.
- [14]14. This observation unites almost all commentators, whatever their political inclination. Cf. e.g. Anthony Anghie, "Finding the peripheries: sovereignty and colonialism in nineteenth-century international law," Harvard International Law Journal, Vol 40, 1999, pp 1-80, at p 69;
- [19]19. The classic accounts from a well-established literature include: Annie H. Abel, "The history of events resulting in Indian consolidation west of the Mississippi River," in American Historical Association Annual Report for 1906, 2 vols (Washington, DC: American Historical Association 1906), Vol 2, pp 233 - 450;
- [25]25. For discussion of Olney's "tide of history" concept, see Jackie Delpero, "'The tide of history': Australian native title discourse in global context," MA thesis, Victoria University, Australia, 2003;
- [26]26. David Rittter, "The judgement of the world: the Yorta Yorta case and the "tide of history,'" Australian Historical Studies, Vol 123, 2004, pp 106-121.
- [29]29. n order to justify the inclusion of the Negev in the future Jewish state, eleven new kibbutzim were simul- taneously installed in that desert region on October 6th, 1946, in addition to the ten settlements already established there during the War for the same purpose." Nathan Weinstock, Zionism, False Messiah, Alan Adler, trans. (London: Ink Links 1979), p 249.
- [32]32. Enzo Traverso, The Origins of Nazi Violence, Janet Lloyd, trans. (New York: New Press 2003);
- [35]35. Israel is also, of course, a partial exception here, though not so substantial an exception as is asserted by those who claim that Israel cannot be a colonial formation because it lacks a single commissioning metro- polis. From the outset, the Yishuv co-opted Ottoman, British and US imperialism to its own advantage, a reciprocated opportunism involving what Maxime Rodinson neatly glossed as "the collective mother country." Rodinson, Israel. A Settler-Colonial State? David Thorstad, trans. (New York: Monad 1973), p 76.
- [39]39. "For the provisions serving to the support of humane life, produced by one acre of inclosed and cultivated land, are (to speak much within compasse) ten times more, than those, which are yeilded [sic] by an acre of Land, of an equal richnesse, lyeing wast in common." John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. 1963 [1698]), p 312.
- [40]40. The new Jew is an enduring Zionist theme. In introducing his terrorist memoir, future Israeli prime minister Menachim Begin announced that, in addition to his Jewish readers, he had also written the book for gentiles: "lest they be unwilling to realise, or all too ready to overlook, the fact that out of blood and fire and tears and ashes a new specimen of human being was born, a specimen completely unknown to the world for over eighteen hundred years, 'the FIGHTING JEW'." Begin, The Revolt, Samuel Katz, trans. (London: W.H. Allen 1979), p xxv, capitals in original. For a more recent diasporan example, see, for instance, the Adi Nes photograph used as publicity for the Jewish Museum of New York's 1998-1999 "After Rabin: new art from Israel" show, at www.thejewishmuseum.org/site/pages/content/exhibitions/special/rabin/rabin_zoom/rabinL1.html 41 "
- [48]48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
- [51]51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
- [61]61. See e.g. Frederick E. Hoxie, A Final Promise. The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920 (Cambridge: Nebraska U.P. 1989); Prucha, Americanizing the American Indians, passim.
- [63]63. "Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process." Patrick Wolfe, "Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race," American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
- [68]68. Wolfe, "Nation and miscegeNation," p 111; Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology, p 180. Scholars who have made this point after me are too numerous to mention. Among those who made it before I did, see e.g. Jeremy Beckett, "The past in the present, the present in the past: constructing a national Aboriginality," in his, ed., Past and Present: The Construction of Aboriginality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1988), pp 191-217;
- [71]71. Evans and Thorpe, "The massacre of Aboriginal history," Overland, Vol 163, 2001, pp 21 -39, at p 36.
- [73]73. Robert K. Hitchcock and Tara M. Twedt, "Physical and cultural genocide of various Indigenous peoples," in Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons and Israel W. Charny, eds, Genocide in the Twentieth Century (New York: Garland Press 1995), pp 483 -514, at pp 498-501. For "politicide" ("a process that covers a wide range of social, political, and military activities whose goal is to destroy the political and national viability of a whole community of people"), see Baruch Kimmerling, Politicide. Ariel Sharon's War Against the Palestinians (rev. ed., London: Verso 2006).
- [76]76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
- [80]80. A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish). See Shmuel Amir, "Overseas foreign workers in Israel: policy aims and labor market outcomes," International Migration Review, Vol 36, 2002, pp 41-58;
- [81]81. Eric Beachemin, "Illegal in Israel," Radio Netherlands broadcast, September 15, 2004, at http://www2.rnw.nl/rnw/en/features/humanrights/tornlives/ilegalinisrael?view ¼ Standard; Leila Farsakh, "An occupation that creates children willing to die. Israel: an apartheid state?," Monde Diplomatique, English language edition, November 4, 2003, at http://mondediplo.com/2003/11/ 04apartheid
- [85]85. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Eman- cipation (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1984), pp 180-223.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 6,388
Stanley, A. (2016) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1177/0308518x16660352 · Cited by 36
“…predicated on the ongoing dispossession of Indigenous peoples’ lands and political authority, settler colonialism describes a distinct mode of colonizing that takes place primarily through the removal of land and disavowal of Indigeneity (see also Barker, 2012; Verancini, 2011; Wolfe, 2006, 2013).”
BackgroundLessons from a basic income programme for Indigenous Australians
Altman, J., & Klein, E. (2017) · Oxford Development Studies · doi:10.1080/13600818.2017.1329413 · Cited by 36
“Indeed, building genuine autonomy and economic self-sufficiency in remote communities has never been a goal of the Australian settler state (Hage, 2016; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundAging, precarity, and the struggle for Indigenous elsewheres
Grande, S. (2018) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2017.1401145 · Cited by 36
“For further discussion of this concept of ‘elimination’ and its logics, see Wolfe (2006).”
BackgroundSovereignty, conservation and island ecological futures
Mawyer, A., & Jacka, J. K. (2018) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s037689291800019x · Cited by 44
“At the core of this complex question is: who after all has the right to choose environmental futures? Profound challenges are visible when the perceived rights of any given sovereign run up against the will of others, as the capacity to enact effective policy or management is limited by the governance boundaries of re…”
BackgroundRe-imagining turnaround: families and communities leading educational justice
Ishimaru, A. M. (2018) · Journal of Educational Administration · doi:10.1108/jea-01-2018-0013 · Cited by 36
Psychology and Indigenous People
González, R., Carvacho, H., & Jiménez‐Moya, G. (2021) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-012921-045304 · Cited by 54
Cultural Competence and the Higher Education Sector
Frawley, J., Russell, G., & Sherwood, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-5362-2 · Cited by 59
Indigenous Genocide and Reanimation, Settler Apocalypse and Hope
TallBear, K. (2023) · aboriginal policy studies · doi:10.5663/aps.v10i2.29425 · Cited by 36
The Big History Project and colonizing knowledges in world history curriculum
Conrad, J. (2018) · Journal of Curriculum Studies · doi:10.1080/00220272.2018.1493143 · Cited by 36
“Maintains a progress narrative and avoids the central role of such European violences within understandings and forms of modernity (Dirlik, 1999), nationalism and nation-building (Grande, 2015; Kramer, 2011; Wolfe, 2006), and 20th and 21st century development and globalization (Dibua, 2010).”
BackgroundBoccagni, P., & Duyvendak, J. W. (2021) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12886 · Cited by 35
Deprovincializing Racial Capitalism: John Crawfurd and Settler Colonialism in India
Ince, O. U. (2021) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055421000939 · Cited by 38
“See Wolfe (2006), Pateman (2007), and Veracini (2010). by no less capitalist imperatives of profit (and profits were indeed immense), the capitalist articulation as well as the racialization of social difference that interlaced it followed paths that do not fit theAtlantic script.”
BackgroundCitizenship as Accumulation by Dispossession: The Paradox of Settler Colonial Citizenship
Sabbagh‐Khoury, A. (2022) · Sociological Theory · doi:10.1177/07352751221095474 · Cited by 35
“Mechanisms of dispossession and expulsion, what Wolfe (2006) bundles under the general term “elimination,” are often used to ensure the “elimination of the native as native” (Kauanui 2016).”
BackgroundHuaman, E. S. (2022) · Comparative Education Review · doi:10.1086/720442 · Cited by 41
“Although I do not take up settler colonialism 394 August 2022 (Wolfe 2006; Castellanos 2017) in this introduction,4 I provide commentary on decolonization because of its ubiquity.”
Dwelling in Political Landscapes: Contemporary Anthropological Perspectives
Kallinen, T. (2019) · doi:10.21435/sfa.4 · Cited by 40
Beyond the contours of Zionist sovereignty: Decolonisation in Palestine's Unity Intifada
Alqaisiya, W. (2023) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2023.102844 · Cited by 39
Musharbash, Y., & Gershon, I. (2023) · Punctum Books · doi:10.53288/0361.1.00 · Cited by 35
Offshoring Refugees: Colonial Echoes of the UK-Rwanda Migration and Economic Development Partnership
Collyer, M., & Shahani, U. (2023) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci12080451 · Cited by 42
Zembylas, M. (2025) · Globalisation Societies and Education · doi:10.1080/14767724.2025.2459110 · Cited by 37
Unspectacular spaces of slow wounding in Palestine
Joronen, M. (2021) · Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers · doi:10.1111/tran.12473 · Cited by 35
Reshaping Louisiana's coastal frontier: managed retreat as colonial decontextualization
Jessee, N. (2022) · Journal of Political Ecology · doi:10.2458/jpe.2835 · Cited by 38
“Anthropologist Patrick Wolfe (2006) theorized settler colonization as a form of "structural genocide" driven by a "logic of elimination" directed at Indigenous societies.”
BackgroundThe settler colonial city in three movements
Simpson, M., & Hugill, D. (2022) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/03091325221114115 · Cited by 42
“Wolfe (2006) notes that the elimination logic of settler colonialism “transmutes into different modalities, discourses and institutional formations” in different historical and geographical contexts (p. 402), suggesting that more explicitly violent forms of genocide gradually gave way to a range of…”
BackgroundTelling the End of the Settler Colonial Story
Veracini, L. (2011) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230306288_14 · Cited by 35
Gaza and the Great March of Return: Enduring violence and spaces of wounding
Jones, C. (2022) · Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers · doi:10.1111/tran.12567 · Cited by 37
Nebolon, J. (2017) · American Quarterly · doi:10.1353/aq.2017.0002 · Cited by 34
PolishLebensraum: the colonial ambition to expand on racial terms
Balogun, B. (2017) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2017.1392028 · Cited by 34
“These rights mean an exploitation of the colony’s resources; forceful or voluntary conversion to Christianity; and extermination of native lives that seems to be fundamental to modernity and parts of “principal means of expansion” (Wolfe 2006, 392).”
BackgroundSettler Colonial Englishes Are Distinct from Postcolonial Englishes
Denis, D., & D’Arcy, A. (2018) · American Speech · doi:10.1215/00031283-6904065 · Cited by 34
Kia, H., Robinson, M., MacKay, J. M., & Ross, L. E. (2019) · Journal of Poverty and Social Justice · doi:10.1332/175982719x15687180682342 · Cited by 44
“…colonialism, a term used to describe the attempted symbolic and legislated destruction and replacement of Indigenous societies by settler invaders (Wolfe, 2006), continues to intersect with racism and homo/bi/transphobia to produce not only these socioeconomic inequities, but also disparities in…”
BackgroundKelly, S. H. (2021) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.11.011 · Cited by 34
Correia, J. E. (2022) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/24694452.2022.2040351 · Cited by 37
“Often in conversation with Wolfe (2006), many works affirm that land dispossession is the germinal condition of settler colonialism and establishes a structure of unequal relations (Speed 2017; Ybarra 2017; Daigle 2019).”
BackgroundThe Necropolitics of Language Oppression
Roche, G. (2022) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-041420-102158 · Cited by 35
Kovner, B., & Shalhoub‐Kevorkian, N. (2017) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azx059 · Cited by 33
Orientalism in a globalised world: Said in the twenty-first century
Sa’di, A. H. (2020) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2020.1788935 · Cited by 33
Will Sovereignty Ever Be Deconstructed?
Malabou, C. (2015) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822375739-002 · Cited by 38
‘We will memorise our home’: exploring settler colonialism as an interpretive framework for Kashmir
Mushtaq, S., & Amin, M. (2021) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2021.1984877 · Cited by 33
“elimination (Wolfe 2006), rather than exploitation of the indigenous population for economic”
BackgroundBarry, N., Bang, M., Bruce, F., & Barajas-López, F. (2023) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1080/07370008.2023.2220852 · Cited by 38
Narratives of dynamic lands: science education, indigenous knowledge and possible futures
McGinty, M., & Bang, M. (2015) · Cultural Studies of Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11422-015-9685-5 · Cited by 33
Dangers to the Colony: Loose women and the "poor white" problem in Kenya
Jackson, W. (2013) · Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History · doi:10.1353/cch.2013.0029 · Cited by 33
The Gift of Education: How Indigenous Knowledges Can Transform the Future of Public Education
Jacob, M. M., Sabzalian, L., Jansen, J., Tobin, T. J., Vincent, C. G., & LaChance, K. (2018) · International Journal of Multicultural Education · doi:10.18251/ijme.v20i1.1534 · Cited by 47
“Rooted in a “logic of elimination” (Wolfe, 2006, p. 387), settler colonial educational practices have been premised on policies and practices of Indigenous erasure— removing Indigenous children to attend boarding schools, erasing Indigenous languages and cultures via assimilation, or minimizing…”
BackgroundGoverning Gender and Sexuality in Colonial India: The Hijra, c.1850–1900
Hinchy, J. (2019) · DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) · Cited by 33
“Social justice is a dream”: Tensions and contradictions in nursing education
Valderama‐Wallace, C., & Apesoa‐Varano, E. C. (2019) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.12630 · Cited by 33
The representation of women and girls of color in United States crime news
Slakoff, D. C. (2019) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12741 · Cited by 36
Assessing the impact of social procurement policies for Indigenous people
Denny‐Smith, G., Williams, M., & Loosemore, M. (2020) · Construction Management and Economics · doi:10.1080/01446193.2020.1795217 · Cited by 34
“…ranged from protectionism policies of the 1800s to “smooth the dying pillow” of Indigenous Australian cultures and the expectations of extinction (Wolfe 2006), to assimilationist policies of the mid-1900s and seeking to subsume Indigenous Australians into a monoculture and Anglo identity…”
BackgroundTurner, J. (2020) · Manchester University Press eBooks · doi:10.7765/9781526146946 · Cited by 36
Land acknowledgements in the academy: Refusing the settler myth
Wark, J. (2021) · Curriculum Inquiry · doi:10.1080/03626784.2021.1889924 · Cited by 33
“In contrast to extractive colonization, land acquisition is at the heart of settler colonialism (Wolfe, 1994, 2006).”
BackgroundGreensmith, C., & Gıwa, S. (2013) · American Indian Culture and Research Journal · doi:10.17953/aicr.37.2.p4q2r84l12735117 · Cited by 30
“"us, we offer here some recommendations for Queer settler solidarity within Queer activist spaces by urging non-Indigenous peoples to (1) engage in dialogue surrounding Indigenous decolonization, settler responsibility, and the land in Canada, and (2) turn Queer settler complicity into action by understanding their ow…”
BackgroundCosta, A. E. D. (2015) · Critical Sociology · doi:10.1177/0896920515591175 · Cited by 35
Recognizing Settler Ignorance in the Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Cook, A. (2018) · Feminist Philosophy Quarterly · doi:10.5206/fpq/2018.4.6229 · Cited by 32
Between Equal Rights: Primitive Accumulation and Capital’s Violence
Ince, O. U. (2017) · Political Theory · doi:10.1177/0090591717748420 · Cited by 32
Developing Terra Nullius: Colonialism, Nationalism, and Indigeneity in the Andaman Islands
Sen, U. (2017) · Comparative Studies in Society and History · doi:10.1017/s0010417517000330 · Cited by 35
Raphael Lemkin in Remote Australia: The Logic of Cultural Genocide and Homelands
Altman, J. (2018) · Oceania · doi:10.1002/ocea.5204 · Cited by 32
“…and spiritual landscapes, ceremonial obligations to designated places on that land, obligations to ancestors and ancestral beings, and use of the land and its resources as a source of partial but symbolically important subsistence: for people who live at homelands, ‘land is life’ (Wolfe 2006:387).”
BackgroundNecropenology: conquering new bodies, psychics, and territories of death in East Jerusalem
Shalhoub‐Kevorkian, N. (2020) · Identities · doi:10.1080/1070289x.2020.1737403 · Cited by 32
“The relationship of land to political identity remains at the heart of encounters between coloniser and colonised (Wolfe 2006, 388).”
BackgroundSaraf, A. (2020) · Journal of Transnational American Studies · doi:10.5070/t8111046996 · Cited by 32
Sousa, E. C., & Raizada, M. N. (2020) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2020.586340 · Cited by 34
“…labor and knowledge of growing these crops that migrated out of Africa, which fed colonists, slaves, and slave owners, and partially led to the development of European colonies, food capitalism, and the current foodways in America (Carney, 2001a; Wolfe, 2006; Slocum, 2010; Esch and Roediger, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialGovernmentalizing Palestinian futures: uncertainty, anticipation, possibility
Griffiths, M., & Joronen, M. (2021) · Geografiska Annaler Series B Human Geography · doi:10.1080/04353684.2020.1871299 · Cited by 32
Indigenous to where? Homelands and nation (pueblo) in Indigenous Latinx studies
Ybarra, M. (2022) · Latino Studies · doi:10.1057/s41276-022-00389-w · Cited by 32
The Structural Sources of Ambiguity in the Modern State: Race, Empire, and Conflicts over Membership
King, K. Q. (2022) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/722813 · Cited by 35
“The rise of Jim Crow in the South coupled with federal decisions such as Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) severely limited the rights of citizens classified as 25 For a discussion on the scholarly history of the term “settler colonialism,” see Wolfe (1999, 2006), Hoxie (2008), and Arvin (2019).”
BackgroundSaito, Y., Edwards, D. B., Sustarsic, M., et al. (2023) · Comparative Education Review · doi:10.1086/726613 · Cited by 32
“…organizations of global governance (Morgen-sen 2011) and adapted to schooling at the local level, can also be seen as a “ logic of elimination ” (Wolfe 2006) or a form of “ epistemicide ” (Grosfoguel 2013) in that it requires a manner of engagement that fundamentally cannot accommodate…”
BackgroundContemporary Anthropologies of Indigenous Australia
Lea, T. (2012) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145734 · Cited by 32
Urban Political Ecology from Below: Producing a “Peoples’ History” of the Portland Harbor
Goodling, E. (2019) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12493 · Cited by 35
“…and moral connections to land, including via origin narratives (Dunbar-Ortiz 2014), often form the core of peoples’ collective identities and their guiding values, such attachments also sometimes form a basis for mounting challenges to oppressive regimes (Finney 2014; Safransky 2018; Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundSylvestre, P., Castleden, H. E., Denis, J. S., Martin, D. H., & Bombay, A. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112363 · Cited by 36
“While settler colonial oppression does not define Indigenous peoples, as such, and while the experience of settler-colo-nialism cannot be reduced to one over-arching narrative, if we accept Patrick Wolfe, 2006 observation that a determining feature of settler societies is the “elimination of the Native”, then the “fac…”
BackgroundInfluentialIn the Business of Futurity: Indigenous Teacher Education & Settler Colonialism
Kulago, H. A. (2019) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/10665684.2019.1672592 · Cited by 40
“The recognition of the centrality of Indigenous peoples brings attention to the prominence of the arts that are valued because they “attach an Indigenous aura” to a geographical location (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialPolitical geographical perspectives on settler colonialism
Velednitsky, S., Hughes, S. S., & Machold, R. (2020) · Geography Compass · doi:10.1111/gec3.12490 · Cited by 35
Black monument matters: Place‐based commemoration and abolitionist memory work
Moulton, A. A. (2021) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12944 · Cited by 39
Indigenous-centered racial disproportionality in American foster care: a national population study
Grinnell-Davis, C. L., Dunnigan, A., & Stevens, B. (2022) · Journal of Public Child Welfare · doi:10.1080/15548732.2021.2022565 · Cited by 32
“Wolfe (2006) argues that African American and Indigenous peoples in North America have different racial grammars as a consequence of settler colonialism and extractive capitalism.”
BackgroundColonising White Innocence: Complicity and Critical Encounters
Macoun, A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2654-6_6 · Cited by 32
Israel’s Biospatial Politics: Territory, Demography, and Effective Control
Cohen, Y., & Gordon, N. (2018) · Public Culture · doi:10.1215/08992363-4310888 · Cited by 32
“When we consider that settler colonialism, as Patrick Wolfe (2006) has shown, is a structure and not an event, this recoiling movement across space is neither surprising nor unexpected.”
BackgroundThe Making of Japanese Settler Colonialism
Lu, S. (2019) · Figshare · doi:10.1017/9781108687584 · Cited by 7
Infrastructure and colonial socialism
Ergas, H., & Pincus, J. J. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cho9781107445222.015 · Cited by 33
Bishara, A., Al-Azraq, N., Alazzeh, S., & Durant, J. L. (2020) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/2514848620921856 · Cited by 31
“…resources that is recognized as the product of political process—take place against three authorities: Israel, the PA, and UNRWA, even though Israel is clearly the most powerful and repressive of these authorities as the settler colonial sovereign (Shihade, 2012; Wolfe, 2006; Zureik, 1979, 2016).”
BackgroundChapter 8 Seeking New Fields of Labor
Uperesa, L. (2014) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822375968-009 · Cited by 28
Notes toward an anticolonial environmental sociology of race
Murphy, M. W. (2020) · Environmental Sociology · doi:10.1080/23251042.2020.1862979 · Cited by 33
“And yet, as an exemplar of the genre of environmental sociology advocated for in this essay, it is important to discuss the conceptual limitations that arise from the text’s deployment of racial formation theory (Omi and Winant 2014) and settler colonial theory (Veracini 2010; Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundTrust and Transparency in an Age of Surveillance
Viola, L. A., & Laidler, P. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003120827 · Cited by 32
Logics of Elimination and Settler Colonialism: Decolonization or National Liberation?
Ajl, M. (2023) · Middle East Critique · doi:10.1080/19436149.2023.2191401 · Cited by 31
Thomas, K. A. (2023) · Geography Compass · doi:10.1111/gec3.12731 · Cited by 33
Decolonizing radical democracy
Singh, J. (2018) · Contemporary Political Theory · doi:10.1057/s41296-018-0277-5 · Cited by 57
“If ‘‘territoriality is settler colonialism’s specific irreducible element’’ (Wolfe, 2006, p. 388), and access to, and control over, land its primary motive, then, according to Patrick Wolfe, settler colonialism has two closely related dimensions, one negative and one positive: the first is the…”
BackgroundShedding Light on the Cracks in Neoliberal Universities
Bottrell, D., & Manathunga, C. E. (2018) · Palgrave critical university studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95942-9_1 · Cited by 31
Miles, J. (2019) · McGill Journal of Education / Revue des sciences de l'éducation de McGill · doi:10.7202/1058399ar · Cited by 31
“As Wolfe (2006) has argued, “settler colonialism is not an event, it is a structure” (p. 388).”
BackgroundIndigenous cultural values counter the damages of white settler colonialism
Jacob, M. M., Gonzales, K. L., Belcher, D. C., Ruef, J. L., & Johnson, S. R. (2020) · Environmental Sociology · doi:10.1080/23251042.2020.1841370 · Cited by 33
Settler Colonialism in Victorian Literature
Steer, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108695824 · Cited by 31
Racialized geographies of home: Property, unhoming and other possible futures
Nethercote, M. (2022) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/03091325221104480 · Cited by 36
“…and to a lesser degree the exploitation of devalued labour, these workings of law and territory rendered deviant indigenous land uses and ontologies of land and legitimised wholesale expropriation of indigenous lands and ‘eliminatory logics’ of settler colonialism (Coulthard, 2014; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundWispelwey, B. P., Osuagwu, C., Mills, D. E., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00307-8 · Cited by 31
Tornel, C., & Dunlap, A. (2025) · Human Geography · doi:10.1177/19427786251341674 · Cited by 35
“While state and capitalist political economy are built on internal and external settler colonial warfare (Dunlap, 2022; Lopez y Rivas, 2020; Wolfe, 2006), when discussing energy autonomy, the issue of psychosocial technologies, such as computers, “ smartphones ” and other digital technologies and…”
Safe Food, Dangerous Lands? Traditional Foods and Indigenous Peoples in Canada
Robin, T., Burnett, K., Parker, B., & Skinner, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2021.749944 · Cited by 28
Palestine and the Will to Theorise Decolonial Queering
Alqaisiya, W. (2019) · Middle East Critique · doi:10.1080/19436149.2020.1704505 · Cited by 29
“…difficulties for relating to Jewish transformation and assimilation within the boundaries of European enlightenment,43 Herzl advocated for the need to leave Europe in order to 41 Patrick Wolfe (2006) Settler Colonialism and the elimination of the native, Journal of Genocide Research 8(4), p. 388.”
BackgroundInfluentialWild Legalities: Animals and Settler Colonialism in Palestine/Israel
Braverman, I. (2021) · PoLAR Political and Legal Anthropology Review · doi:10.1111/plar.12419 · Cited by 30
“…ecology (Agrawal and Redford 2009; Dowie 2011; Grove 1995), landscape studies (Braverman 2009; Said 2000; Schama 1995), and the emergent literature on settler colonialism in Palestine/Israel (Allegra, Handel, and Maggor 2017; Busbridge 2018; Salamanca et al. 2012; Veracini 2015; Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundThe entangled legacies of empire
Gilbert, P. R., Bourne, C., Haiven, M., & Montgomerie, J. (2023) · Manchester University Press eBooks · doi:10.7765/9781526163455 · Cited by 31
Tahmahkera, D. (2014) · University of North Carolina Press eBooks · doi:10.5149/northcarolina/9781469618685.001.0001 · Cited by 30
Beyond Colonial Completion: Arendt, Settler Colonialism and the End of Politics
Strakosch, E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2654-6_2 · Cited by 30
A Fictive Kinship: Making “Modernity,” “Ancient Hawaiians,” and the Telescopes on Mauna Kea
Casumbal-Salazar, I. (2017) · Native American and Indigenous Studies · doi:10.5749/natiindistudj.4.2.0001 · Cited by 30
Castleden, H. E., Martin, D. H., Cunsolo, A., Harper, S. L., Hart, C., Sylvestre, P., Stefanelli, R. D., Day, L., & Lauridsen, K. (2017) · International Indigenous Policy Journal · doi:10.18584/iipj.2017.8.4.8 · Cited by 35
“…the most promising water research and management practices involving Indigenous and Western knowledge systems and 1 Settler colonialism names a formation of colonialism whereby, as Wolfe (2006) has explained, settler colonizers come to stay and “invasion is a structure not an event” (p. 388).”
BackgroundDecolonial Feminism and Global Politics: Border Thinking and Vulnerability as a Knowing Otherwise
Icaza, R. (2021) · British Academy eBooks · doi:10.5871/bacad/9780197266830.003.0003 · Cited by 30
Stanley, A. (2019) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1177/0263775819855404 · Cited by 30
“Settler colonial space, legal scholars suggest, is at best described as a “variegated legal space” of “enclaves and corridors” where colonial authority (the aim of which is territorial acquisition for settlement and extraction (Wolfe, 2006)) remains a work in progress (Benton, 2010: 37–38).”
BackgroundRouhana, N. N. (2016) · Cited by 30
Challenging the Relationship Between Settler Colonial Ideology and Higher Education Spaces
Masta, S. (2019) · Berkeley Review of Education · doi:10.5070/b80037547 · Cited by 37
“Although the insidiousness of settler colonialism is well documented (e.g., Alfred, 2004; Grande, 2008; Leonardo & Singh, 2017; Tuck & Yang, 2012; Wolfe, 2006), this study centers the perspectives of Indigenous students and their meaning making about the relationship between settler colonial ideology and their lives.”
BackgroundMillion, D. (2014) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822376613-002 · Cited by 32
Geographies of global lifestyle migration: Towards an anticolonial approach
Emard, K., & Nelson, L. (2020) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/0309132520957723 · Cited by 36
“These practices include, for example, private property law, an institution that has been implemented by (settler) colonial governments around the world to appropriate Indigenous lands (Bhandar, 2018; see also Bonds and Inwood, 2016; Naylor et al., 2018; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundLaw and Political Economy in a Time of Accelerating Crises
Harris, A. P., & Varellas, J. ‘. (2020) · Journal of Law and Political Economy · doi:10.5070/lp61150254 · Cited by 34
“Scholars of settler colonialism (Bhandar 2018; Byrd 2011; Moreton-Robinson 2015; Wolfe 2006; Wolfe 2016; Whyte and Meissner 2018) and of postcolonial and decolonial theory (Quijano 2000; Mendoza 2016; Mohanty 2003; Mignolo 2011), meanwhile, have traced the colonial-imperial and racist roots of the…”
BackgroundRay, L., Wylie, L., & Corrado, A. M. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114422 · Cited by 31
Settler Colonialism and the US Conservation Movement: Contesting Histories, Indigenizing Futures
Eichler, L. J., & Baumeister, D. (2021) · Ethics Policy & Environment · doi:10.1080/21550085.2021.2002623 · Cited by 31
Settler Simultaneity and Anti-Indigenous Racism at Land-Grant Universities
Beardall, T. R. (2021) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/23326492211037714 · Cited by 30
“I support my primary argument about the role of such schools by first merging settler-colonial theory (Glenn 2015; Wolfe 2006) with racialized organization theory (Ray 2019) to reveal the transformation of Indigenous Peoples into American Indians as a racial project (Omi and Winant 2014) that…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Wolfe, P.
- Corresponding author
- Wolfe, Patrick
- Venue
- Journal of Genocide Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 387-409
- ISSN
- 1462-3528 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9494
- OpenAlex
- W2018276495
- Cited by
- 6,491
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 580 · 2025: 873 · 2024: 682 · 2023: 696 · 2022: 623 · 2021: 724 · 2020: 614 · 2019: 554 · 2018: 364 · 2017: 213 · 2016: 154 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 155 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 27.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Genocide Research (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law
- Keywords
- settler colonialism, genocide, land dispossession
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