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Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native
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The question of genocide is never far from discussions of settler colonialism. Land is life—or, at least, land is necessary for life. Thus contests for land can be—indeed, often are—contests for li...
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64 Own interpretation · 30 Sources not found · 10 No basis given · 2 No full text of the sources · 1 Not checked yet
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“the factor that most antagonized the Georgia state government (with the at-least-tacit support of Andrew Jackson's federal administration) was not actually the recalcitrant savagery of which Indians were routinely accused, but the Cherokee's unmistakable aptitude for civilization.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Throughout this process, reformers' justifications for it (saving the Indian from the tribe, giving him the same opportunities as the White man, etc.) repeatedly included the express intention to destroy the tribe in whole.60”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60] 60. Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, 1955), p 180.
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“In the half-century from 1881, the total acreage held by Indians in the United States fell by two thirds, from just over 155 million acres to just over 52 million.59”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] 59. John R. Wunder, "Retained by the People": A History of American Indians and the Bill of Rights (New York: Oxford U.P. 1994), pp 17, 39.
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“At the height of the Dawes-era assimilation programme, for instance, in the decade after Richard Pratt penned his Denver paper, Indian numbers hit the lowest level they would ever register.50”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50] 50. "In 1998-2000, life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was shorter by 21 years for males and 20 years for females, compared with the total population . . . In 1998-2000, the death rate for Indi- genous infants was around four times the rate in the total population." Australian Bureau of Statistics, Aus- tralian Social Trends: Health-Mortality and Morbidity: Mortality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002), p 1. See also: House of Representatives Standing Committee on Family and Community Affairs, Health i
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“The centrepiece of this campaign was the allotment programme, first generalized as Indian policy in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 and subsequently intensified and extended, whereby tribal land was to be broken down into individual allotments whose proprietors could eventually sell them to White people.58”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58] 58. Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 US 1903, p 553. SETTLER COLONIALISM
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“The first major expression of this shift was the discontinuation of treaty-making, which came about in 1871.55”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55] 55. "No Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty." 16 Stat., 566 (Act of March 3, 1871), c 120, s
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“As practised by Europeans, both genocide and settler colonialism have typically employed the organizing grammar of race.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In settlercolonial terms, this enables a population to be expanded by continuing immigration at the expense of native lands and livelihoods.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Though a thoroughgoing diminution of native entitlement was axiomatic to discovery, the discourse was primarily addressed to relations between European sovereigns rather than to relations between Europeans and natives.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. As Mr Justice Johnson put it in his concurrence with Chief Justice Marshall's judgment in Cherokee v. Georgia, "The hunter state bore within itself the promise of vacating the territory, because when game ceased, the hunter would go elsewhere to seek it. But a more fixed state of society would amount to a permanent destruction of the hope, and, of consequence, of the beneficial character of the pre-emptive right." Cherokee v. Georgia, 30 US (5 Peters) 1, 1831, p 23. 20 The judgments most often cited in this connection are Worcester v. Georgia, 31 US (6 Peters) 515, 1832, Crow Dog, 109 US 5
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“As observed, the logic of elimination continues into the present.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“They had become successful agriculturalists on the White model, with a number of them owning substantial holdings of Black slaves, and they had introduced a written national constitution that bore more than a passing resemblance to the US one.41”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] 41. Ross-the successful self-made Cherokee entrepreneur-was really what white Georgians feared. Their biggest obstacle to acquiring the Cherokee lands was the cultivator's plow and overseer's whip-not PATRICK WOLFE the war club, bow, and scalping knife." Sean M. O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Westport, CT: Praeger 2003), p 229. For the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation, see the Cherokee Phoenix, February 28, 1828.
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“Even in contemporary, post-Native Title Australia, Aboriginal life expectancy clings to a level some 25% below that enjoyed by mainstream society, with infant mortality rates that are even worse.51”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51] 51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
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“In the end, though, the western frontier met the one moving back in from the Pacific, and there was simply no space left for removal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“As homesteaders, by contrast, the Choctaw who stayed became individual proprietors, each to his own, of separately allotted fragments of what had previously been the tribal estate, theirs to sell to White people if they chose to.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Rwanda and Burundi are colonial creations-not only so far as the obvious factor of their geographical borders is concerned, but, more intimately, in the very racial boundaries that marked and reproduced the Hutu/Tutsi division.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37] 37. Robert Melson, "Modern genocide in Rwanda: ideology, revolution, war, and mass murder in an African state," in Gellately and Kiernan, The Specter of Genocide, pp 325-338, at p 326.
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“All these strategies, including frontier homicide, are characteristic of settler colonialism.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In addition to its objective economic centrality to the project, agriculture, with its life-sustaining connectedness to land, is a potent symbol of settler-colonial identity.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Preemption sanctioned European priority but not Indigenous freedom of choice.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“the occasions on or the extent to which settler colonialism conduces to genocide are not a matter of the presence or absence of the formal apparatus of the state.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“In its positive aspect, the logic of elimination marks a return whereby the native repressed continues to structure settler-colonial society.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“I contend that, though the two have converged-which is to say, the settler-colonial logic of elimination has manifested as genocidal-they should be distinguished.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In sum, then, settler colonialism is an inclusive, land-centred project that coordinates a comprehensive range of agencies, from the metropolitan centre to the frontier encampment, with a view to eliminating Indigenous societies.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Agriculture not only supports the other sectors.It is inherently sedentary and, therefore, permanent.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Accordingly, settler-colonial discourse is resolutely impervious to glaring inconsistencies such as sedentary natives or the fact that the settlers themselves have come from somewhere else.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The American right to buy always superseded the Indian right not to sell.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] 21. Grant Foreman, Indian Removal (Norman, OK: Oklahoma U.P. 1932). SETTLER COLONIALISM
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In the paper
“Settler colonialism is inherently eliminatory but not invariably genocidal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“As opposed to enslaved people, whose reproduction augmented their owners' wealth, Indigenous people obstructed settlers' access to land, so their increase was counterproductive.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“It is both as complex social formation and as continuity through time that I term settler colonization a structure rather than an event”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“settler colonizers come to stay: invasion is a structure not an event.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“In the event, Indigenous people are either rendered dependent on the introduced economy or reduced to the stock-raids that provide the classic pretext for colonial death-squads.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Aborigines were accorded no rights to their territory, informal variants on the theme of terra nullius being taken for granted in settler culture.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“For various reasons, these removals, which turned eastern tribes into proxy invaders of Indian territory across the Mississippi, were a crude and unsatisfactory form of elimination.In particular, they were temporary, it being only a matter of time before the frontier rabble caught up with them.53”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53] 53. This was the reality behind the mushrooming frontier demographies. "In the decade before 1820, the popu- lation of the new state of Alabama increased by a startling 1,000 per cent." O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears, p 221. For an illuminating catalogue of Creek responses to this invasion, see Richard S. Lackey, comp., Frontier Claims in the Lower South. Records of Claims Filed by Citizens of the Alabama and Tom- bigbee River Settlements in the Mississippi Territory for Depradations by the Creek Indians During the War of 1812 (New Orleans: Polyanthos 1977).
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“Mass murders are not the same thing as genocide, though the one action can be both.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Tribal land was tribally owned-tribes and private property did not mix.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“On emancipation, Blacks became surplus to some requirements and, to that extent, more like Indians.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wolfe, 'Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race,' American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
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“In the first place, it shows us that settler colonialism is an indicator.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“My reason for not favouring the term is that it confuses definition with degree.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The US parallel is significant because, unlike the South African case, the formal apparatus of oppression (slavery) was overcome but Whites remained in power.76”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76] 76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
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“Colin Tatz has argued, conclusively in my view, that, while Turkish behaviour in Armenia, Nazi behaviour in Europe, and Australian behaviour towards Aborigines (among other examples) constitute genocide, the apartheid regime in South Africa does not.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Richard Pratt and Phillip Sheridan were both practitioners of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the strike on the World Trade Center is an example of mass murder but not, in my view, of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48] 48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cases, the genocide tribunal is the wrong court.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, as Palestinians become more and more dispensable, Gaza and the West Bank become less and less like Bantustans and more and more like reservations (or, for that matter, like the Warsaw Ghetto).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without the tribe, though, for all practical purposes they were no longer Indians (this is the citizenship part).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Apart from its contrivance, this analogy fails because the Nazi racialization of Jews did not conduce to their assimilation.Rather, the reverse was the case.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Notes and References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gellately
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Amir
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Definitionally, in other words, as in the case of other patterned or cumulative phenomena, genocide can obtain retrospectively.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
In some settler-colonial sites such as Fiji, native society was able to accommodate the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system they introduced.
“In some settler-colonial sites (one thinks, for instance, of Fiji), native society was able to accommodate-though hardly unscathed-the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system that they introduced.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Land is necessary for life.
“Land is life-or, at least, land is necessary for life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism always needs more land.
“Of itself, however, modernity cannot explain the insatiable dynamic whereby settler colonialism always needs more land.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Settler colonialism is a specific social formation whose specificity should be retained.
“As stated at the outset, settler colonialism is a specific social formation and it is desirable to retain that specificity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time.
“Since settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time, structural genocide should be easier to interrupt than short-term genocides.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rule of law is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.
“since it does not involve such a disruptive affront to the rule of law that is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
“There again, apartheid also relied on sequestration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.
“As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Porous borders do not offer a way out.
“Porous borders do not offer a way out.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“I use ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to emphasize how liberal interventions inspired by sympathy for Indigenous suffering are aligned with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of eliminating Indigenous peoples in order to control and exploit their territory (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, standards-heavy science education in the U.S. participates in, and is a re fl ection of, U.S. settler colonialism (Calderón, 2014a), as the displacement and elimination of indigenous knowledges from the curriculum mimics how (mostly) European settlers permanently moved into territories for economic gain, while displacing, dispossessing, and enslaving indigenous peoples (Wolfe, 2006).”
From Creating third spaces in K-12 socio-environmental education through indigenous languages: a case study (2024) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“methods included westward removal of Native communities to enable settler territorial expansion as well as ethnocidal settler governmental policy illegitimizing and illegalizing Native cultures and subsequent forced assimilation of Native peoples into Anglo lifestyles-and the settler economy, and the general imposition of settler governmental powers over Native individuals and Native Nations”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“genocide was key among the mechanisms of usurping Native populations of their resources and legal-political powers in the Americas”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The nature of the settler colonial society, regardless of where it is imposed, is defined by the divestiture of the political, governmental, economic powers of the colonized (Indigenous) population toward the benefit and supremacy of the settler population”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dominant representations of”
From Review of Network Sovereignty: Building the Internet Across Indian Country, Marisa Elena Duarte (2019) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“I use the formulation of ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to express how liberal interventions of care and protection, intended to ameliorate Indigenous suffering, align with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of Indigenous elimination (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The colonial logics of elimination that materialized security theology in Palestine are evinced in other settler colonial contexts (Wolfe, 2006), such as in the United States where curriculums of fear are framed as epistemological tools for reinforcing settler rights to Indigenous lands via statesponsored educational and genocidal projects (Nguyen, 2016).”
From Entwined Complicities: Genocidal Geographies of the Youth Carceral State and Arrivals to Educational Abolitionism (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As Wolfe (2006) famously argued, colonialism is not an event, but a structure of settler societies.”
From Decolonizing prisons: Indigenized programming and a critique of critical prison studies (2023) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Wolfe (2006) points out that settler colonialism acts as an enduring structure, not an event, meaning it is not a historical moment of conquest but an ongoing form of occupation through the enduring social, political, and economic structures built by invading people (Grimwood and Johnson 2019;Kauanui 2016;Tuck and Yang 2012;Wolfe 2006).”
From Unsettling Archaeology (2020) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These macro-level social frames are informed by a logic of elimination (Wolfe 2006), which seeks to erase Indigenous Peoples and their rightful claims to land, political sovereignty, and cultural alterity.”
From Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America (2022) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
In the citing paper
“Indigenizing healthcare by increasing numbers of Indigenous healthcare providers makes sense and it has been a focus of the Canadian governments and universities in order to improve healthcare and, ultimately, the health of First Nations [72].”
From Confronting Racism within the Canadian Healthcare System: Systemic Exclusion of First Nations from Quality and Consistent Care (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
Citations
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Research works printed but not linked: 23
- [1]1. Rose, Hidden Histories: Black Stories from Victoria River Downs, Humbert River and Wave Hill Stations (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1991), p 46. ne, destruction of the national pattern of the oppressed group; the other, the imposition of the national pattern of the oppressor. This imposition, in turn, may be made upon the oppressed population which is allowed to remain, or upon the territory alone, after removal of the population and colonization of the area by the oppressor's own nationals." Raphae ¨l Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1944), p 79.
- [3]3. Theodor Herzl, Old-New Land [Altneuland, 1902], Lotta Levensohn, trans. (New York: M. Wiener 1941), p 38.
- [13]13. Robert A. Williams, Jr., The American Indian in Western Legal Thought: The Discourses of Conquest (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1990), esp. pp 233-286.
- [14]14. This observation unites almost all commentators, whatever their political inclination. Cf. e.g. Anthony Anghie, "Finding the peripheries: sovereignty and colonialism in nineteenth-century international law," Harvard International Law Journal, Vol 40, 1999, pp 1-80, at p 69;
- [19]19. The classic accounts from a well-established literature include: Annie H. Abel, "The history of events resulting in Indian consolidation west of the Mississippi River," in American Historical Association Annual Report for 1906, 2 vols (Washington, DC: American Historical Association 1906), Vol 2, pp 233 - 450;
- [25]25. For discussion of Olney's "tide of history" concept, see Jackie Delpero, "'The tide of history': Australian native title discourse in global context," MA thesis, Victoria University, Australia, 2003;
- [26]26. David Rittter, "The judgement of the world: the Yorta Yorta case and the "tide of history,'" Australian Historical Studies, Vol 123, 2004, pp 106-121.
- [29]29. n order to justify the inclusion of the Negev in the future Jewish state, eleven new kibbutzim were simul- taneously installed in that desert region on October 6th, 1946, in addition to the ten settlements already established there during the War for the same purpose." Nathan Weinstock, Zionism, False Messiah, Alan Adler, trans. (London: Ink Links 1979), p 249.
- [32]32. Enzo Traverso, The Origins of Nazi Violence, Janet Lloyd, trans. (New York: New Press 2003);
- [35]35. Israel is also, of course, a partial exception here, though not so substantial an exception as is asserted by those who claim that Israel cannot be a colonial formation because it lacks a single commissioning metro- polis. From the outset, the Yishuv co-opted Ottoman, British and US imperialism to its own advantage, a reciprocated opportunism involving what Maxime Rodinson neatly glossed as "the collective mother country." Rodinson, Israel. A Settler-Colonial State? David Thorstad, trans. (New York: Monad 1973), p 76.
- [39]39. "For the provisions serving to the support of humane life, produced by one acre of inclosed and cultivated land, are (to speak much within compasse) ten times more, than those, which are yeilded [sic] by an acre of Land, of an equal richnesse, lyeing wast in common." John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. 1963 [1698]), p 312.
- [40]40. The new Jew is an enduring Zionist theme. In introducing his terrorist memoir, future Israeli prime minister Menachim Begin announced that, in addition to his Jewish readers, he had also written the book for gentiles: "lest they be unwilling to realise, or all too ready to overlook, the fact that out of blood and fire and tears and ashes a new specimen of human being was born, a specimen completely unknown to the world for over eighteen hundred years, 'the FIGHTING JEW'." Begin, The Revolt, Samuel Katz, trans. (London: W.H. Allen 1979), p xxv, capitals in original. For a more recent diasporan example, see, for instance, the Adi Nes photograph used as publicity for the Jewish Museum of New York's 1998-1999 "After Rabin: new art from Israel" show, at www.thejewishmuseum.org/site/pages/content/exhibitions/special/rabin/rabin_zoom/rabinL1.html 41 "
- [48]48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
- [51]51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
- [61]61. See e.g. Frederick E. Hoxie, A Final Promise. The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920 (Cambridge: Nebraska U.P. 1989); Prucha, Americanizing the American Indians, passim.
- [63]63. "Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process." Patrick Wolfe, "Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race," American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
- [68]68. Wolfe, "Nation and miscegeNation," p 111; Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology, p 180. Scholars who have made this point after me are too numerous to mention. Among those who made it before I did, see e.g. Jeremy Beckett, "The past in the present, the present in the past: constructing a national Aboriginality," in his, ed., Past and Present: The Construction of Aboriginality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1988), pp 191-217;
- [71]71. Evans and Thorpe, "The massacre of Aboriginal history," Overland, Vol 163, 2001, pp 21 -39, at p 36.
- [73]73. Robert K. Hitchcock and Tara M. Twedt, "Physical and cultural genocide of various Indigenous peoples," in Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons and Israel W. Charny, eds, Genocide in the Twentieth Century (New York: Garland Press 1995), pp 483 -514, at pp 498-501. For "politicide" ("a process that covers a wide range of social, political, and military activities whose goal is to destroy the political and national viability of a whole community of people"), see Baruch Kimmerling, Politicide. Ariel Sharon's War Against the Palestinians (rev. ed., London: Verso 2006).
- [76]76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
- [80]80. A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish). See Shmuel Amir, "Overseas foreign workers in Israel: policy aims and labor market outcomes," International Migration Review, Vol 36, 2002, pp 41-58;
- [81]81. Eric Beachemin, "Illegal in Israel," Radio Netherlands broadcast, September 15, 2004, at http://www2.rnw.nl/rnw/en/features/humanrights/tornlives/ilegalinisrael?view ¼ Standard; Leila Farsakh, "An occupation that creates children willing to die. Israel: an apartheid state?," Monde Diplomatique, English language edition, November 4, 2003, at http://mondediplo.com/2003/11/ 04apartheid
- [85]85. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Eman- cipation (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1984), pp 180-223.
Cited by
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Items 501–600 of 6,388
McElhinny, B. S. (2016) · Language & Communication · doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2016.07.003 · Cited by 35
McCrossan, M., & Ladner, K. L. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0008423916000822 · Cited by 30
Confinement Under an Open Sky: Following the Speed Trap from Guernica to Gaza and Beyond
Collins, J. (2008) · Globalizations · doi:10.1080/14747730802500315 · Cited by 29
“What distinguishes settler-colonialism from other, more strictly administrative forms of colonialism is that the former ‘destroys in order to replace’ (Wolfe, 2006, p. 388).”
InfluentialMilner, E. L. (2019) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1177/0263775819866834 · Cited by 29
“…as shaped in recent years by different scholars (see, for example, Banivanua Mar and Edmonds, 2010; Elkins and Federsen, 2005; Veracini, 2011; Wolfe, 1999, 2006), distinguish other forms of colonialism from settler ones by the latter’s ‘intention to stay’ (Veracini, 2010: 100) and to…”
BackgroundGenre and White Supremacy in the Postemancipation United States
Foster, T. M. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198838098.001.0001 · Cited by 29
Jaffa’s times: Temporalities of dispossession and the advent of natives’ reclaimed time
Sa’di-Ibraheem, Y. (2020) · Time & Society · doi:10.1177/0961463x20905974 · Cited by 29
“This is particularly so for natives living under settler–colonial regimes in which power is imposed as a dynamic structure (Wolfe, 2006) and sometimes is hard to pinpoint (Stoler, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialIhmoud, S. (2021) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478013167-019 · Cited by 59
What Does It Mean to Heal From Historical Trauma?
Avalos, N. (2021) · The AMA Journal of Ethic · doi:10.1001/amajethics.2021.494 · Cited by 29
Emergent Axioms of Violence: Toward an Anthropology of Post-Liberal Modernity
Pipyrou, S., & Sorge, A. (2021) · Anthropological Forum · doi:10.1080/00664677.2021.1966611 · Cited by 29
“Whether classic settler colonialism (Wolfe 2006), forms of crypto-colonialism which remain locally unacknowledged (Herzfeld 2002), or ‘wolf in sheep’s clothing’ neo-colonial projects promising new forms of social collaboration (Knight 2017), colonial power continues to deliver axiomatic violence in…”
BackgroundRethinking Indigeneity: Scholarship at the Intersection of Native American Studies and Anthropology
Cattelino, J. R., & Simpson, A. (2022) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110339 · Cited by 31
Townsend, J., & Roth, R. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Dynamics · doi:10.3389/fhumd.2023.1286970 · Cited by 33
“Since settler colonialism is founded on the expropriation of land and “a logic of elimination” (Wolfe, 2006, p. 387), IPCAs may be a form of “generative refusal” of Crown sovereignty and recognition as well as capitalist imperatives (Simpson, 2017, p. 9).”
British Worlds, Settler Worlds, World Systems, and Killing Fields
Howe, S. (2012) · The Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History · doi:10.1080/03086534.2012.730716 · Cited by 29
Hiding in Full View: The “Forgotten” Bushman Genocides of Namibia
Gordon, R. J. (2009) · Genocide Studies and Prevention · doi:10.3138/gsp.4.1.29 · Cited by 29
“Sufficient conditions relate to intent (typically phrased in terms of policy), the focus of liberal analyses, while necessary conditions relate to structural features necessary for the genocide to occur.(127) The ‘‘Forgotten’’ Bushman Genocides of Namibia”
BackgroundPacific Revisions of Blackness: Blacks Address Race and Belonging in Hawai'i
Sharma, N. (2011) · Amerasia Journal · doi:10.17953/amer.37.3.m648hg5577q4822r · Cited by 29
Tom, M. N., Suárez-Krabbe, J., & Castro, T. C. (2017) · Comparative Education Review · doi:10.1086/690219 · Cited by 29
Victimization and Substance Use Among Native American College Students
Fish, J., Livingston, J. A., VanZile‐Tamsen, C., & Wolf, D. A. P. S. (2017) · Journal of college student development · doi:10.1353/csd.2017.0031 · Cited by 36
“During colonialism, Native Americans were perceived as a barrier to European people’s access to territory (Glenn, 2015; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundThe Politics of Decolonisation and Bi-Nationalism in Israel/Palestine
Bashir, B., & Busbridge, R. (2018) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0032321718767029 · Cited by 29
“For Patrick Wolfe (2006), what distinguishes settler colonialism is thus that it is guided by a logic of elimination as opposed to a logic of exploitation, wherein the eradication of indigenous presence is essential to the success of settler colonial projects.”
BackgroundOn racial constitutions and digestive therapeutics
Hobart, H. J. K., & Maroney, S. (2019) · Food Culture & Society · doi:10.1080/15528014.2019.1638120 · Cited by 29
“Underpinning these narratives are the logics of elimination that Patrick Wolfe, and others, have called attention to (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundMedicine lines and COVID-19: Indigenous geographies of imagined bordering
Leonard, K. (2020) · Dialogues in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/2043820620934941 · Cited by 29
“I argue that settler colonialism is a process not only enacted through the permanent occupation of territory (Bonds and Inwood, 2016; Wolfe, 2006) but also through the entitled escapism of individuals, their movement, and occupation of multiple sites of residence for leisure evading Indigenous sovereignty and territor…”
BackgroundInfluentialIndigenous Futures and Medieval Pasts
Andrews, T. (2020) · English Language Notes · doi:10.1215/00138282-8557777 · Cited by 31
Kia, H., Robinson, M., MacKay, J. M., & Ross, L. E. (2021) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731521996814 · Cited by 32
“…colonialism, a term often used to describe the attempted symbolic and legislated destruction and replacement of Indigenous societies by settler invaders (Wolfe, 2006), is recognized for its impact on the social conditions of Indigenous sexual and gender minorities (Clark, 2016; Robinson, 2017).”
BackgroundInwood, J. F. J. (2018) · Geography Compass · doi:10.1111/gec3.12361 · Cited by 32
The Two Row Wampum: Decolonizing and Indigenizing Democratic Autonomy
Allard‐Tremblay, Y. (2022) · Polity · doi:10.1086/718331 · Cited by 28
Cultural Adaptation of an Educator Social–Emotional Learning Program to Support Indigenous Students
Goforth, A. N., Nichols, L. M., Sun, J., Violante, A. E., Brooke, E., Kusumaningsih, S., Howlett, R., Hogenson, D., & Graham, N. (2022) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2022.2144091 · Cited by 42
“Settler–colonialists perpetuated racism and White supremacy to justify breaking land or water treaties with Tribal Nations and to rationalize the use of residential boarding schools in which they forcibly removed children from their families (Evans-Campbell, 2008 ; Wolfe, 2006 ).”
A decolonial wrong turn: Walter Mignolo's epistemic politics
Temin, D. M. (2024) · Constellations · doi:10.1111/1467-8675.12744 · Cited by 38
Nakba Memoricide: Genocide Studies and the Zionist/Israeli Genocide of Palestine
Rashed, H., Short, D., & Docker, J. (2014) · Holy Land Studies · doi:10.3366/hls.2014.0076 · Cited by 32
Towards shared ownership: property, geography, and treaty making in british columbia
Egan, B. (2013) · Geografiska Annaler Series B Human Geography · doi:10.1111/geob.12008 · Cited by 27
“For Wolfe (2006), the logic of settler colonialism is one of elimination, as Aboriginal peoples must be removed so that settlers can possess their lands and the settler state can secure their territories.”
BackgroundWhat Is Settler Colonialism? (for Leo Delano Ames Jr.)
Mikdashi, M. (2013) · American Indian Culture and Research Journal · doi:10.17953/aicr.37.2.c33g723731073714 · Cited by 28
Counting and Counter-mapping: Contests over the Making of a Mining District in Bristol Bay, Alaska
Hébert, K., & Brock, S. (2016) · Science as Culture · doi:10.1080/09505431.2016.1223112 · Cited by 29
“Such tensions are particularly prominent in contexts of settler colonialism, in which ‘settler colonizers come to stay’ (Wolfe, 2006, p. 388).”
BackgroundInfluentialTrans*versing the DMZ: a non-binary autoethnographic exploration of gender and masculinity
Stewart, D. (2017) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2016.1254302 · Cited by 33
Key figure of mobility: the exile
Hackl, A. (2017) · Social Anthropology · doi:10.1111/1469-8676.12380 · Cited by 28
“A principle of political elimination characterises settler colonial states like Israel and this also has ‘positive effects’ such as limited inclusion and citizenship (Wolfe 2006: 388).”
BackgroundThe Botany of Emergence: Kanaka Ontology and Biocolonialism in Hawai'i
Goldberg‐Hiller, J., & Silva, N. K. (2015) · Native American and Indigenous Studies · doi:10.5749/natiindistudj.2.2.0001 · Cited by 28
Berry, K. A., & Jackson, S. (2018) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/24694452.2017.1420463 · Cited by 29
“Settler colonialism functioned by eliminating Indigenous societies and replacing them through continuing immigration and expansive agriculture that consumed their waters and lands, as well as undermined their modes of production (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialToward anti-colonial food policy in Canada? (Im)possibilities within the settler state
Kepkiewicz, L. W., & Rotz, S. (2018) · Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l alimentation · doi:10.15353/cfs-rcea.v5i2.202 · Cited by 28
“The Canadian government’s relationship to Indigenous nations continues to be one of violence rooted in the logic of Indigenous elimination: settler colonialism “destroys to replace” with the primary goal of obtaining land and denying Indigenous self-determination (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundKorteweg, L., & Fiddler, T. (2019) · McGill Journal of Education · doi:10.7202/1058397ar · Cited by 28
López, J., & Irizarry, J. G. (2019) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085919835292 · Cited by 30
“As Patrick Wolfe (2006) suggests, settler colonialism is a structure and not an event.”
BackgroundHokkaidō 150: settler colonialism and Indigeneity in modern Japan and beyond
Grunow, T. R., Nakamura, F., Hirano, K., Ishihara, M., Lewallen, A.-E., Lightfoot, S. R., Mayunkiki, Medak-Saltzman, D., Williams-Davidson, T.-L., & Yahata, T. (2019) · Critical Asian Studies · doi:10.1080/14672715.2019.1665291 · Cited by 30
Joseph Johnson's Lost Gamuts: Native Hymnody, Materials of Exchange, and the Colonialist Archive
Goodman, G. (2019) · Journal of the Society for American Music · doi:10.1017/s1752196319000385 · Cited by 27
Centering knowledge from the margins: our embodied practices of epistemic resistance and revolution
Causevic, A., Philip, K., Zwick-Maitreyi, M., Lewis, P., Bouterse, S., & Sengupta, A. (2020) · International Feminist Journal of Politics · doi:10.1080/14616742.2019.1701515 · Cited by 31
“Books and images that support the “disappearing Native” reinforce a settler-colonial structure aimed at “eliminating” us from the contemporary American experience (Wolfe 2006, 388).”
BackgroundNative Studies at the Horizon of Death
Smith, A. (2014) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822376613-009 · Cited by 45
Nature’s rights as Indigenous rights? Mis/recognition through personhood for Te Urewera
Coombes, B. (2020) · Espace populations sociétés · doi:10.4000/eps.9857 · Cited by 28
Lanzarotta, T. (2020) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/0306312720943678 · Cited by 28
Settler Colonialism and Rural Environmental Injustice: Water Inequality on the Navajo Nation*
Bray, L. A. (2020) · Rural Sociology · doi:10.1111/ruso.12366 · Cited by 28
In the Excess of Splintering Urbanism: The Racialized Political Economy of Infrastructure
Salamanca, O. J., & Silver, J. (2022) · Journal of Urban Technology · doi:10.1080/10630732.2021.2009287 · Cited by 28
“Similar to the Algiers of Fanon, Palestine and South Africa are marked by a violent history of settler colonialism, a distinct form of colonial invasion premised on logics of elimination, dispossession, exploitation, and replacement of indigenous peoples with a settler society (Wolfe, 2006).”
ResultDeepening apartheid: The political geography of colonizing Israel/Palestine
Yiftachel, O. (2023) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2022.981867 · Cited by 38
“Yet, the theoretical connection is well-established between colonial expansion, as evident in Israel for seven decades, and a clear hierarchy of racialized civil statuses, buttressed by the racialized control of economic capitalist development (see Sartre, 1963; Fanon, 1965; Zureik, 1979; Said, 1993; Stasiulis and Yuv…”
BackgroundInfluentialCollective memory work as an unsettling methodology in tourism
Grimwood, B. S. R., & Johnson, C. W. (2019) · Tourism Geographies · doi:10.1080/14616688.2019.1619823 · Cited by 32
“First, settler colonial ‘invasion is a structure not an event’ (Wolfe, 2006, p. 388).”
BackgroundIntroduction to literature compass special cluster: Critical race and the Middle Ages
Kim, D. (2019) · Literature Compass · doi:10.1111/lic3.12549 · Cited by 29
“It is not an invasion, so much as it is a structural event, driven by “the logic of elimination” (Wolfe, 2006 p. 388).”
BackgroundMedien, K. (2019) · Theory Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/0263276418816369 · Cited by 27
Sketches Toward a Decolonial Applied Linguistics
Fina, A. D., Oostendorp, M., & Ortega, L. (2023) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amad059 · Cited by 28
Law, Settler Colonialism, and “the Forgotten Space” of Maritime Worlds
Mawani, R. (2016) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102612-134005 · Cited by 26
Besteman, C. (2020) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478013006 · Cited by 27
Shear, S. B., & Krutka, D. G. (2018) · Theory & Research in Social Education · doi:10.1080/00933104.2018.1541428 · Cited by 27
“Settlers in the United States racially target(ed) Indigenous peoples in order to take their lands (Wolfe, 2006).”
InfluentialLand, land banks and land back: Accounting, social reproduction and Indigenous resurgence
Scobie, M., Finau, G., & Hallenbeck, J. (2021) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1177/0308518x211060842 · Cited by 28
“Because land is life, and represents both a means of production and a means of social reproduction (Meillassoux, 1972; Wolfe, 2006), the role of accounting in the dispossession of Indigenous land, enrols accounting in the marketization of social reproduction.”
BackgroundThe Deep Roots of Inequity: Coloniality, Racial Capitalism, Educational Leadership, and Reform
Wright, J. S. (2022) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x211029483 · Cited by 32
“Among the manifestations of these shards are the Trail of Tears, the genocidal removal of the Cherokee in the 1830s, “whereby Indians from the South East were displaced west of the Mississippi to make way for the development of the slave-plantation economy in the Deep South” (Wolfe, 2006, p. 391).”
BackgroundParsons, M., & Fisher, K. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141811127 · Cited by 26
“The logic of Indigenous elimination, first described by Australian historian Patrick Wolfe [152], refers to the use of elimination strategies (ranging from genocide, state-sanctioned violence, child removals, breaking down indigenous land tenure systems, discriminatory laws, controlled inclusion) by…”
BackgroundStewart-Ambo, T., & Beardall, T. R. (2022) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312221141981 · Cited by 27
“…theory provides a lens by which to understand the ‘‘logic of elimination,’’ a guiding settler ideology that extracts human and material Performance or Progress? resources to benefit settlers and incorporates Indigenous Peoples into settler society as a sociocultural subordinate (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundSippel, S. R. (2023) · Agriculture and Human Values · doi:10.1007/s10460-023-10453-3 · Cited by 41
Dunlap, A. (2023) · International development policy/Revue internationale de politique de développement · doi:10.4000/poldev.5355 · Cited by 32
Decolonising to reimagine International Relations: An introduction
Sen, S. (2023) · Review of International Studies · doi:10.1017/s0260210523000177 · Cited by 27
Dams and tribal land loss in the United States
Randell, H., & Curley, A. (2023) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/acd268 · Cited by 33
“Native Nations4 are replaced by those of settlers and their descendants [6, 7].”
BackgroundMounties in the Frontier: Circulations, Anxieties, and Myths of Settler Colonial Policing in Canada
Monaghan, J. (2013) · Journal of Canadian Studies · doi:10.3138/jcs.47.1.122 · Cited by 27
For “a no-state yet to come”: Palestinian urban place-making in Kufr Aqab, Jerusalem
Hatoum, N. A. (2020) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/2514848620943877 · Cited by 26
Towards a Haudenosaunee developmental science: Perspectives from the Two Row Wampum
Fish, J. (2021) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2279 · Cited by 25
The Border Wall Imaginary at the End of the World
Stümer, J. (2024) · Journal of Borderlands Studies · doi:10.1080/08865655.2023.2301082 · Cited by 26
Why Palestine is a feminist issue: a reckoning with Western feminism in a time of genocide
Pratt, N., Jabiri, A., Ajour, A., et al. (2025) · International Feminist Journal of Politics · doi:10.1080/14616742.2025.2455477 · Cited by 26
“While the scale of Israel’s ongoing violence is unprecedented, it must be understood as part of Israel’s broader settler-colonial project and the inherent logics of erasure (Wolfe 2006) that underpin it.”
Vang, M. (2012) · positions asia critique · doi:10.1215/10679847-1593501 · Cited by 26
Nullifying Settler Democracy: William Apess and the Paradox of Settler Sovereignty
Dahl, A. (2016) · Polity · doi:10.1057/pol.2016.2 · Cited by 26
The Biopolitics of Israeli Settler Colonialism: Palestinian Bedouin Children Theorise the Present
Shalhoub‐Kevorkian, N. (2016) · Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies · doi:10.3366/hlps.2016.0127 · Cited by 29
Lakota experiences of (in)security: cosmology and ontological security
de Leon, J. (2018) · International Feminist Journal of Politics · doi:10.1080/14616742.2018.1527183 · Cited by 26
“This process of state-sanctioned genocide (Wolfe 2006) has seen many permutations (as has the state itself); employed a slew of technologies and continues today through ever-present erosions and challenges to tribal sovereignty, environmental extraction and degradation and disproportionate rates of…”
BackgroundSettler Responsibility: Respatialising Dissent in “America” Beyond Continental Borders
Garrison, R. (2019) · Shima · doi:10.21463/shima.13.2.07 · Cited by 26
“…continues to reverberate within the research of many decolonial scholars such as Haunani-Kay Trask (1993, 2008), Noenoe Silva (2004), Patrick Wolfe (2006), Candace Fujikane (2008), Jodi Byrd (2011), Keith Camacho (2011, 2012), J. Kēhaulani Kauanui and Patrick Wolfe (2012), Noelani…”
InfluentialRefusing Reconciliation in Indigenous Curriculum
Lowe, K., Moodie, N., & Weuffen, S. (2021) · Curriculum studies worldwide · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61667-0_5 · Cited by 26
Gentrification as (settler) colonialism? Moving beyond metaphorical linkages
Ellis‐Young, M. (2021) · Geography Compass · doi:10.1111/gec3.12604 · Cited by 32
Reyes, A. G. (2021) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110253 · Cited by 31
Koch, N. R. (2022) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102628 · Cited by 26
Human-Bison Relations as Sites of Settler Colonial Violence and Decolonial Resurgence
Mamers, D. T. (2019) · Humanimalia · doi:10.52537/humanimalia.9500 · Cited by 26
Lowe, K., & Weuffen, S. (2022) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-022-00598-1 · Cited by 26
Structural racism and the health of Palestinian citizens of Israel
Tanous, O., Asi, Y., Hammoudeh, W., Mills, D. E., & Wispelwey, B. P. (2023) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2023.2214608 · Cited by 30
“…the settler colonial framework has been extensively applied to the state of Israel over the last half-century (Mamdani, 2020; Pappé, 2006; Rodinson, 1973; Rouhana, 2021; Sab-bagh-Khoury, 2021; Sayegh, 2012; Veracini, 2020; Wolfe, 2006; Zreik, 2016) with limited academic challenge (Penslar, 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialKaomea, J. (2014) · History of Education Quarterly · doi:10.1111/hoeq.12054 · Cited by 26
Gahman, L. (2015) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12177 · Cited by 25
Peach, L., Richmond, C. A. M., & Brunette-Debassige, C. (2020) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.06.001 · Cited by 21
Settler Witnessing at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
Nagy, R. (2020) · Human Rights Review · doi:10.1007/s12142-020-00595-w · Cited by 25
“This is because the residential school system sought to destroy Indigenous culture, tradition, and knowledge as a means of “eliminating the Native,” who stands as an obstacle to the settler’s “insatiable” need for land (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundRadmilla’s Voice: Music Genre, Blood Quantum, and Belonging on the Navajo Nation
Jacobsen-Bia, K. (2014) · Cultural Anthropology · doi:10.14506/ca29.2.11 · Cited by 25
“In an unsettling moment revealing the impact of internalized racism and settler colonialism (Wolfe 2006) on Navajo senses of self and musical ability, Francine, a driver for the Crownpoint, New Mexico, dialysis clinic, mentioned to me she had heard me singing with Native Country Band on the local…”
BackgroundHunt, B., Locklear, L. A., Bullard, C., & Pacheco, C. (2020) · The Urban Review · doi:10.1007/s11256-020-00563-1 · Cited by 28
Life before Vegetables: Nutrition, Cash, and Subjunctive Health in Samoa
Hardin, J. A. (2021) · Cultural Anthropology · doi:10.14506/ca36.3.08 · Cited by 26
Lempert, W. (2021) · American Indian Culture and Research Journal · doi:10.17953/aicrj.45.1.lempert · Cited by 25
The maternal health of American Indian and Alaska Native people: A scoping review
Burns, A., DeAtley, T., & Short, S. E. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115584 · Cited by 24
The populist radical right in Australia
Moffitt, B., & Sengul, K. (2023) · Journal of Language and Politics · doi:10.1075/jlp.22132.mof · Cited by 25
Carter, D., & Rose, J. (2024) · Administrative Theory & Praxis · doi:10.1080/10841806.2024.2305061 · Cited by 27
“As explained by Wolfe (2006), such settler colonialism is a structure of authorized definitions and relationships; it redefines land as property and human relationship with land as one of ownership.”
BackgroundChildhood and Colonialism in Canadian History
Alexander, K. (2016) · History Compass · doi:10.1111/hic3.12331 · Cited by 29
van Holstein, E., & Head, L. (2018) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.06.005 · Cited by 25
Lullabies and the memory of pain: Armenian women’s remembrance of the past in Turkey
Bilal, M. (2018) · Dialectical Anthropology · doi:10.1007/s10624-018-9515-8 · Cited by 26
‘I am exhausted:’ everyday occurrences of being Native American
Masta, S. (2018) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2018.1499984 · Cited by 28
“The practice of colonialism often refers materially to political injustices, domination, dispossession of land, and economic oppression (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundNorman, M. E., Hart, M. A., & Petherick, L. (2018) · Sociology of Sport Journal · doi:10.1123/ssj.2018-0130 · Cited by 27
Decolonial Hip Hop: Indigenous Hip Hop and the disruption of settler colonialism
Mays, K. T. (2019) · Cultural Studies · doi:10.1080/09502386.2019.1584908 · Cited by 28
“…carefully, for Indigenous people still remain in the city; however, Black displacement is based upon the same logic of settlement and elimination (Wolfe 2006).2 They are, like their Indigenous comrades, subjected to frontier discourses and settlement practices reminiscent of dispossessions of…”
BackgroundBlair, J. J. A. (2019) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/2514848619882938 · Cited by 25
“According to Patrick Wolfe (2006), settler colonialism is a structure rather than an event, which is predicated upon the elimination or exclusion of Indigenous Peoples from land.”
BackgroundWynyard, M. (2019) · Land · doi:10.3390/land8110162 · Cited by 25
“Territoriality is settler colonialism’s specific, irreducible element [36].”
Background‘Native time’ in the white city: indigenous youth temporalities in settler-colonial space
Kidman, J., MacDonald, L., Funaki, H., et al. (2020) · Children s Geographies · doi:10.1080/14733285.2020.1722312 · Cited by 25
Agribiopolitics: The health of plants and humans in the age of monocrops
Hetherington, K. (2020) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1177/0263775820912757 · Cited by 25
“This debate about the relationship between genocide and settler colonialism has been taken up more generally by Wolfe (2006) and Short (2016). de Waal (2017) examines the same debate in relation to mass starvation.”
BackgroundTynen, S. (2020) · Central Asian Survey · doi:10.1080/02634937.2020.1743644 · Cited by 24
Lewis, D., Castleden, H. E., Apostle, R. A., Francis, S., & Francis‐Strickland, K. (2020) · Canadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennes · doi:10.1111/cag.12656 · Cited by 34
Metadata
- Authors
- Wolfe, P.
- Corresponding author
- Wolfe, Patrick
- Venue
- Journal of Genocide Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 387-409
- ISSN
- 1462-3528 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9494
- OpenAlex
- W2018276495
- Cited by
- 6,491
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 580 · 2025: 873 · 2024: 682 · 2023: 696 · 2022: 623 · 2021: 724 · 2020: 614 · 2019: 554 · 2018: 364 · 2017: 213 · 2016: 154 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 155 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 27.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Genocide Research (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law
- Keywords
- settler colonialism, genocide, land dispossession
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