A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior: a social exchange perspective

O'Boyle, Ernest H.; Forsyth, Donelson R.; Banks, George C.; McDaniel, Michael A.

doi:10.1037/a0025679

Cited by 1,331Personality Traits and PsychologyJob Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorWorkplace Violence and Bullying

A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior: a social exchange perspective

O'Boyle, Ernest H., Forsyth, Donelson R., Banks, George C., McDaniel, Michael A.·2012·Journal of Applied Psychology

DOI 10.1037/a0025679

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Abstract

We reviewed studies of the Dark Triad (DT) personality traits--Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy-and meta-analytically examined their implications for job performance and counterproductive work behavior (CWB). Relations among the DT traits and behaviors were extracted from original reports published between 1951 and 2011 of 245 independent samples (N = 43,907). We found that reductions in the quality of job performance were consistently associated with increases in Machiavellianism and psychopathy and that CWB was associated with increases in all 3 components of the DT, but that these associations were moderated by such contextual factors as authority and culture. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that the DT explains moderate amounts of the variance in counterproductivity, but not job performance. The results showed that the 3 traits are positively related to one another but are sufficiently distinctive to warrant theoretical and empirical partitioning.

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The DT traits are significantly inter-correlated with considerable convergent correlations between subscales.
“Nevertheless, the DT traits are significantly inter-correlated (18) with considerable convergent correlations between subscales (19).”
From Empathy at the heart of darkness: empathy deficits that bind the dark triad and those that mediate indirect relational aggression. (2019) · cites this paper as [19]

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Workplace incivility and counterproductive workplace behavior (cwb): What is the relationship and does personality play a role?
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Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

The Dark Triad of personality: A 10 year review
Furnham, A., Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12018 · Cited by 1,619 · see citing works
“Ten years ago Paulhus and Williams (2002) called attention to the ‘Dark Triad’, a constellation of three conceptually distinct but empirically overlapping personality variables.”
Background
Toward a taxonomy of dark personalities
Paulhus, D. L. (2014) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414547737 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Narcissism and Leadership: A Meta‐Analytic Review of Linear and Nonlinear Relationships
Grijalva, E., Harms, P. D., Newman, D. A., Gaddis, B. H., & Fraley, R. C. (2015) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12072 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
The dark side of personality at work
Spain, S. M., Harms, P. D., & LeBreton, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1894 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
The dark core of personality
Moshagen, M., Hilbig, B. E., & Zettler, I. (2018) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000111 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
“At first sight, the comparatively low D saturation for Narcissism may seem counterintuitive, given that Narcissism has repeatedly been shown to correlate substantially with the remaining components of the Dark Triad (e.g., Muris et al., 2017; O’Boyle et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Integrating Personality and Social Networks: A Meta-Analysis of Personality, Network Position, and Work Outcomes in Organizations
Fang, R., Landis, B. D., Zhang, Z., Anderson, M. H., Shaw, J. D., & Kilduff, M. J. (2015) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2015.0972 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
The Light vs. Dark Triad of Personality: Contrasting Two Very Different Profiles of Human Nature
Kaufman, S., Yaden, D., Hyde, E., & Tsukayama, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00467 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
A Meta‐Analytic Test of Redundancy and Relative Importance of the Dark Triad and Five‐Factor Model of Personality
O’Boyle, E. H., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., Story, P. A., & White, C. D. (2014) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12126 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Narcissism and Counterproductive Work Behavior ( CWB ): Meta‐Analysis and Consideration of Collectivist Culture, Big Five Personality, and Narcissism's Facet Structure
Grijalva, E. J., & Newman, D. A. (2014) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12025 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Duplicity among the dark triad: Three faces of deceit.
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000139 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
“A critical point for the present paper is that previous work has linked all three Dark Triad members to a predisposition to deceive (Baughman et al., 2014; Giammarco, Atkinson, Baughman, Veselka, & Vernon, 2013; Jonason, Lyons, Baughman, & Vernon, 2015; O’Boyle et al., 2012).”
Background
Moral character in the workplace.
Cohen, T. R., Panter, A. T., Turan, N., Morse, L., & Kim, Y. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037245 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Overqualification and counterproductive work behaviors: Examining a moderated mediation model
Liu, S., Luksyte, A., Zhou, L., Shi, J., & Wang, M. (2014) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1979 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
The Relationship between Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Firm Performance: A Meta-Analysis of Main and Moderator Effects
Miao, C., Qian, S., & Ma, D. (2016) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/jsbm.12240 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Human Resource Development Practices and Employee Engagement: Examining the Connection With Employee Turnover Intentions
Shuck, B., Twyford, D., Reio, T. G., & Shuck, A. L. (2014) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.21190 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Transformational Leadership and Follower’s Unethical Behavior for the Benefit of the Company: A Two-Study Investigation
Effelsberg, D., Solga, M., & Gurt, J. (2013) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1644-z · Cited by 281 · see citing works
“Hypothesis 3 ties in with research that has focused on individual characteristics and, most notably, on Machiavellianism to predict unethical behavior at work (for metaanalytic evidence see Kish-Gephart et al. 2010, and O’Boyle et al. 2011).”
Background
The Effects of the Dark Triad on Unethical Behavior
Harrison, A. J., Summers, J. K., & Mennecke, B. E. (2016) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3368-3 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Fear of Being Exposed: The Trait-Relatedness of the Impostor Phenomenon and its Relevance in the Work Context
Vergauwe, J., Wille, B., Feys, M., Fruyt, F. D., & Anseel, F. (2014) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-014-9382-5 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
“, Kaiser and Hogan 2011), the ‘dark triad’ (O’Boyle et al. 2012), and aberrant personality tendencies (Wille et al.”
Background
The impact of perceived CSR on corporate reputation and purchase intention
Bianchi, E. C., Bruno, J. M., & Sarabia-Sánchez, F. J. (2019) · European Journal of Management and Business Economics · doi:10.1108/ejmbe-12-2017-0068 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Psychopathy and machiavellianism: a distinction without a difference?
Miller, J. D., Hyatt, C. S., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Carter, N. T., & Lynam, D. R. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12251 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
“, 2012), workplace behavior (O’Boyle et al., 2012), financial decision making (e.”
Background
Employability and Career Success: Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Reality
Hogan, R., Chamorro‐Premuzic, T., & Kaiser, R. B. (2013) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/iops.12001 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
#Trending topics in careers: a review and future research agenda
Akkermans, J., & Kubasch, S. (2017) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/cdi-08-2017-0143 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“For example, it would be important to find out what the role of certain dark personality traits (O’Boyle et al., 2012) or destructive leadership (Schyns and Schilling, 2013) would be on the career development of individuals.”
Background
Self-Reported Limitations and Future Directions in Scholarly Reports
Brutus, S., Aguinis, H., & Wassmer, U. (2012) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206312455245 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Narcissism: An Integrative Synthesis and Dominance Complementarity Model
Grijalva, E. J., & Harms, P. D. (2013) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2012.0048 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
“A recent meta-analytic review showed that narcissism is strongly related to CWB (r ϭ .35): Individuals high in narcissism were much more likely to harm their organizations or organizational members than were individuals low in narcissism (O'Boyle et al., 2012”
Influential
Psychopathy in the workplace: The knowns and unknowns
Smith, S. F., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2012) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.11.007 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
The Dark Triad and Workplace Behavior
LeBreton, J. M., Shiverdecker, L. K., & Grimaldi, E. M. (2017) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104451 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Big Five personality and academic dishonesty: A meta-analytic review
Giluk, T. L., & Postlethwaite, B. E. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.027 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Moral disengagement, the dark triad, and unethical consumer attitudes
Egan, V., Hughes, N., & Palmer, E. J. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.054 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Are they among us? A conceptual framework of the relationship between the dark triad personality and counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs)
Cohen, A. G. (2015) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2015.07.003 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Individual differences and their measurement: A review of 100 years of research.
Sackett, P. R., Lievens, F., Iddekinge, C. H. V., & Kuncel, N. R. (2017) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000151 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Leader narcissism and outcomes in organizations: A review at multiple levels of analysis and implications for future research
Braun, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00773 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
“The so-called dark triad of personality consisting of Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, and Narcissism belongs to the best-researched concepts of the dark side in organizations to date (O’Boyle et al., 2012).”
Background
Do Bad Guys Get Ahead or Fall Behind? Relationships of the Dark Triad of Personality With Objective and Subjective Career Success
Spurk, D., Keller, A. C., & Hirschi, A. (2015) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550615609735 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
“Individuals high in Machiavellianism follow three core values: the belief in the effectiveness of manipulative tactics in dealing with other people, a cynical view of human nature, and a moral outlook that puts expediency above principle (O’Boyle et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
Narcissism and romantic relationships: The differential impact of narcissistic admiration and rivalry.
Wurst, S. N., Gerlach, T. M., Dufner, M., Rauthmann, J. F., Grosz, M. P., Küfner, A. C. P., Denissen, J. J. A., & Back, M. D. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000113 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“In the long run, however, Machiavellianism is associated with problems in romantic relationships and with coworkers (Brewer & Abell, 2015b; Dussault, Hojjat, & Boone, 2013; O’Boyle et al., 2012; Zettler & Solga, 2013).”
Background
Prosocial Citizens Without a Moral Compass? Examining the Relationship Between Machiavellianism and Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior
Castille, C. M., Buckner, J. E., V, & Thoroughgood, C. N. (2016) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3079-9 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“In so doing, we move beyond the current dominant focus on attitudinal predictors of UPB and draw greater attention to dispositional factors that are likely potent predictors of such behavior (see Kish-Gephart et al. 2010; O’Boyle et al. 2012).”
Background
Relationships Between Machiavellianism, Organizational Culture, and Workplace Bullying: Emotional Abuse from the Target’s and the Perpetrator’s Perspective
Pilch, I., & Turska, E. (2014) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2081-3 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“Machiavellianism as an undesired feature of the employee and the leader is currently frequently studied and analyzed as the element of the Dark Triad of personality together with subclinical narcissism and psychopathy (Spain et al. 2013; O’Boyle et al. 2012; Harms et al. 2011).”
Background
Effect of Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism on Entrepreneurial Intention—The Mediating of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy
Wu, W., Wang, H., Zheng, C., & Wu, Y. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00360 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
“Moreover, people high in narcissism have a strong motivation to pursue personal goals and are eager to selfimprove and seek attention (O’Boyle, 2012).”
Background
A Century of Selection
Ryan, A. M., & Ployhart, R. E. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115134 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Measures of Dark Personalities
Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386915-9.00020-6 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The bright and dark sides of leaders' dark triad traits: Effects on subordinates' career success and well-being
Volmer, J., Koch, I. K., & Göritz, A. S. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.046 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
The dark triad and knowledge hiding
Pan, W., Zhang, Q., Teo, T. S. H., & Lim, V. K. G. (2018) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.05.008 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
The Double-Edged Sword of Grandiose Narcissism: Implications for Successful and Unsuccessful Leadership Among U.S. Presidents
Watts, A. L., Lilienfeld, S. O., Smith, S. F., Miller, J. D., Campbell, W. K., Waldman, I. D., Rubenzer, S. J., & Faschingbauer, T. J. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613491970 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
The Dark Triad and Nascent Entrepreneurship: An Examination of Unproductive versus Productive Entrepreneurial Motives
Hmieleski, K. M., & Lerner, D. A. (2016) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/jsbm.12296 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Upsides to Dark and Downsides to Bright Personality: A Multidomain Review and Future Research Agenda
Smith, M. B., Hill, A., Wallace, J. C., Recendes, T., & Judge, T. A. (2017) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206317733511 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“Mawritz, & Quade, 2017; Grijalva & Newman, 2015; O’Boyle et al., 2012; Wille et al., 2013; Wu & LeBreton, 2011), and negatively relate to positive employee attitudes and performance (Dahling, Whitaker, & Levy, 2009; Mathieu, 2013; Mathieu, Neumann, Hare, & Babiak, 2014; Michel & Bowling, 2013;…”
BackgroundInfluential
Employee Machiavellianism to Unethical Behavior
Greenbaum, R. L., Hill, A., Mawritz, M. B., & Quade, M. J. (2014) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206314535434 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Measuring the dark core of personality.
Moshagen, M., Zettler, I., & Hilbig, B. E. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000778 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The Dark Triad and dispositional aggression
Jones, D. N., & Neria, A. L. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.021 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Shall we serve the dark lords? A meta-analytic review of psychopathy and leadership.
Landay, K., Harms, P. D., & Credé, M. (2018) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000357 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
The Dark Side of Personality and Extreme Leader Behavior
Kaiser, R. B., LeBreton, J. M., & Hogan, J. C. (2013) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12024 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Motivation to lead: A meta-analysis and distal-proximal model of motivation and leadership.
Badura, K., Grijalva, E. J., Galvin, B. M., Owens, B. P., & Joseph, D. L. (2019) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000439 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Narcissism and learning from entrepreneurial failure
Liu, Y., Li, Y., Hao, X., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.01.003 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Corporate psychopathy and abusive supervision: Their influence on employees' job satisfaction and turnover intentions
Mathieu, C., & Babiak, P. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.002 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
The influence of the dark triad on the relationship between entrepreneurial attitude orientation and entrepreneurial intention: A study among students in Taiwan University
Do, B., & Dadvari, A. (2017) · Asia Pacific Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.apmrv.2017.07.011 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Hedonism, Achievement, and Power: Universal values that characterize the Dark Triad
Kajonius, P., Persson, B. N., & Jonason, P. K. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.055 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“See You in Court”: How CEO narcissism increases firms' vulnerability to lawsuits
O’Reilly, C. A., Doerr, B., & Chatman, J. A. (2017) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.08.001 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Angel on one shoulder: Can perceived organizational support moderate the relationship between the Dark Triad traits and counterproductive work behavior?
Palmer, J. C., Komarraju, M., Carter, M. Z., & Karau, S. J. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.018 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“They also tend to engage in more counterproductive work behavior (CWB; O'Boyle et al., 2012).”
Background
A meta-analytic review and future research agenda of charismatic leadership
Banks, G. C., Engemann, K. N., Williams, C., Gooty, J., McCauley, K. D., & Medaugh, M. R. (2017) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.12.003 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Moral character: What it is and what it does
Cohen, T. R., & Morse, L. (2014) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2014.08.003 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Exposure to workplace harassment and the Five Factor Model of personality: A meta-analysis
Nielsen, M. B., Glasø, L., & Einarsen, S. V. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.015 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Correlates of psychopathic personality traits in everyday life: results from a large community survey
Lilienfeld, S. O., Latzman, R. D., Watts, A. L., Smith, S. F., & Dutton, K. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00740 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Competition, autonomy, and prestige: Mechanisms through which the Dark Triad predict job satisfaction
Jonason, P. K., Wee, S., & Li, N. P. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.026 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“Thinking bigger and better about ‘‘bad apples’’: Evolutionary Industrial/Organizational Psychology and the Dark Triad.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
CEO grandiose narcissism and firm performance: The role of organizational identification
Reina, C. S., Zhang, Z., & Peterson, S. J. (2014) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.06.004 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Does job crafting always lead to employee well-being and performance? Meta-analytical evidence on the moderating role of societal culture
Boehnlein, P., & Baum, M. (2020) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2020.1737177 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Previous meta-analyses that looked at organizational research also focused on positive rather than negative work behaviors (e.g. Dalal, 2005; O’Boyle et al., 2012).”
Background
Risk in the face of retribution: Psychopathic individuals persist in financial misbehavior among the Dark Triad
Jones, D. N. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.030 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
The Invisible Eye? Electronic Performance Monitoring and Employee Job Performance
Bhave, D. P. (2013) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12046 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The Dark Triad and sexual harassment proclivity
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Avi Besser, A., Morag, J., & Campbell, W. K. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.048 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Narcissism and career success: Occupational self-efficacy and career engagement as mediators
Hirschi, A., & Jänsch, V. K. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.002 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“Moreover, because people high in narcissism have high levels of selfapprobation, they should evaluate their own accomplishments positively (O’Boyle et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
When the dark ones gain power: perceived position power strengthens the effect of supervisor Machiavellianism on abusive supervision in work teams.
Wisse, B., & Sleebos, E. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.019 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Occupational niches and the Dark Triad traits
Jonason, P. K., Wee, S., Li, N. P., & Jackson, C. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.05.024 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“Instead of focusing on grouplevel outcomes (O’Boyle et al., 2012; Spain et al., 2014), we have examined how individual differences in the Dark Triad traits are associated with individual-level career interests.”
Background
I'm Too Good for This Job: Narcissism's Role in the Experience of Overqualification
Maynard, D. C., Brondolo, E. M., Connelly, C. E., & Sauer, C. E. (2014) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12031 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Investigating the MACH–IV With Item Response Theory and Proposing the Trimmed MACH*
Rauthmann, J. F. (2012) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.742905 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Unit-Level Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB): A Conceptual Review and Quantitative Summary
Carpenter, N. C., Whitman, D. S., & Amrhein, R. (2020) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206320978812 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Article Commentary: Research on the Dark Side of Personality Traits in Entrepreneurship: Observations from an Organizational Behavior Perspective
Klotz, A. C., & Neubaum, D. O. (2015) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/etap.12214 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Organizational cynicism: Spillover effects on supervisor–subordinate relationships and performance
Neves, P. (2012) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.06.006 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Measuring malevolence: Quantitative issues surrounding the Dark Triad of personality
Furnham, A. F., Richards, S. C., Rangel, L. M., & Jones, D. N. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.001 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Quick and Dirty: Some Psychosocial Costs Associated with the Dark Triad in Three Countries
Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., & Czarna, A. Z. (2013) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491301100116 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Most work on the Dark Triad has focused on the group-level costs (e.g., O’Boyle et al., 2012), which might not be the proper level of analyses for an evolutionary investigation of the Dark Triad (Jonason, Webster, et al., 2012).”
Background
The Dark Triad and the seven deadly sins
Veselka, L., Giammarco, E. A., & Vernon, P. A. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.055 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Not Enough of a ‘Dark’ Trait? Linking Machiavellianism to Job Performance
Zettler, I., & Solga, M. (2013) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1912 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Previous research linking Machiavellianism to job performance can generally be categorised into two perspectives (O’Boyle et al., 2012): On the one hand, it has been argued”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The relationship between emotional intelligence and the dark triad personality traits: A meta-analytic review
Miao, C., Humphrey, R. H., Qian, S., & Pollack, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2018.12.004 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“For example, meta-analytic findings showed that narcissism was positively related to counterproductive work behaviors and provoked aggression; Machiavellianism was positively related to counterproductive work behaviors and negatively related to job performance; and psychopathy was positively related to counterproducti…”
Background
The malevolent side of organizational identification: unraveling the impact of psychological entitlement and manipulative personality on unethical work behaviors
Naseer, S., Bouckenooghe, D., Syed, F., Khan, A. K., & Qazi, S. (2019) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-019-09623-0 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The importance of being humble: A meta-analysis and incremental validity analysis of the relationship between honesty-humility and job performance.
Lee, Y., Berry, C. M., & Gonzalez-Mule, E. N. (2019) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000421 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Personality Traits Are Associated with Research Misbehavior in Dutch Scientists: A Cross-Sectional Study
Tijdink, J. K., Bouter, L. M., Veldkamp, C. L. S., van de Ven, P. M., Wicherts, J. M., & Smulders, Y. M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163251 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Fatal attraction: A systematic review and research agenda of the dark triad in entrepreneurship
Brownell, K. M., McMullen, J. S., & O’Boyle, E. H. (2021) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2021.106106 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Dark Triad traits and their structure: An empirical approach
Rogoza, R., & Cieciuch, J. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9834-6 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“…clinicians (e.g., the Dark Triad traits predicts subjective well-being and personality disorders; Aghababaei and Błachnio 2015; Miller et al. 2011) and even employers (e.g., the Dark Triad traits predict job performance and counterproductive work behavior; DeShong et al. 2015; O’Boyle et al. 2012).”
Background
Revisiting the Structure of the Short Dark Triad
Persson, B. N., Kajonius, P., & Garcia, D. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117701192 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Expanding and Reconceptualizing Aberrant Personality at Work: Validity of Five‐Factor Model Aberrant Personality Tendencies to Predict Career Outcomes
Wille, B., Fruyt, F. D., & Clercq, B. J. D. (2012) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12016 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“& Williams, 2002) in particular has extensively been suggested (Wu & LeBreton, 2011) and been employed (O’Boyle et al., 2012) to study the effects of aberrant personality traits on various indicators of work performance.”
Background
Definitional and Conceptual Muddling: Identifying the Positionality of Employee Engagement and Defining the Construct
Shuck, B., Osam, K., Zigarmi, D., & Nimon, K. (2017) · Human Resource Development Review · doi:10.1177/1534484317720622 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Maladaptive Personality at Work: Exploring the Darkness
Guenole, N. (2014) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/iops.12114 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Understanding Virtue
Wright, J. C., Warren, M. T., & Snow, N. E. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190655136.001.0001 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Entitled vengeance: A meta‐analysis relating narcissism to provoked aggression
Rasmussen, K. R. (2015) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21632 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
What’s mine is mine and what’s yours is mine: The Dark Triad and gambling with your neighbor’s money
Jones, D. N. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.04.005 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“The Dark Triad traits have also been linked to poor business outcomes and work behaviors in unique ways (O’Boyle et al., 2012).”
Background
Dark Leadership: The Role of Leaders’ Dark Triad Personality Traits
Furtner, M. R., Maran, T. K., & Rauthmann, J. F. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64740-1_4 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Toot Your Own Horn? Leader Narcissism and the Effectiveness of Employee Self-Promotion
Hartog, D. N. D., Hoogh, A. H. B. D., & Belschak, F. D. (2018) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206318785240 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Examining the “I” in Team: A Longitudinal Investigation of the Influence of Team Narcissism Composition on Team Outcomes in the NBA
Grijalva, E. J., Maynes, T. D., Badura, K., & Whiting, S. W. (2019) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2017.0218 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Although past meta-analytic research has established that, on average, narcissism does not interfere with an employee’s ability to perform tasks independently (O’Boyle et al., 2012), we show that narcissism does hinder collaborative team performance over time.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
When the dark ones become darker: How promotion focus moderates the effects of the dark triad on supervisor performance ratings
Smith, M. B., Wallace, J. C., & Jordan, P. (2015) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2038 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Too arrogant for their own good? Why and when narcissists dismiss advice
Kausel, E. E., Culbertson, S. S., Leiva, P. I., Slaughter, J. E., & Jackson, A. (2015) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.07.006 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
It's All about All of Us: The Rise of Narcissism and Its Implications for Management Control System Research
Young, S. M., Du, F., Dworkis, K. K., & Olsen, K. J. (2015) · Journal of Management Accounting Research · doi:10.2308/jmar-51024 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The double-edged sword of leader charisma: Understanding the curvilinear relationship between charismatic personality and leader effectiveness.
Vergauwe, J., Wille, B., Hofmans, J., Kaiser, R. B., & Fruyt, F. D. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000147 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Showing one's true colors: Leader Machiavellianism, rules and instrumental climate, and abusive supervision
Hoogh, A. H. B. D., Hartog, D. N. D., & Belschak, F. D. (2021) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2536 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“For instance, O'Boyle et al. (2012) found that an ingroup-collectivistic climate moderated the link between employee narcissism and work behavior.”
Comparing models of counterproductive workplace behaviors: The Five-Factor Model and the Dark Triad
DeShong, H. L., Grant, D. M., & Mullins‐Sweatt, S. N. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.001 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“This is consistent with previous literature, which indicates that individuals high in any Dark Triad trait tends to engage in a variety of negative workplace behaviors (O’Boyle et al., 2012).”
Result
Knowledge sabotage as an extreme form of counterproductive knowledge behavior: the role of narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and competitiveness
Serenko, A., & Choo, C. W. (2020) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-06-2020-0416 · Cited by 96 · see citing works

Dark Triad, Counterproductive Work Behaviour and Job Performance
Crosman, M. I. (2021) · Studia Doctoralia · doi:10.47040/sdpsych.v12i2.134 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dark Personality Traits and Counterproductive Work Behavior: A PRISMA Systematic Review
Duradoni, M., Gursesli, M. C., Martucci, A., Ayarza, I. Y. G., Colombini, G., & Guazzini, A. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231219921 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Dark Triad and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: Which of the Dark Triad Traits is More Malevolent
Özsoy, E. (2018) · Journal of Business Research - Turk · doi:10.20491/isarder.2018.546 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The dark triad personality traits and work behaviors: A person-centered approach
Nguyen, N., Pascart, S., & Borteyrou, X. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110432 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Does it pay to be bad? An investigation of dark triad traits and job performance in India
Uppal, N. (2021) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-07-2019-0391 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Authors: O'Boyle, E. H., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., & McDaniel, M. A.
Affiliations: University of Richmond (US)
Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
ORCID: Forsyth, Donelson R.
Banks, George C.
Venue: Journal of Applied Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2012-05
Volume: 97
Issue: 3
Pages: 557-579
ISSN: 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
1939-1854
DOI: 10.1037/a0025679
OpenAlex: W2005207520
Cited by: 1,331
References: 250
Citations by year: 2026: 94 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 144 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 171 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 4.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
Keywords: Dark Triad, Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, employee performance, counterproductive work behavior, social exchange theory, workplace authority, organizational culture, personality traits
MeSH terms: Antisocial Personality Disorder, Employee Discipline, Employment, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Machiavellianism, Narcissism

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A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior: a social exchange perspective

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