Cross-cultural flexibility: Validation of the traditional Mandarin, simplified Mandarin, and Japanese translations of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory

Lin, Yi-Ying; Rogge, Ronald D.; Swanson, Dena Phillips

doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.11.008

Cited by 58Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychometric Methodologies and TestingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Cross-cultural flexibility: Validation of the traditional Mandarin, simplified Mandarin, and Japanese translations of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory

Lin, Yi-Ying, Rogge, Ronald D., Swanson, Dena Phillips·2020·Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science

DOI 10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.11.008

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The Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory questionnaire in general and its subscales have demonstrated good psychometric properties in both clinical and nonclinical samples.
“The questionnaire in general and its subscales have demonstrated good psychometric properties in both clinical and nonclinical samples [40, 74–76].”
From A group resilience training program for people with multiple sclerosis: Study protocol of a multi-centre cluster-randomized controlled trial (multi-READY for MS) (2022) · cites this paper as [74]
Most studies on ACT effectiveness and correlational research on psychological flexibility/inflexibility relied on unidimensional scales that assess global levels and fail to capture specific Hexaflex dimensions.
“Despite the multidimensional nature of the Hexaflex model, most of the aforementioned studies on the effectiveness of ACT interventions and correlational research on psychological flexibility/inflexibility relied on unidimensional scales”
From The Iranian form of psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (2022) · cites this paper as Lin et al., 2020
The MPFI has demonstrated good reliability and validity in clinical and non-clinical samples.
“The MPFI has demonstrated good reliability and validity in clinical and non-clinical samples (Lin et al., 2020; Rogge et al., 2019; Stabbe et al., 2019).”
From Health Anxiety and Mental Health Outcome During COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of Psychological Flexibility (2020) · cites this paper as Lin et al., 2020

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“(Lin et al., 2020), has 60 questions and contains two dimensions: psychological flexibility and psychological inflexibility.”
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“The translations of the MPFI demonstrated excellent measurement invariance across the four languages and five cultural groups in the current study (Lin et al., 2020) and high levels of internal consistency (Table 1).”
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“These results are in line with findings from previous research on the MPFI-60 (Landi, Pakenham, Giovannetti, et al., 2021; Lin et al., 2020; Rogge et al., 2019; Rolffs et al., 2018; Stabbe et al., 2019; Thomas et al., 2021).”
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“…factor structure observed in previous studies that tested the internal structures of both the MPFI-60 (Azadfar et al., 2022; Landi et al., 2021; Lin et al., 2020 ; Rolffs et al., 2016; Seidler et al., 2020; Simkin et al., 2023; Sundström et al., 2023; Tabrizi et al., 2022 ), and the MPFI-24…”
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“These studies have shown that, in Western countries, experiential avoidance indicates low functioning, whereas, in Eastern countries such as China, experiential avoidance may be associated with higher functioning, representing an adaptive response that meets social expectations (Lin et al. 2020).”
Mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between psychological flexibility and psychological well-being in women with breast cancer
Abdelrasheed, N. S. G., Petkov, I., Kaur, H., Sharma, A., Prasad, K., Nazarova, D., Gardanova, Z. R., Nikolenko, D. A., Ismail, S. M., & Zwamel, A. H. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2478660 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Numerous empirical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of ACT in improving quality of life and psychological well-being in various populations (e.g., [12–16]).”
From diagnostic criteria to change processes: validation of the Korean process-based assessment tool using a machine learning approach
Jo, D., Im, S., Lee, E., Sundström, F., & Yang, E. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10693-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Efficacy of ACT for parents of children with special health care needs: Preliminary findings from Malaysia
Lim, R. G., Mohamad, F. S., & Voon, S. P. (2025) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100920 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Romanian Adaptation and Validation of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory
Marian, Ș., Crișan, I., Varga, Ș. S., & Isbășoiu, A. B. (2026) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/01632787261430842 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The results of Lin et al. (2020) also hint towards cultural differences in psychological ﬂ exibility, as in their study, experiential avoidance was related to higher functioning, which they attributed to a particularity of East Asian cultures (which are predominantly collectivist).”
Influential
Validation of the Italian Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory Short Form (MPFI-24)
Landi, G., Bao, Z., Bruno, F., Pakenham, K. I., Chiesi, F., Tossani, E., & Grandi, S. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16040510 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The MPFI has been translated into various languages and culturally adapted and validated in numerous countries [e.g., Sweden (Tabrizi et al., 2023); Italy (Landi et al., 2021b); Iran (Hekmati et al., 2024); China (Lin et al., 2020), and Japan (Lin et al., 2020)].”
Psychological Flexibility in South Sudanese Female Trauma Survivors in Uganda as a Mechanism for Change Within a Guided Self-Help InterventionPreprint
Lakin, D. P., Cooper, S. E., Anderson, L., Augustinavicius, J., Brown, F. L., Carswell, K., Leku, M. R., Adaku, A., Au, T. M., Bryant, R. A., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/bj3sr · Cited by 1 · see citing works
EXPLORING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CROSS-CULTURAL FLEXIBILITY SCALE: A PRELIMINARY STUDY
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Profiles of psychological flexibility and influencing factors among operating room nurses: A latent profile analysisPreprint
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Feasibility and Efficacy of an ACT-Based Intervention for Malaysian Parents of Children with Special Health Care Needs: A Pilot Study
Lim, R. G., Voon, S. P., & Mohamad, F. S. (2025) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs-160498
Psychological flexibility typologies and non-suicidal self-injury behavior among Chinese adolescents: a latent profile and multiple mediation analysis
Ni, Y., & Fang, S. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03605-z
“PF was assessed using the PF subscale of the Chinese version of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI) [55], which has been demonstrated to have good reliability and validity in Chinese adolescent samples [56].”
Validation of the French Version of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI-60) in a Nonclinical Adult SamplePreprint
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Latent profiles of psychological flexibility and inflexibility among Korean young adults: associations with depression and anxiety
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Autistic- and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-like traits: differential associations with burnout, depression and anxiety, and empathy among Japanese junior residents
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Psychological Flexibility as a Mediator Between Parenting Stress and Depression Among Chinese Primary Caregivers of Infants: A Cross-Sectional Study
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“The core of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is to cultivate psychological flexibility to buffer stress and depression, which originated from the Western individ-ualistic cultural context centered on personal value pursuit [31,32].”
Psychometric Evaluation of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI) in Racially Diverse Adults in Hawaiʻi
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“Similarly, measurement invari - ance findings across racial categories (i.e., Asian, White, and others) in the present studies align with previous research that reported cross-cultural measurement invariance of MPFI among three Asian groups using their languages (i.e., traditional Mandarin for participants from Taiwan…”
Influential

Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory- Persian (MPFI-P): An extensive investigation of long and short versions in community and clinical samples
Hekmati, I., Abdollahpour Ranjbar, H., Ciarrochi, J., Laghaei, M., Rezaei Golezani, H., & Eskin, M. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.100717 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Romanian Adaptation and Validation of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory
Marian, Ș., Crișan, I., Varga, Ș. S., & Isbășoiu, A. B. (2026) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/01632787261430842 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI)
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Self-citation
Self-help groups for coping with crisis
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Authors: Lin, Y.-Y., Rogge, R. D., & Swanson, D. P.
Affiliations: College of Saint Rose (US)
University of Rochester (US)
University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
Corresponding author: Rogge, Ronald D.
ORCID: Lin, Yi-Ying
Rogge, Ronald D.
Swanson, Dena Phillips
Venue: Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-01
Volume: 15
Pages: 73-84
ISSN: 2212-1447 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.11.008
OpenAlex: W2990894117
Cited by: 58
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3
FWCI: 4.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: erratum (2021-07-01)
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: psychological flexibility, acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, cross-cultural adaptation, Mandarin translation, Japanese translation, measurement invariance, experiential avoidance, defusion, self-as-context, cross-cultural validation, well-being, psychological distress

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Cross-cultural flexibility: Validation of the traditional Mandarin, simplified Mandarin, and Japanese translations of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory

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