Age-Related Changes in the Episodic Simulation of Future Events
Abstract
Episodic memory enables individuals to recollect past events as well as imagine possible future scenarios. Although the episodic specificity of past events declines as people grow older, it is unknown whether the same is true for future events. In an adapted version of the Autobiographical Interview, young and older participants generated past and future events. Transcriptions were segmented into distinct details that were classified as either internal (episodic) or external. Older adults generated fewer internal details than younger adults for past events, a result replicating previous findings; more important, we show that this deficit extends to future events. Furthermore, the number of internal details and the number of external details both showed correlations between past and future events. Finally, the number of internal details generated by older adults correlated with their relational memory abilities, a finding consistent with the constructive-episodic-simulation hypothesis, which holds that simulation of future episodes requires a system that can flexibly recombine details from past events into novel scenarios.
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Across past and future events, the numbers of episodic details are strongly correlated, as are the numbers of non-episodic details.
“Much of the literature to date has focused on whether constituent details are episodic or semantic in nature, finding that across past and future events the numbers of episodic details is strongly correlated, as are the numbers of non-episodic details (e.g., Addis et al., 2008).”
From Mental Time Travel? A Neurocognitive Model of Event Simulation. (2020) · cites this paper as Addis et al., 2008
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- Authors
- Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T., & Schacter, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-41
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2107267593
- Cited by
- 660
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 13.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG 08441)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- episodic memory, episodic simulation, future events, aging, older adults, autobiographical memory, autobiographical interviews, relational memory, episodic specificity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aging, Female, Humans, Imagination, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Mental Recall, Word Association Tests
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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