On the functional anatomy of the urge-for-action
Open accessAbstract
Several common neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome (TS), autistic spectrum disorder) are associated with unpleasant bodily sensations that are perceived as an urge for action. Similarly, many of our everyday behaviors are also characterized by bodily sensations that we experience as urges for action. Where do these urges originate? In this paper, we consider the nature and the functional anatomy of "urges-for-action," both in the context of everyday behaviors such as yawning, swallowing, and micturition, and in relation to clinical disorders in which the urge-for-action is considered pathological and substantially interferes with activities of daily living (e.g., TS). We review previous frameworks for thinking about behavioral urges and demonstrate that there is considerable overlap between the functional anatomy of urges associated with everyday behaviors such as swallowing, yawning, and micturition, and those urges associated with the generation of tics in TS. Specifically, we show that the limbic sensory and motor regions-insula and mid-cingulate cortex-are common to all of these behaviors, and we argue that this "motivation-for-action" network should be considered distinct from an "intentional action" network, associated with regions of premotor and parietal cortex, which may be responsible for the perception of "willed intention" during the execution of goal-directed actions.
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In Tourette syndrome (TS), the premonitory urge and UFA are associated with the right anterior insula.
“In TS, the premonitory urge and UFA are associated with the right anterior insula (Jackson et al., 2011, 2020).”
From Differences in response inhibition between medication-free patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without sensory phenomena (2026) · cites this paper as Jackson et al., 2011
The paper’s meta-analytic comparison reports that the urge to tic in TS overlaps with other urges in the right insular cortex, and its reward-prediction section associates awareness of bodily sensations as an urge for action with the anterior insula. It does not specifically locate the TS-related premonitory urge in the right anterior insula; it proposes that the premonitory sensations themselves are represented in the posterior and mid-insula. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe insula and sensorimotor cortex are common regions involved in urge-for-action (UFA).
“The insula and sensorimotor cortex in particular are common regions involved in UFA (Berman et al., 2012; Jackson et al., 2011; Lerner et al., 2009).”
From Differences in response inhibition between medication-free patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without sensory phenomena (2026) · cites this paper as Jackson et al., 2011
The meta-analytic comparison (Study selection criteria; page unavailable) identifies the right insula as a common activation region, but identifies the other overlapping region as the mid-cingulate cortex, not the sensorimotor cortex. It says the two behaviors have distinct, spatially separate representations in primary sensorimotor cortex. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSensory phenomena may be associated with urge-for-action.
“SP may be associated with urge‐for‐action (UFA) (Berman et al., 2012; Jackson et al., 2011), which is similar to the premonitory urge to tic (Botteron et al., 2019).”
From Differences in response inhibition between medication-free patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without sensory phenomena (2026) · cites this paper as Jackson et al., 2011
Neuroimaging studies report activation in the insula, parietal somatosensory regions, and motor/premotor regions during build-up and suppression of urges-for-action, with mid-posterior insula and cingulate motor area active during urges-for-action and the urge to tic.
“Neuroimaging studies report activation in the insula, parietal somatosensory regions and motor/premotor regions to be involved in the build-up and suppression of urges-for-action [80–82], with a common region of mid-posterior insula and cingulate motor area (CMA) active during urges-for-action in non-psychiatric participants and the urge to tic in TS [81, see also 83–84].”
From Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [81]
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- Authors
- Jackson, S. R., Parkinson, A., Kim, S. Y., Schüermann, M., & Eickhoff, S. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Korea University (KR)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Jackson, Stephen R.
- Venue
- Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-09
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 227-243
- ISSN
- 1758-8928 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-8936
- PMC
- PMC3259619
- OpenAlex
- W1987369456
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- JuSER (Forschungszentrum Jülich) (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- Tourette syndrome, tics, functional anatomy, insula, midcingulate cortex, premotor cortex, parietal cortex, swallowing, yawning, micturition, obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bodily sensations, goal-directed action
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