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Early psychological intervention following recent trauma: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and debilitating disorder which has a significant impact on the lives of sufferers. A number of early psychological interventions have been developed to try to prevent chronic difficulties. Objective: The objective of this study was to establish the current evidence for the effectiveness of multiple session early psychological interventions aimed at preventing or treating traumatic stress symptoms beginning within three months of trauma exposure. Methods: Randomized controlled trials of early multiple session psychological interventions aimed at preventing or reducing traumatic stress symptoms of individuals exposed to a traumatic event, fulfiling trauma criteria for an ICD or DSM diagnosis of PTSD were identified through a search of the Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group Clinical Trials Registers database, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and PILOTS. Two authors independently extracted study details and data and completed risk of bias assessments. Analyses were undertaken using Review Manager software. Quality of findings were rated according to ‘Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation’ (GRADE) and appraised for clinical importance. Results: Sixty-one studies evaluating a variety of interventions were identified. For individuals exposed to a trauma who were not pre-screened for traumatic stress symptoms there were no clinically important differences between any intervention and usual care. For individuals reporting traumatic stress symptoms we found clinically important evidence of benefits for trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT-T), cognitive therapy without exposure and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Differences were greatest for those diagnosed with acute stress disorder (ASD) and PTSD. Conclusions: There is evidence for the effectiveness of several early psychological interventions for individuals with traumatic stress symptoms following trauma exposure, especially for those meeting the diagnostic threshold for ASD or PTSD. Evidence is strongest for trauma-focused CBT.
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“A recent meta-analysis indicates that certain such interventions (especially trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy) are effective at preventing PTSD (Roberts et al., 2019)”
From PTSD in the Year Following Sexual Assault: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies (2023) · cites this paper as Roberts et al., 2019
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“Similarly, the remaining two reviews that had inclusion criteria for studies to include participants on the basis of higher-risk profiles reported that interventions in this population were effective.41 78”
From Impact of healthcare interventions on distress following acute musculoskeletal/orthopaedic injury: A scoping review of systematic reviews (2024) · cites this paper as [78]
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“Efforts to prevent PTSD in the aftermath of trauma exposure have long focused on the first three months post-trauma as a critical period for delivering interventions (Roberts et al., 2019).”
From PTSD in the Year Following Sexual Assault: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies (2023) · cites this paper as Roberts et al., 2019
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“There are also a number of reviews that summarize interventions for individuals with a diagnosed mental health disorder, such as PTSD, e.g., [16,17].”
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“Efforts to prevent PTSD in the aftermath of trauma exposure have long focused on the first 3 months posttrauma as a critical period for delivering interventions (Roberts et al., 2019).”
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Roberts, N. P., Kitchiner, N. J., Kenardy, J., Lewis, C. E., & Bisson, J. I.
- Affiliations
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board (GB)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Roberts, Neil P.
- Venue
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-12-06
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1695486-1695486
- ISSN
- 2000-8066 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6913678
- OpenAlex
- W2992254139
- Cited by
- 200
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 3.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, early psychological intervention, trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy, EMDR, cognitive therapy, traumatic stress symptoms, trauma exposure
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