The transcriptional cycle of HIV-1 in real-time and live cells
Open accessAbstract
RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is a fundamental enzyme, but few studies have analyzed its activity in living cells. Using human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 reporters, we study real-time messenger RNA (mRNA) biogenesis by photobleaching nascent RNAs and RNAPII at specific transcription sites. Through modeling, the use of mutant polymerases, drugs, and quantitative in situ hybridization, we investigate the kinetics of the HIV-1 transcription cycle. Initiation appears efficient because most polymerases demonstrate stable gene association. We calculate an elongation rate of approximately 1.9 kb/min, and, surprisingly, polymerases remain at transcription sites 2.5 min longer than nascent RNAs. With a total polymerase residency time estimated at 333 s, 114 are assigned to elongation, and 63 are assigned to 3′-end processing and/or transcript release. However, mRNAs were released seconds after polyadenylation onset, and analysis of polymerase density by chromatin immunoprecipitation suggests that they pause or lose processivity after passing the polyA site. The strengths and limitations of this kinetic approach to analyze mRNA biogenesis in living cells are discussed.
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RNA Pol II speed in live cells was estimated to range from 0.6 kb/min to 4.3 kb/min by FRAP experiments using MS2 fluorescent proteins.
“RNA Pol II speed in live cells was estimated to range from 0.6 kb/min to 4.3 kb/min by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments using MS2 fluorescent proteins to label nascent MS2 repeat‐containing RNAs (Boireau et al, 2007; Darzacq et al, 2007; Ben‐Ari et al, 2010; Yunger et al, 2010; Brody et al, 2011; Maiuri et al, 2011; Muramoto et al, 2012; Corrigan et al, 2016).”
From RNA polymerase II speed: a key player in controlling and adapting transcriptome composition (2021) · cites this paper as Boireau et al, 2007
Maiuri et al reported an extremely high RNA Pol II speed (about 80 kb/min) on an HIV-based vector integrated in one copy, whereas when integrated in 35 copies, RNA Pol II velocity was estimated at 1.6 kb/min.
“Along the same line, Maiuri et al (2011) even reported an extremely high RNA Pol II speed (about 80 kb/min) on an HIV‐based vector integrated in one copy, whereas when integrated in 35 copies, RNA Pol II velocity was estimated at 1.6 kb/min, similar to earlier estimates from multicopy HIV‐derived vector insertions (Boireau et al, 2007).”
From RNA polymerase II speed: a key player in controlling and adapting transcriptome composition (2021) · cites this paper as Boireau et al, 2007
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“…even reported an extremely high RNA Pol II speed (about 80 kb/min) on an HIV-based vector integrated in one copy, whereas when integrated in 35 copies, RNA Pol II velocity was estimated at 1.6 kb/min, similar to earlier estimates from multicopy HIV-derived vector insertions (Boireau et al , 2007).”
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- Authors
- Boireau, S., Maiuri, P., Basyuk, E., de la Mata, M., Knezevich, A., Pradet-Balade, B., Bäcker, V., Kornblihtt, A., Marcello, A., & Bertrand, E.
- Affiliations
- 1Institute of Molecular Genetics of Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5535,
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (IT)
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (FR)
- 4Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular, y Celular, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, (C1428EHA) Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 2Montpellier Rio Imaging, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- Venue
- The Journal of Cell Biology
- Publisher
- Rockefeller University Press
- Published
- 2007-10-22
- Volume
- 179
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 291-304
- ISSN
- 0021-9525 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-8140
- PMC
- PMC2064765
- OpenAlex
- W2157001814
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 6.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- The Journal of Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Keywords
- HIV-1 transcription, RNA polymerase II, nascent RNA, photobleaching, live-cell imaging, mRNA biogenesis, polyadenylation, transcription initiation, polymerase processivity, poly(A) site
- MeSH terms
- Cell Survival, Computer Simulation, Humans, Kinetics, Models, Genetic, Mutation, RNA Polymerase II, RNA, Messenger, RNA, Viral, Time Factors, Transcription, Genetic, HIV-1, Gene Expression Regulation, Viral, In Situ Hybridization, Genes, Reporter, RNA 3' End Processing, Polyadenylation, Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching, Photobleaching, Cell Line, Tumor
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