Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Attributes of Statins: Relevance in Solid‐Organ Transplant Recipients

Sun, Hsin‐Yun; Singh, Nina

doi:10.1086/597039

Cited by 65Sepsis Diagnosis and TreatmentCancer, Lipids, and MetabolismAntifungal resistance and susceptibility

Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Attributes of Statins: Relevance in Solid‐Organ Transplant Recipients

Sun, Hsin‐Yun, Singh, Nina·2009·Clinical Infectious Diseases

DOI 10.1086/597039

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Abstract

Statins are increasingly being used to treat solid-organ transplant recipients for posttransplantation metabolic complications. In addition to improving dyslipidemia, statins also have manifold non-lipid-lowering effects. With regard to sepsis or infection, these agents modify the inflammatory cascades by pleiotropic actions at multiple levels and exhibit activities against opportunistic bacteria, fungi, and viruses that can cause serious infections in solid-organ transplant recipients. They also have synergistic interactions with antimicrobial agents. Statins with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory attributes might improve morbidity and mortality attributable to sepsis or infection in solid-organ transplant recipients.

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The growth inhibition effect of statins on yeast cells is related to decreasing ergosterol level, which occurs because of inactivation of HMG-CoA reductase by statins in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway.
“The growth inhibition effect of statins on yeast cells is related to the decreasing ergosterol level, which occurs because of the inactivation of HMG-CoA reductase inactivation by statins in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway [16] .”
From Statins as antifungal agents (2011) · cites this paper as [16]
As a consequence of pleiotropic beneficial effects of statins beyond lipid lowering, there is decreased risk of chronic renal failure and improved endothelial dysfunction.
“As a consequence of the pleiotropic beneficial effects of statins beyond their lipid lowering attributes, there is a decreased risk of chronic renal failure and an improved endothelial dysfunction) [16] .”
From Statins as antifungal agents (2011) · cites this paper as [16]
A number of studies detail beneficial effects of statins in transplant or non-transplant recipients with sepsis or infection.
“A number of studies detail the beneficial effects of statins in transplant or non-transplant recipients with sepsis or infection [16] .”
From Statins as antifungal agents (2011) · cites this paper as [16]

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Jardine, A. G., Holdaas, H., Fellström, B., Cole, E., Nyberg, G., Grönhagen‐Riska, C., Madsen, S., Neumayer, H., Maes, B., Ambühl, P. M., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00445.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Statin Use and Hospitalization for Sepsis in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Gupta, R., Plantinga, L., Fink, N. E., Melamed, M. L., Coresh, J., Fox, C. S., Levin, N. W., & Powe, N. R. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.297.13.1455 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Lovastatin Has Significant Activity against Zygomycetes and Interacts Synergistically with Voriconazole
Chamilos, G., Lewis, R. E., & Kontoyiannis, D. P. (2006) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.50.1.96-103.2006 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Late mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation
Rabkin, J. M., Melena, V. D. L., Orloff, S. L., Corless, C. L., Rosen, H. R., & Olyaei, A. J. (2001) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0002-9610(01)00595-5 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Atorvastatin does not exhibit antiviral activity against HCV at conventional doses
O’Leary, J. G., Chan, J. L., McMahon, C. M., & Chung, R. T. (2007) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.21554 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Association of statin therapy and increased survival in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
Schmidt, H., Hennen, R., Keller, A., Ruß, M., Müller‐Werdan, U., Werdan, K., & Buerke, M. (2006) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-006-0246-y · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The effect of statin therapy on infection-related mortality in patients with atherosclerotic diseases*
Almog, Y., Novack, V., Eisinger, M., Porath, A., Novack, L., & Gilutz, H. (2007) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000253397.42079.d5 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Lovastatin, Simvastatin and Pravastatin in Humans
Pentikäinen, P. J., Saraheimo, M., Schwartz, J. I., Amin, R. D., Schwartz, M. S., Brunner‐Ferber, F., & Rogers, J. (1992) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1992.tb03818.x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
In vitro activity of fluvastatin, a cholesterol-lowering agent, and synergy with flucanazole and itraconazole against Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans.
Chin, N. X., Weitzman, I., & Della-Latta, P. (1997) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.41.4.850 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Patient survival after renal transplantation III: The effects of statins
Cosio, F. G., Pesavento, T. E., Pelletier, R. P., Henry, M. L., Ferguson, R. M., Kim, S. W., & Lemeshow, S. A. (2002) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/ajkd.2002.34927 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Transient expression of the Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 gene in human primary B cells induces cellular activation and DNA synthesis.
Ma, P., & Lundgren, E. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibition stimulates caspase-1 activity and Th1-cytokine release in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Montero, M. T., Hernández, O., Suárez, Y., Matilla, J., Ferruelo, A. J., Martı́nez-Botas, J., Gómez-Coronado, D., & Lasunción, M. A. (2000) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00417-2 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Lovastatin Triggers an Apoptosis-like Cell Death Process in the FungusMucor racemosus
Roze, L. V., & Linz, J. E. (1998) · Fungal Genetics and Biology · doi:10.1006/fgbi.1998.1093 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Caveolar Endocytosis Is Critical for BK Virus Infection of Human Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells
Moriyama, T., Marquez, J. P., Wakatsuki, T., & Sorokin, A. (2007) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00924-07 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Determinants of carotid endarterectomy anatomic durability: Effects of serum lipids and lipid-lowering drugs
LaMuraglia, G. M., Stoner, M. C., Brewster, D. C., Watkins, M. T., Juhola, K. L., Kwolek, C. J., Dorer, D. J., & Cambria, R. P. (2005) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2005.01.035 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
CD40 and LMP‐1 both signal from lipid rafts but LMP‐1 assembles a distinct, more efficient signaling complex
Kaykas, A., Worringer, K. A., & Sugden, B. (2001) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/20.11.2641 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Hydroxymethyl-Glutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibition Limits Cytomegalovirus Infection in Human Endothelial Cells
Potena, L., Frascaroli, G., Grigioni, F., Lazzarotto, T., Magnani, G., Tomasi, L., Coccolo, F., Gabrielli, L., Magelli, C., Landini, M. P., et al. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000109485.79183.81 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Pravastatin therapy is associated with reduction in coronary allograft vasculopathy in pediatric heart transplantation
Mahle, W. T., Vincent, R. N., Berg, A. M., & Kanter, K. R. (2005) · The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.healun.2003.10.013 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Simvastatin induces apoptosis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines and delays development of EBV lymphomas
Katano, H., Pesnicak, L., & Cohen, J. I. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0305149101 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Contribution of IL-18 to Th1 Response and Host Defense Against Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis : A Comparative Study with IL-12p40
Kinjo, Y., Kawakami, K., Uezu, K., Yara, S., Miyagi, K., Koguchi, Y., Hoshino, T., Okamoto, M., Kawase, Y., Yokota, K., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.323 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Statins and sepsis.
Gao, F., Linhartova, L., Johnston, A. M., & Thickett, D. R. (2008) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aem406 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Reducing the Risks of Cardiovascular Disease in Liver Allograft Recipients
Mells, G. F., & Neuberger, J. (2007) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000262706.28513.6a · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Heart and Lung Transplantation in the United States, 1997–2006
Mulligan, M. S., Shearon, T. H., Weill, D., Pagani, F. D., Moore, J. E., & Murray, S. (2008) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02175.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Simvastatin reduces ergosterol levels, inhibits growth and causes loss of mtDNA inCandida glabrata
Westermeyer, C., & Macreadie, I. G. (2007) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00194.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Relevance of cytomegalovirus infection and coronary-artery remodeling in the first year after heart transplantation: a prospective three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound study
Potena, L., Grigioni, F., Ortolani, P., Magnani, G., Marrozzini, C., Falchetti, E., Barbieri, A., Bacchi-Reggiani, L., Lazzarotto, T., Marzocchi, A., et al. (2003) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000054231.42217.a5 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Metaanalysis of statins and survival in de novo cardiac transplantation
Mehra, M. R., & RAVAL, N. Y. (2004) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.05.036 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Statins in Reducing the Rate of Severe Sepsis: A Retrospective Evaluation
Martin, C. P., Talbert, R. L., Burgess, D. S., & Peters, J. I. (2006) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1592/phco.27.1.20 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Emerging Indications for Statins: A Pluripotent Family of Agents with Several Potential Applications
Paraskevas, K., Tzovaras, A., Briana, D., & Mikhailidis, D. (2007) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161207782794194 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Decrease in the Number of Reported Cases of Zygomycosis among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Hypothesis
Kontoyiannis, D. P. (2007) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/512817 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Antifungal activity of statins againstAspergillusspecies
Qiao, J., Kontoyiannis, D. P., Wan, Z., Li, R., & Liu, W. Y. (2007) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1080/13693780701397673 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Antifungal activity of fluconazole in combination with lovastatin and their effects on gene expression in the ergosterol and prenylation pathways inCandida albicans
Song, J. L., Lyons, C. N., Holleman, S., Oliver, B. G., & White, T. C. (2003) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1080/1369378031000137233 · Cited by 62 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Lovastatin with fluconazole and fluvastatin with fluconazole or itraconazole had synergistic effects on Candida species, whereas pravastatin or fluvastatin with fluconazole demonstrated no synergy [97, 99, 100].”
Background
Hypercholesterolemia is common after pediatric heart transplantation: initial experience with pravastatin
Seipelt, I. M., Crawford, S. E., Rodgers, S., Backer, C. L., Mavroudis, C. D., Seipelt, R. G., & Pahl, E. (2004) · The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation · doi:10.1016/s1053-2498(03)00193-1 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Life Style-Related Diseases of the Digestive System: Cell Culture System for the Screening of Anti-Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Reagents: Suppression of HCV Replication by Statins and Synergistic Action With Interferon
Ikeda, M., & Kato, N. (2007) · Journal of Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1254/jphs.fm0070050 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Reduced Incidence of New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus after Renal Transplantation with 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)
Prasad, G. V. R., Kim, S. J., Huang, M., Nash, M. M., Zaltzman, J. S., Fenton, S. S. A., Cattran, D., Cole, E., & Cardella, C. J. (2004) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1046/j.1600-6143.2004.00598.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Atorvastatin improves endothelial function in renal‐transplant recipients
Åsberg, A., Hartmann, A., Fjeldså, E., & Holdaas, H. (2001) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/16.9.1920 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Lovastatin possesses a fungistatic effect againstCandida albicans, but does not trigger apoptosis in this opportunistic human pathogen
Gyetvai, Ã., Emri, T., TakÃ¡cs, K., Dergez, T., Fekete, A., Pesti, M., PÃ³csi, I., & Lenkey, B. (2006) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00097.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Statin Use Is Associated with Prolonged Survival of Renal Transplant Recipients
Wiesbauer, F., Heinze, G., Mitterbauer, C., Harnoncourt, F., Diaeresisrl, W. H. H., & Oberbauer, R. W. (2008) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2008010101 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Statin Therapy Interacts With Cytomegalovirus Seropositivity and High C-Reactive Protein in Reducing Mortality Among Patients With Angiographically Significant Coronary Disease
Horne, B. D., Muhlestein, J. B., Carlquist, J. F., Bair, T. L., Madsen, T. E., Hart, N. I., & Anderson, J. L. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000045668.71683.92 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lymphocyte function antigen‐1 mediates leukocyte adhesion and subsequent liver damage in endotoxemic mice
Li, X., Klintman, D., Weitz‐Schmidt, G., Schramm, R., & Thorlacius, H. (2004) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705634 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Respiratory-deficient mutants of Torulopsis glabrata, a yeast with circular mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid of 6 mu m
O'Connor, R. M., McArthur, C. R., & Clark-Walker, G. D. (1976) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.126.2.959-968.1976 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Simvastatin Inhibits Staphylococcus aureus Host Cell Invasion through Modulation of Isoprenoid Intermediates
Horn, M. P., Knecht, S. M., Rushing, F. L., Birdsong, J. A., Siddall, P., Johnson, C. M., Abraham, T. N., Brown, A., Volk, C. B., Gammon, K., et al. (2008) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.108.137927 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Statins Could Be Used to Control Replication of Some Viruses, Including HIV-1
Gilbert, C., Bergeron, M., Méthot, S., Giguère, J.-F., & Tremblay, M. J. (2005) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/vim.2005.18.474 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Changes in Coronary Arterial Dimensions Early After Cardiac Transplantation
Fearon, W. F., Potena, L., Hirohata, A., Sakurai, R., Yamasaki, M., Luikart, H. I., Lee, J. J., Vana, M. L., Cooke, J. P., Mocarski, E. S., et al. (2007) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000256335.84363.9b · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Role of Cohort Studies in Drug Development: Clinical Evidence of Antiviral Activity of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors in the Central Nervous System
Letendre, S. L., Marquie‐Beck, J., Ellis, R. J., Woods, S. P., Best, B. M., Clifford, D. B., Collier, A. C., Gelman, B. B., Marra, C. M., McArthur, J. C., et al. (2007) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-006-9054-y · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Lipid-lowering therapy with statins, a new approach to antiarrhythmic therapy
Tamargo, J. L., Caballero, R., Gómez, R. J., Núñez, L., Vaquero, L. M., & Delpón, E. (2006) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.12.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Effect of fluvastatin and pravastatin, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, on fluconazole activity against Candida albicans
NASH, J. D., BURGESS, D. S., & TALBERT, R. L. (2002) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-51-2-105 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Impact of Statin Treatment on 1-Year Functional and Histologic Renal Allograft Outcome
Masterson, R., Hewitson, T. D., Leikis, M. J., Walker, R. G., Cohney, S., & Becker, G. J. (2005) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000168941.19689.cf · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Differentiation of Rhizomucor Species on the Basis of Their Different Sensitivities to Lovastatin
Lukács, G., Papp, T., Nyilasi, I., Nagy, E., & Vágvölgyi, C. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.42.11.5400-5402.2004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Interactions between statins andPenicillium chrysogenumantifungal protein (PAF) to inhibit the germination of sporangiospores of different sensitiveZygomycetes
GalgÃ³czy, L., Papp, T., LukÃ¡cs, G., Leiter, Ã., PÃ³csi, I., & VÃ¡gvÃ¶lgyi, C. (2007) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00661.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Impact of Simvastatin Therapy after Heart Transplantation
Wenke, K., Meiser, B., Thiery, J., & Reichart, B. (2005) · Herz · doi:10.1007/s00059-005-2685-6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Effect of fluvastatin on endothelium-dependent brachial artery vasodilation in patients after renal transplantation
Hausberg, M., Kosch, M., Stam, F., Heidenreich, S., Kisters, K., Rahn, K. H., & Barenbrock, M. (2001) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.0590041473.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Blood pressure reduction with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in renal transplant recipients
Prasad, G. V. R., Ahmed, A., Nash, M. M., & Zaltzman, J. S. (2003) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00742.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Effect of a 3-year therapy with the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase-inhibitor fluvastatin on endothelial function and distensibility of large arteries in hypercholesterolemic renal transplant recipient
Kosch, M., Barenbrock, M., Suwelack, B. M., Schaefer, R. M., Rahn, K. H., & Hausberg, M. (2003) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1016/s0272-6386(03)00207-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Fluvastatin in the Prevention of Renal Transplant Vasculopathy: Results of a Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Serón, D., Oppenheimer, F., Pallardó, L., Lauzurica, R., Errasti, P., Huertas, E. G., Bosmans, J., Sánchez‐Plumed, J., Romero, R., Marqués, M., et al. (2008) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0b013e318174428d · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The effect of atorvastatin treatment on HIV-1-infected patients interrupting antiretroviral therapy
Negredo, E., Clotet, B., Puig, J., Pérez‐Álvarez, N., Ruiz, L., Romeu, J., Moltó, J., Rey‐Joly, C., & Blanco, J. (2006) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000210617.90954.0e · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Pravastatin does not have a consistent antiviral effect in chronically HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy
Sklar, P. A., Masur, H., Grubb, J. R., Voell, J., Witek, J., Ono, A., Freed, E. O., & Maldarelli, F. M. (2005) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000174461.31794.50 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Fluvastatin potentiates the activity of caspofungin against Aspergillus fumigatus in vitro
Natesan, S. K., Chandrasekar, P. H., Alangaden, G. J., & Manavathu, E. K. (2008) · Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.10.015 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Statins and Solid Organ Transplantation
Gazi, I. F., Liberopoulos, E. N., Athyros, V. G., Elisaf, M., & Mikhailidis, D. P. (2006) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161206779026308 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Atorvastatin treatment for hyperlipidemia in pediatric renal transplant recipients
Argent, E., Kainer, G., Aitken, M., Rosenberg, A. R., & Mackie, F. (2003) · Pediatric Transplantation · doi:10.1034/j.1399-3046.2003.02048.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Failure of atorvastatin to modulate CSF HIV-1 infection
Probasco, J. C., Spudich, S., Critchfield, J. M., Lee, E., Lollo, N., Deeks, S. G., & Price, R. W. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000325006.84658.e7 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Repression of BK Virus Infection of Human Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells by Pravastatin
Moriyama, T., & Sorokin, A. (2008) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0b013e31816c4ec5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Effects of Low-Dose Atorvastatin on Vascular Responses in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Stenting
Bae, J., Bassenge, E., Kim, K.-Y., Synn, Y., Park, K., & Schwemmer, M. (2004) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/107424840400900306 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) to treat Epstein–Barr virus-driven lymphoma
Cohen, J. I. (2005) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602561 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Prevention of pediatric graft coronary artery disease: Atorvastatin
Chin, C. C., Lukito, S. S., Shek, J., Bernstein, D., & Perry, S. B. (2007) · Pediatric Transplantation · doi:10.1111/j.1399-3046.2007.00827.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Statin Therapy Associated With a Reduced Risk of Chronic Renal Failure After Cardiac Transplantation
Lubitz, S. A., Pinney, S., Wisnivesky, J. P., Gass, A. L., & Baran, D. A. (2007) · The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.healun.2006.12.003 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Incidence of New Stroke or New Myocardial Infarction or Death in Patients With Severe Carotid Arterial Disease Treated With and Without Statins
Ravipati, G., Aronow, W. S., Ahn, C., Channamsetty, V., & Sekhri, V. (2006) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.06.009 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Preoperative statin and diuretic use influence the presentation of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: Results of a large single-institution case-control study
Brooke, B. S., McGirt, M. J., Woodworth, G. F., Chang, D. C., Roseborough, G. S., Freischlag, J. A., & Perler, B. A. (2007) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2006.11.013 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Statins Benefit Outcomes of Renal Transplant Recipients on a Sirolimus-Cyclosporine Regimen
Lisik, W., Schoenberg, L., Lasky, R. E., & Kahan, B. D. (2007) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.10.008 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Safety and Efficacy of Rosuvastatin Therapy for the Prevention of Hyperlipidemia in Adult Cardiac Transplant Recipients
Samman, A., Imai, C., Straatman, L., Frolich, J., Humphries, K. H., & Ignaszewski, A. P. (2005) · The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.healun.2004.07.016 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Statin therapy: new therapy for cardiac microvascular dysfunction
Rosenson, R. S. (2003) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2003.08.005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lower Level of Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol by Statin Prevents Progression of Coronary Restenosis after Successful Stenting in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Iwata, A., Miura, S., Shirai, K., Kawamura, A., Tomita, S., Matsuo, Y., Zhang, B., Nishikawa, H., Kumagai, K., Matsuo, K., et al. (2006) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.45.1757 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The effect of statins on HIV rebound and blips.
Waters, L. J., Stebbing, J., Jones, R., Mandalia, S., Bower, M., Stefanovic, M., Nelson, M. R., & Gazzard, B. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The effect of statins on preservation of kidney function in patients with coronary artery disease
Tonelli, M. A. (2006) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/01.hco.0000245741.85829.06 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Lescol Intervention Prevention Study (LIPS): start all patients on statins early after PCI.
Messerli, A. W., Aronow, H. D., & Sprecher, D. L. (2003) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.70.6.561 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Combined treatment with statin and angiotensin-receptor blocker after stenting as a useful strategy for prevention of coronary restenosis.
Nishikawa, H., Miura, S.-I., Shimomura, H., Tsujita, K., Okamura, K., Zhang, B., Iwata, A., Shirai, K., Matsuo, K., Arai, H., et al. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Effect of simvastatin in the treatment of highly sensitized dialysis patients: the pre and post-renal transplantation follow-up outcomes
Özdemir, F. N., Akçay, A., Sezer, S., Arat, Z., Çolak, T., Turan, M., Gulmus, S., & Haberal, M. A. (2004) · Transplant Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.trim.2004.03.002 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
ICE PROCESSES IFNG-INDUCING FACTOR AND REGULATES LPS-INDUCED IFN-G PRODUCTION
Ghayur, T., Hugunin, M., Carter, A., Butler, D., Herzog, L., Quintal, L. J., Sekut, L., Talanian, R. V., Wong, W., Kamen, R., et al. (1997) · Shock · doi:10.1097/00024382-199703001-00338 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

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Statins Are Associated With a Reduced Risk of Hepatocellular Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Singh, S., Singh, P. P., Singh, A. G., Murad, M. H., & Sánchez, W. (2012) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.005 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Atorvastatin and fluvastatin are associated with dose‐dependent reductions in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, among patients with hepatitis C virus: Results from ERCHIVES
Simon, T. G., Bonilla, H. F., Yan, P., Chung, R. T., & Butt, A. A. (2016) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.28506 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Mucormycosis: its contemporary face and management strategies
Sun, H., & Singh, N. (2011) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70316-9 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
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Antibacterial activity of statins: a comparative study of Atorvastatin, Simvastatin, and Rosuvastatin
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Authors: Sun, H., & Singh, N.
Affiliations: National Taiwan University (TW)
University of Pittsburgh (US)
ORCID: Sun, Hsin‐Yun
Venue: Clinical Infectious Diseases
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2009-03-15
Volume: 48
Issue: 6
Pages: 745-755
ISSN: 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
1537-6591
DOI: 10.1086/597039
OpenAlex: W2150390193
Semantic Scholar: 40494f89b752454d1f91fceb86c2b5b2e7faa815
Cited by: 65
References: 152
Citations by year: 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 5.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Clinical Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Lipids, and Metabolism
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Keywords: statins, solid organ transplant recipients, antimicrobial activity, immunomodulation, sepsis, opportunistic infections, dyslipidemia, pleiotropy, drug synergy
MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents, Bacteria, Fungi, Humans, Immunologic Factors, Transplantation, Viruses, Cell Cycle Proteins, Sepsis, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Peptide Elongation Factor 1

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Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Attributes of Statins: Relevance in Solid‐Organ Transplant Recipients

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