In vitro activity of fluvastatin, a cholesterol-lowering agent, and synergy with flucanazole and itraconazole against Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans.

Chin, N X; Weitzman, I; Della-Latta, P

doi:10.1128/aac.41.4.850

Cited by 101Antifungal resistance and susceptibilityFungal Infections and StudiesFungal Plant Pathogen Control

In vitro activity of fluvastatin, a cholesterol-lowering agent, and synergy with flucanazole and itraconazole against Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans.

Open access

Chin, N X, Weitzman, I, Della-Latta, P·1997·Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

DOI 10.1128/aac.41.4.850PMC PMC163809

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Fluvastatin, a cholesterol-lowering drug, exhibited minimal activity (MICs of 64 to >128 microg/ml) against Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans. When fluvastatin was combined with fluconazole or itraconazole, both synergistic and additive effects were noted (fractional inhibitory concentration indices of < or = 0.156 to 0.625; fractional lethal concentration indices of < or = 0.156 to 0.75). This combined fungicidal activity was confirmed by time-versus-killing studies.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1128/aac.41.4.850

Cites

8 of 8 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Various statins have been reported to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus, Zygomycete, Cryptococcus, and Candida species including Candida albicans.
“Various statins have been reported to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus (Macreadie et al., 2006; Yasmin et al., 2012), Zygomycete (Roze and Linz, 1998), Cryptococcus (Chin et al., 1997), and Candida species including Candida albicans (Chin et al., 1997; Song et al., 2003).”
From Atorvastatin Reduces the Survival of Candida albicans-Infected BALB/c Mice (2015) · cites this paper as Chin et al., 1997
The various statins exhibit different antifungal effects against yeasts; SIM displays the strongest activity, followed by FLV, ATO, ROS, and LOV, while PRA is completely ineffective.
“These studies demonstrated that the various statins exhibit different antifungal effects against yeasts.SIM displayed the strongest antifungal activity, followed by FLV, ATO, ROS, and LOV.PRA proved to be completely ineffective against them.”
From Statins as antifungal agents (2011) · cites this paper as [21]
FLV acted additively with AMB, fluconazole, and itraconazole against C. albicans and C. neoformans.
“FLV acted additively with AMB, FCZ, and ITZ against C. albicans and C. neoformans [21] .”
From Statins as antifungal agents (2011) · cites this paper as [21]
Fluconazole with LOV, and fluconazole or itraconazole with FLV, interact synergistically on the growth of Candida species.
“Fluconazole (FCZ) with LOV, and FCZ or itraconazole (ITZ) with FLV, interact synergistically on the growth of Candida species [21,22] ;”
From Statins as antifungal agents (2011) · cites this paper as [21]
Statins can interact synergistically with azole antifungal agents against yeasts and can reduce their growth significantly.
“Statins can interact synergistically with azole antifungal agents against yeasts and can reduce their growth significantly.”
From Statins as antifungal agents (2011) · cites this paper as [21]

For fluvastatin, complete inhibition of C. albicans at physiological pH would require around 50 g/ml, while MIC values above 128 g/ml have been described for different Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans.
“Also for fluvastatin, a potent synthetic statin, complete inhibition of C. albicans at physiological pH would require around 50 g/ml, 32 whilst MIC values above 128 g/ml were described for different Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans.11”
From Synergistic antifungal activity of statin–azole associations as witnessed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae- and Candida utilis-bioassays and ergosterol quantification (2013) · cites this paper as [11]
Research into azole-statin interactions has attracted renewed interest.
“In this context, studies on the interaction between azoles and statins have gained renewed attention.10,11,27,32,37”
From Synergistic antifungal activity of statin–azole associations as witnessed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae- and Candida utilis-bioassays and ergosterol quantification (2013) · cites this paper as [11]
FS has an antifungal effect on Candida albicans at high concentrations.
“Inhibition of sterol synthesis by fluvastatin has an antifungal effect on the opportunistic yeast pathogen Candida albicans and at high concentrations; the antifungal action of FS is synergistic with the action of other antifungal drugs [2, 3].”
From Inhibition ofCandida albicansby Fluvastatin Is Dependent on pH (2009) · cites this paper as [3]
Combination drug therapy against C. albicans in which FS is combined with azole drugs seems impractical due to the high concentrations of FS required for an inhibitory effect at physiological pH.
“However, a combination drug therapy against C. albicans in which FS is combined with the commonly prescribed azole drugs seems impractical due to the high concentrations of FS required for an inhibitory effect at physiological pH [2, 3].”
From Inhibition ofCandida albicansby Fluvastatin Is Dependent on pH (2009) · cites this paper as [3]
The antifungal action of FS is synergistic with the action of other antifungal drugs.
“Inhibition of sterol synthesis by fluvastatin has an antifungal effect on the opportunistic yeast pathogen Candida albicans and at high concentrations; the antifungal action of FS is synergistic with the action of other antifungal drugs [2, 3].”
From Inhibition ofCandida albicansby Fluvastatin Is Dependent on pH (2009) · cites this paper as [3]

National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards
Bruck, E. (1980) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.65.1.187 · Cited by 14,736 · see citing works
Resistance of Candida species to fluconazole
Rex, J. H., Rinaldi, M. G., & Pfaller, M. A. (1995) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.39.1.1 · Cited by 879 · see citing works
Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis with Combination Amphotericin B and Flucytosine for Four as Compared with Six Weeks
Dismukes, W. E., Cloud, G. A., Gallis, H. A., Kerkering, T. M., Medoff, G., Craven, P. C., Kaplowitz, L. G., Fisher, J. F., Gregg, C. R., Bowles, C. A., et al. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198708063170602 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Emergence of azole drug resistance in Candida species from HIV-infected patients receivingprolonged fluconazole therapy for oral candidosis
Johnson, E. M., Warnock, D. W., Luker, J., Porter, S. R., & Scully, C. M. (1995) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/35.1.103 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Fluconazole- and itraconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains from AIDS patients: multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis and antifungal susceptibilities
Guennec, R. L., Reynes, J., Mallié, M., Pujol, C., Janbon, F., & Bastide, J.-M. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.33.10.2732-2737.1995 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Demonstration of synergy with fluconazole and either ibuprofen, sodium salicylate, or propylparaben against Candida albicans in vitro
Scott, E. M., Tariq, V. N., & McCrory, R. M. (1995) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.39.12.2610 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Combination therapy in systemic mycosis
Polak, A. (1990) · Journal of Chemotherapy · doi:10.1080/1120009x.1990.11739020 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Rationally Designed Inhibitors of Sterol Biosynthesis
Oehlschlager, A. C., & Czyzewska, E. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3274-3_17 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Combination antifungal therapy
Johnson, M. D., MacDougall, C., Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., Perfect, J. R., & Rex, J. H. (2004) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.48.3.693-715.2004 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Clinical pharmacology of systemic antifungal agents: A comprehensive review of agents in clinical use, current investigational compounds, and putative targets for antifungal drug development
Groll, A. H., Piscitelli, S. C., & Walsh, T. J. (1998) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60129-5 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
NLLSS: Predicting Synergistic Drug Combinations Based on Semi-supervised Learning
Chen, X., Ren, B., Chen, M., Wang, Q., Zhang, L., & Yan, G. (2016) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004975 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Statins for the Prevention and Treatment of Infections
Tleyjeh, I. M. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.286 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles and simvastatin against toxigenic species of Aspergillus
Bocate, K. P., Reis, G. F., de Souza, P. C., Oliveira Junior, A. G., Durán, N., Nakazato, G., Furlaneto, M. C., de Almeida, R. S., & Panagio, L. A. (2019) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.11.012 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Synergistic combinations of antifungals and anti-virulence agents to fight against Candida albicans
Cui, J., Ren, B., Tong, Y., Dai, H., & Zhang, L. (2015) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2015.1039885 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Synergistic and Additive Effect of Oregano Essential Oil and Biological Silver Nanoparticles against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Strains
Scandorieiro, S., de Camargo, L. C., Lancheros, C. A. C., Yamada‐Ogatta, S. F., Nakamura, C. V., de Oliveira, A. G., Andrade, C. G. T. J., Durán, N., Nakazato, G., & Kobayashi, R. K. T. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00760 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Statins: a viable candidate for host-directed therapy against infectious diseases
Parihar, S. P., Guler, R., & Brombacher, F. (2018) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-018-0094-3 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Growth inhibition ofCandidaspecies andAspergillus fumigatusby statins
Macreadie, I. G., Johnson, G., Schlosser, T., & Macreadie, P. I. (2006) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00370.x · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Mevalonate governs interdependency of ergosterol and siderophore biosyntheses in the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus
Yasmin, S., Alcazar-Fuoli, L., Gründlinger, M., Puempel, T., Cairns, T., Blatzer, M., Lopez, J. F., Grimalt, J. O., Bignell, E., & Haas, H. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1106399108 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a Pseudomonas strain against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains
Cardozo, V. F., de Oliveira, A. G., Nishio, E. K., Perugini, M. R. E., Andrade, C. G. T. J., da Silveira, W. D., Durán, N., Andrade, G., Kobayashi, R. K. T., & Nakazato, G. (2013) · Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials · doi:10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Lovastatin Has Significant Activity against Zygomycetes and Interacts Synergistically with Voriconazole
Chamilos, G., Lewis, R. E., & Kontoyiannis, D. P. (2006) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.50.1.96-103.2006 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Antibacterial synergic effect of honey from two stingless bees: Scaptotrigona bipunctata Lepeletier, 1836, and S. postica Latreille, 1807
Nishio, E. K., Ribeiro, J. M., de Oliveira, A. G., Andrade, C. G. T. J., Proní, E. A., Kobayashi, R. K. T., & Nakazato, G. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep21641 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Production and antimicrobial activity of sophorolipid against Clostridium perfringens and Campylobacter jejuni and their additive interaction with lactic acid
Silveira, V. A. I., Nishio, E. K., Freitas, C. A. U. Q., Amador, I. R., Kobayashi, R. K. T., Caretta, T. D. O., Junior, F. C. D. M., & Celligoi, M. A. P. C. (2019) · Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101287 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Synergistic ROS-Associated Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles and Gentamicin Against Staphylococcus epidermidis
Mazur, P., Skiba‐Kurek, I., Mrowiec, P., Karczewska, E., & Drożdż, R. (2020) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s246484 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Emerging targets for the development of novel antifungal therapeutics
Groll, A. H., Lucca, A. J. D., & Walsh, T. J. (1998) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(97)01206-7 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Farnesol signalling in Candida albicans – more than just communication
Polke, M., Leonhardt, I., Kurzai, O., & Jacobsen, I. D. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.1080/1040841x.2017.1337711 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
In vitro synergistic interactions of the effects of various statins and azoles against some clinically important fungi: Synergistic interactions between statins and azoles
Nyilasi, I., Kocsubé, S., Krizsán, K., Galgóczy, L., Pesti, M., Papp, T., & Vágvölgyi, C. (2010) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.01972.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Antifungal effects of statins
Tavakkoli, A., Johnston, T. P., & Sahebkar, A. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107483 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Molecular targets of statins and their potential side effects: Not all the glitter is gold
Patel, K. K., Sehgal, V. S., & Kashfi, K. (2022) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174906 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Drug repurposing strategies in the development of potential antifungal agents
Zhang, Q., Liu, F., Zeng, M., Mao, Y., Song, Z., Mao, Y., & Song, Z. (2021) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-021-11407-7 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Antibacterial activity of violacein against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Bovine Mastitis
Cazoto, L. L., Martins, D., Ribeiro, M. G., Durán, N., & Nakazato, G. (2011) · The Journal of Antibiotics · doi:10.1038/ja.2011.13 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Antifungal activity of statins againstAspergillusspecies
Qiao, J., Kontoyiannis, D. P., Wan, Z., Li, R., & Liu, W. Y. (2007) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1080/13693780701397673 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Attributes of Statins: Relevance in Solid‐Organ Transplant Recipients
Sun, H., & Singh, N. (2009) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/597039 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Antifungal Activity of Nonantifungal Drugs
Afeltra, J., & Verweij, P. E. (2003) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-003-0947-x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Antifungal activity of fluconazole in combination with lovastatin and their effects on gene expression in the ergosterol and prenylation pathways inCandida albicans
Song, J. L., Lyons, C. N., Holleman, S., Oliver, B. G., & White, T. C. (2003) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1080/1369378031000137233 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
New Approach For Simvastatin As An Antibacterial: Synergistic Effect With Bio-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
Figueiredo, E., Ribeiro, J. M., Nishio, E. K., Scandorieiro, S., Costa, A. F., Cardozo, V. F., de Oliveira, A. G., Durán, N., Panagio, L. A., Kobayashi, R. K. T., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s211756 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Systematic review of the in vitro effects of statins on oral and perioral microorganisms
Ting, M., Whitaker, E. J., & Albandar, J. M. (2015) · European Journal Of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1111/eos.12239 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Synergistic antifungal activity of statin–azole associations as witnessed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae- and Candida utilis-bioassays and ergosterol quantification
Cabral, M. E., Figueroa, L. I. C., & Fariña, J. I. (2013) · Revista Iberoamericana de Micología · doi:10.1016/j.riam.2012.09.006 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Development of a multifunctional and self-preserving cosmetic formulation using sophorolipids and palmarosa essential oil against acne-causing bacteria
Filipe, G. A., Bigotto, B. G., Baldo, C., Gonçalves, M. C., Kobayashi, R. K. T., Lonni, A. A. S. G., & Celligoi, M. A. P. C. (2022) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.15659 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Susceptibility of clinically important dermatophytes against statins and different statin-antifungal combinations
Nyilasi, I., Kocsubé́, S., Krizsán, K., Galgóczy, L., Papp, T., Pesti, M., Nagy, K., & Vágvölgyi, C. (2013) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.3109/13693786.2013.828160 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
In vitro activity of terbinafine associated to amphotericin B, fluvastatin, rifampicin, metronidazole and ibuprofen against Pythium insidiosum
Cavalheiro, A. S., Zanette, R. A., Spader, T. B., Lovato, L., Azevedo, M. I., Botton, S., Alves, S. H., & Santurio, J. M. (2009) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.036 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Simvastatin inhibits planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida and Cryptococcus species
Brilhante, R. S. N., Caetano, É. P., de Oliveira, J. S., Castelo‐Branco, D. D. S. C. M., Souza, E. R. Y., de Alencar, L. P., Cordeiro, R. D. A., Bandeira, T. D. J. P. G., Sidrim, J. J. C., & Rocha, M. F. G. (2015) · The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2015.06.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Synergy of Nitric Oxide and Azoles against Candida Species In Vitro
McElhaney-Feser, G. E., Raulli, R. E., & Cihlar, R. L. (1998) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.42.9.2342 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Statin Concentrations Below the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Attenuate the Virulence ofRhizopus oryzae
Bellanger, A.-P., Tatara, A. M., Shirazi, F., Gebremariam, T., Albert, N. D., Lewis, R. E., Ibrahim, A. S., & Kontoyiannis, D. P. (2016) · Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiw090 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
In vitro and in vivo susceptibility of two-drug and three-drug combinations of terbinafine, itraconazole, caspofungin, ibuprofen and fluvastatin against Pythium insidiosum
Argenta, J. S., Alves, S. H., Silveira, F., Maboni, G., Zanette, R. A., Cavalheiro, A. S., Pereira, P. D. L., Pereira, D. I. B., Sallis, E. S. V., Pötter, L., et al. (2011) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.12.003 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Honey Antibacterial Effect Boosting Using Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil
Imtara, H., Elamine, Y., & Lyoussi, B. (2018) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2018/7842583 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Interactions between statins andPenicillium chrysogenumantifungal protein (PAF) to inhibit the germination of sporangiospores of different sensitiveZygomycetes
GalgÃ³czy, L., Papp, T., LukÃ¡cs, G., Leiter, Ã., PÃ³csi, I., & VÃ¡gvÃ¶lgyi, C. (2007) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00661.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Pravastatin inhibits farnesol production inCandida albicansand improves survival in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis
Tashiro, M., Kimura, S., Tateda, K., Saga, T., Ohno, A., Ishii, Y., Izumikawa, K., Tashiro, T., Kohno, S., & Yamaguchi, K. (2012) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.3109/13693786.2011.610037 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
In vitro interactions between primycin and different statins in their effects against some clinically important fungi
Nyilasi, I., Kocsubé, S., Pesti, M., Lukács, G., Papp, T., & Vágvölgyi, C. (2010) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.013946-0 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Additive interaction of carbon dots extracted from soluble coffee and biogenic silver nanoparticles against bacteria
Andrade, P. F., Nakazato, G., & Durán, N. (2017) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/838/1/012028 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Targeting fungal lipid synthesis for antifungal drug development and potentiation of contemporary antifungals
Gutierrez-Perez, C., & Cramer, R. A. (2025) · npj Antimicrobials and Resistance · doi:10.1038/s44259-025-00093-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Checkerboard testing method indicates synergic effect of pelgipeptins against multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae
da Costa, R. A., Ortega, D. B., Fulgêncio, D. L. A., Costa, F. S., de Araújo, T. F., & Barreto, C. C. (2019) · Biotechnology Research and Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.biori.2018.12.001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Fluvastatin potentiates the activity of caspofungin against Aspergillus fumigatus in vitro
Natesan, S. K., Chandrasekar, P. H., Alangaden, G. J., & Manavathu, E. K. (2008) · Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.10.015 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Repurposing of Fluvastatin Against Candida albicans CYP450 Lanosterol 14 α-demethylase, a Target Enzyme for Antifungal Therapy: An In silico and In vitro Study
Rana, R., Sharma, R., & Kumar, A. (2019) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/1566524019666190520094644 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Synergy Against Fungal Pathogens: Working Together is Better Than Working Alone
Musioł, R., Mrozek‐Wilczkiewicz, A., & Polański, J. (2014) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867321666131218094848 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Statin therapy and decreased incidence of positive Candida cultures among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing gastrointestinal surgery.
Spanakis, E. K., Kourkoumpetis, T. K., Livanis, G., Peleg, A. Y., & Mylonakis, E. (2010) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0447 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
In vitro synergisms obtained by amphotericin B and voriconazole associated with non-antifungal agents against Fusarium spp
Venturini, T. P., Rossato, L. L., Spader, T. B., Alves, G. R. T., Azevedo, M. I., Weiler, C. B., Santúrio, J. M., & Alves, S. H. (2011) · Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.05.007 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Artemisinin derivatives induce oxidative stress leading to DNA damage and caspase-mediated apoptosis in Theileria annulata-transformed cells
Barman, M., Dandasena, D., Suresh, A., Bhandari, V., Kamble, S., Singh, S., Subudhi, M., & Sharma, P. (2023) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-023-01067-7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Alternative treatment of fungal infections: Synergy with non‐antifungal agents
Rossato, L. L., dos Santos, M. C., Vitale, R. G., de Hoog, S., & Ishida, K. (2020) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.13203 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Synthetic arylquinuclidine derivatives exhibit antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilopsis
Ishida, K., Fernandes Rodrigues, J. C., Cammerer, S., Urbina, J. A., Gilbert, I., de Souza, W., & Rozental, S. (2011) · Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials · doi:10.1186/1476-0711-10-3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bioprospection of novel synthetic monocurcuminoids: Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities
Cerveira, M. M., Vianna, H. S., Ferrer, E. M. K., da Rosa, B. N., de Pereira, C. M. P., Baldissera, M. D., Lopes, L. Q. S., Rech, V. C., Giongo, J. L., & Vaucher, R. D. A. (2020) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111052 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Antimicrobial effects of sophorolipid in combination with lactic acid against poultry-relevant isolates
Silveira, V. A. I., Kobayashi, R. K. T., de Oliveira, A. G., Mantovani, M. S., Nakazato, G., & Celligoi, M. A. P. C. (2021) · Brazilian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s42770-021-00545-9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Synergistic efficacy of Bisbenzimidazole and Carbonyl Cyanide 3-Chlorophenylhydrazone combination against MDR bacterial strains
Sinha, D. K., Pandey, S., Singh, R., Tiwari, V., Sad, K., & Tandon, V. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep44419 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Statins as antifungal agents
Galgóczy, L. (2011) · World Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.5495/wjcid.v1.i1.4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductases from fungi: A proposal as a therapeutic target and as a study model
Andrade-Pavón, D., Sanchez‐Sandoval, E., Rosales-Acosta, B., Ibarra, J. A., Tamariz, J., Hernández-Rodríguez, C., & Villa‐Tanaca, L. (2013) · Revista Iberoamericana de Micología · doi:10.1016/j.riam.2013.10.004 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Statins, bugs and prophylaxis: intriguing possibilities.
Terblanche, M., Smith, T. S., & Adhikari, N. K. J. (2006) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc5056 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Immunomodulatory responses of differentially polarized macrophages to fungal infections
Xie, Y., Zhou, X., Zhang, J., Yu, H. B., & Song, Z. (2022) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109089 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Synergistic Antimicrobial Combinations Inhibit and Inactivate Listeria monocytogenes in Neutral and Acidic Broth Systems
Kozak, S. M., Margison, K. M., & D’Amico, D. J. (2017) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-035 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Synergistic antimicrobial combination of carvacrol and thymol impairs single and mixed-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermidis
Swetha, T. K., Vikraman, A., Nithya, C., Prasath, N. H., & Pandian, S. K. (2021) · Biofouling · doi:10.1080/08927014.2020.1869949 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Statin Use May Be Associated With a Lower Risk of Invasive Aspergillosis in Lung Transplant Recipients
Villalobos, A. P. C., Foroutan, F., Davoudi, S., Kothari, S. P., Martinu, T., Singer, L. G., Keshavjee, S. H., & Husain, S. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac551 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pitavastatin Calcium Confers Fungicidal Properties to Fluconazole by Inhibiting Ubiquinone Biosynthesis and Generating Reactive Oxygen Species
Li, W., Feng, Y., Feng, Z., Wang, L., Whiteway, M., Lu, H., & Jiang, Y. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13060667 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“It has been observed that statins are beneficial for FLC against For example, ﬂ uvastatin acts synergistically with FLC against Candida species [73–75], including FLC-resistant strains of C. albicans and C. tropicalis [74,76].”
Background
Atorvastatin Reduces the Survival of Candida albicans-Infected BALB/c Mice
Rahal, E. A., Constantin, W. N., Zeidan, N., & Abdelnoor, A. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01474 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effect of HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors on antimicrobial susceptibilities for Gram‐Negative rods
Farmer, A. R., Murray, C. K., Mende, K., Akers, K. S., Zera, W. C., Beckius, M. L., & Yun, H. C. (2012) · Journal of Basic Microbiology · doi:10.1002/jobm.201100614 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Association between Preoperative Statin Therapy and Postoperative Infectious Complications in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Tleyjeh, I. M., Alasmari, F. A., Abdulhak, A. A. B., Riaz, M. A., Garbati, M. A., Erwin, P. J., Kashour, T. S., Al-Mallah, M. H., & Baddour, L. M. (2012) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1086/668019 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Inhibition of recombinant enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase from Candida glabrata by α-asarone-based synthetic compounds as antifungal agents
Andrade-Pavón, D., Ortiz-Álvarez, J., Sanchez‐Sandoval, E., Tamariz, J., Hernández, G., Ibarra, J. A., & Villa‐Tanaca, L. (2019) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.01.008 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Is there a role for statins in fungal infections?
Bergman, P. W., & Björkhem-Bergman, L. (2013) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1586/14787210.2014.856755 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Recombinant 3-Hydroxy 3-Methyl Glutaryl-CoA Reductase from Candida glabrata (Rec-CgHMGR) Obtained by Heterologous Expression, as a Novel Therapeutic Target Model for Testing Synthetic Drugs
Andrade-Pavón, D., Cuevas‐Hernández, R. I., Trujillo-Ferrara, J. G., Hernández, G., Ibarra, J. A., & Villa‐Tanaca, L. (2017) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-017-2412-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
L’activité antifongique des statines
Lefebvre, M., ALshawa, K., & Dupont, B. (2010) · Journal de Mycologie Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2010.05.007 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hydrogel Containing Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles and Origanum vulgare Essential Oil for Burn Wounds: Antimicrobial Efficacy Using Ex Vivo and In Vivo Methods Against Multidrug-Resistant Microorganisms
Kimura, A. H., Dahmer, D., Isawa, L. A., da Silva, A. B. O., Souza, L. M. D. S., Takata, P. H., Scandorieiro, S., Deonas, A. N., Cardozo, J. G., Vespero, E. C., et al. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17040503 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Antibacterial effect and clinical potential of honey collected from Scaptotrigona bipunctata Lepeletier (1836) and Africanized bees Apis mellifera Latreille and their mixture
Clébis, V. H., Nishio, E. K., Scandorieiro, S., Victorino, V. J., Panagio, L. A., de Oliveira, A. G., Yamauchi, L. M., Cecchini, R., Proní, E. A., Kobayashi, R. K. T., et al. (2019) · Journal of Apicultural Research · doi:10.1080/00218839.2019.1681118 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Antifungal activity of nontraditional antifungal agents
Judd, W. R., & Martin, C. A. (2009) · Current Fungal Infection Reports · doi:10.1007/s12281-009-0012-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A new synthesis of 3,5-dihydroxy-7-(1-pyrrolyl)-6-heptenoic acids, a family of HMGCoA reductase inhibitors with antifungal activity
Castro, J., Coterón, J. M., Fraile, M., Garcı́a-Ochoa, S., Heras, F. G. D. L., & Martı́n-Cuesta, A. (2002) · Tetrahedron Letters · doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00150-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Inhibition ofCandida albicansby Fluvastatin Is Dependent on pH
Schmidt, M., Dzogbeta, S., & Boyer, M. P. (2009) · Research Letters in Biochemistry · doi:10.1155/2009/151424 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
MINIREVIEW Combination Antifungal Therapy
Johnson, J. R., Dougall, C. M., & Zeichner, L. O. (2004) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lipid-Centric Approaches in Combating Infectious Diseases: Antibacterials, Antifungals and Antivirals with Lipid-Associated Mechanisms of Action
Ostroumova, O. S., & Efimova, S. S. (2023) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics12121716 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Synergic effect of simvastatin in combination with amphotericin B against environmental strains of Cryptococcus neoformans from northeastern Brazil: a prospective experimental study
Silva, T. H. S., Araújo, C. V., Santos, K. M. D. C., Alves, N. D. S., Gomes, T. H. S., Silva, A. K. F. E., Silva, N. C. L. D. S., Júnior, E. C. B. D., de Carvalho, A. M. A., Mendes, M. G. A., et al. (2020) · Sao Paulo Medical Journal · doi:10.1590/1516-3180.2019.0107.r2.16092019 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
IN VITRO ANTICANCER POTENTIAL OF STATIN FROM ASPERGILLUS TAMARII GRD119
Nidhiya, K. A., Sathya, E., Raman, N. M., Saranya, A., & Ramasamy, S. (2015) · Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Combination Antifungal Therapy
Ashley, E. D., & Johnson, M. D. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6640-7_10 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Topical statins as antifungals: a review
Khoury, D. M., Ghaoui, N., El Tayar, E., Dagher, R., El Hawa, M., Rubeiz, N., Abbas, O., & Kurban, M. (2024) · International Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/ijd.17068 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Synergetic action of atorvastatin and fluconazole against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans in vitro and in a murine model for intra-abdominal Candidiasis / Ação sinérgica da atorvastatina e fluconazol contra Candida albicans resistente ao fluconazol in vitro e em um modelo murino contra Candidíase intra-abdominal
De Oliveira, M. É., De Lima, W. G., Alves, C. F. B., Herrera, K. M. S., Santos, P. C., De Souza, D. D. G., Dos Santos, M. E. S. M., Ribeiro, R. I. D. M. D. A., Thomé, R. G., Dos Santos, H. B., et al. (2022) · Brazilian Journal of Development · doi:10.34117/bjdv8n5-543 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Control of mango anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) by essential oil mixture
Duong, C. T., Thao, H. T. P., KHANG, D. M., Nguyen Thi Nhu, Y., Nhan, T. C., Huong, B. T. C., Tuân, N. T., Truc, N. T. N., TUỆ, D. M., & Danh, L. T. (2024) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY · doi:10.55730/1300-011x.3233 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Synergistic Effects of Fluconazole Combined with Doxycycline Against Dual-Species Cultures of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermidis and the Mechanisms of Action
Gao, Y., Zhang, Z., Lun, Z., Gong, L., Xu, A., & Li, X. (2022) · Microbial Drug Resistance · doi:10.1089/mdr.2021.0301 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Some Biological Activities of Different Parts of Vincetoxicum hirundinaria
Öksüz, Z., & GÜZEL, S. (2022) · Hacettepe University Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy · doi:10.52794/hujpharm.1128462 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Transcriptomic profiling of lung alveolar macrophages reveals distinct contribution of sterol metabolism in macrophage response to Cryptococcus gattii infection
Jeerawattanawart, S., Hansakon, A., Alberts, R., Zhang, Y., & Angkasekwinai, P. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0333090 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Inhibitors of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Decrease the Growth, Ergosterol Synthesis and Generation of petite Mutants in Candida glabrata and Candida albicans
Andrade-Pavón, D., Sanchez‐Sandoval, E., Tamariz, J., Ibarra, J. A., Hernández-Rodríguez, C., & Villa‐Tanaca, L. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242316868 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
False-negative cerebrospinal fluid fungal culture results following oral antineoplastic therapy with a 5-fluorouracil derivative
Judd, W. R., Shely, R. N., Ratliff, P. D., & Reymann, M. T. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/jcpt.12326 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lipid-Lowering Drugs
Frishman, W. H., Cheng-Lai, A., & Chen, J. Y. (2000) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6767-7_12 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Prevention of Human Infection
Casadevall, A., & Perfect, J. R. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555818241.ch15 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Therapy of Cryptococcosis
(2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555818241.ch14 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Synthetic antimicrobial peptides: activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and modulation of chloramphenicol antibacterial activity
Lima, P. G., Souza, P. F. N., Mesquita, F. P., Oliveira, T. L., & Hartwig, D. D. (2024) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1093/jambio/lxae126 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Laser-Engineered Multilayer Coatings Based on Zinc Oxide and Lovastatin-Functionalized Bioactive Glasses for Corrosion-Resistant and Antimicrobial Stainless Steel Implants
Neguț, I., Bita, B. I., Dorcioman, G., Dinu, M., Pârău, A. C., Ristoscu, C., & Pîrcălăbioru, G. G. (2026) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics11040227 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Repurposing statins as potential antifungal agents for Candida albicans : in-vitro and in-silico approach
Patel, M., Patil, C., Kalapahad, B., Jaiswal, I., Das, S., Jyoti, A., Prajapati, B., Singh, R. K., & Saxena, J. (2026) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.1080/17460913.2026.2629108 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The evaluation of atorvastatin as an adjunct to fluconazole for the anti-fungal prophylaxis in acute myeloid leukemia: a multicenter, triple-blinded, randomized clinical trial
Saber-Moghaddam, N., Nodeh, M. M., Ghavami, V., Rahimi, H., Azimi, S. A., Seddigh‐Shamsi, M., Kamandi, M., Allahyari, A., Shariatmaghani, S. S., Elyasi, S., et al. (2023) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-023-02892-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
INTERACTION BETWEEN KETOCONAZOLE, AMPHOTERICIN B AND TERBINAFIN AND THREE DIAZENUMDIOLATES IN CONCOMITANT USES AGAINST SOME FUGAL SPECIES
Falahati, M., Shabani, M., Rodaki, M. M. A., Jahaniani, F., Bagheri, K. P., & Ebrahimi, S. A. (2006) · DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The effect of statin use on incident immune-mediated and infectious conditions among U.S. veterans
Cirillo, D. J. (2008) · doi:10.17077/etd.177vmb1k · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Rhizomucor miehei járomspórás gomba HMG-koenzim A reduktáz génjének molekuláris és funkcionális vizsgálata
Gyöngyi, L. (2008) · SZTE Repository of Dissertations (University of Szeged)
Hijacking the Candida albicans Multidrug Resistant Transporter MDR1 to Potentiate Antifungal Activity
Sun, N. (2013) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)
Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of a Combination of Two Monofloral Kinds of Honey (Sidr and Manuka) Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria Including MRSAPreprint
Ansari, M. J., Al-Waili, N., Al-Ghamdi, A., Salmen, S. H., & Al-Waili, H. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4873468
Gel-Cream Containing Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles and Essential Oils for the Treatment of Pityriasis Versicolor: Development and Antifungal Efficacy
Scandorieiro, S., da Costa, I. M., Morandi, D. H., Reis, G. F., Dahmer, D., dos Santos, A. J. R. G., Alves, N. C., Cardozo, J. G., Souza, L. M. D. S., Panagio, L. A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology · doi:10.1166/jbn.2024.3937

Effect of fluvastatin and pravastatin, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, on fluconazole activity against Candida albicans
NASH, J. D., BURGESS, D. S., & TALBERT, R. L. (2002) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-51-2-105 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Antifungal effect of Atorvastatin against Candida species in comparison to Fluconazole and Nystatin
Nasr Esfahani, A., Golestannejad, Z., Khozeimeh, F., Dehghan, P., Maheronnaghsh, M., & Zarei, Z. (2019) · Medicine and Pharmacy Reports · doi:10.15386/mpr-1209 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
In vitro synergism of simvastatin and fluconazole against Candida species
Menezes, E. A., Vasconcelos Júnior, A. A. D., Silva, C. L. F., Plutarco, F. X., Cunha, M. D. C. D. S. O., & Cunha, F. A. (2012) · Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo · doi:10.1590/s0036-46652012000400003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
SUMMARY
(2016)
Simvastatin inhibits planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida and Cryptococcus species
Brilhante, R. S. N., Caetano, É. P., de Oliveira, J. S., Castelo‐Branco, D. D. S. C. M., Souza, E. R. Y., de Alencar, L. P., Cordeiro, R. D. A., Bandeira, T. D. J. P. G., Sidrim, J. J. C., & Rocha, M. F. G. (2015) · The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2015.06.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Authors: Chin, N. X., Weitzman, I., & Della-Latta, P.
Affiliations: NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (US)
Mycology Resource Center, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.
Venue: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 1997-04
Volume: 41
Issue: 4
Pages: 850-852
ISSN: 0066-4804 (ISSN-L)
1098-6596
DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.4.850
PMC: PMC163809
OpenAlex: W2122563248
Cited by: 101
References: 8
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 1.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Fungal Plant Pathogen Control
Keywords: fluvastatin, fluconazole, itraconazole, Candida, Cryptococcus neoformans, antifungal synergy, combination antifungal therapy, fractional inhibitory concentration index, fungicidal activity, statins
MeSH terms: Fluvastatin, Anticholesteremic Agents, Antifungal Agents, Candida, Cryptococcus neoformans, Drug Synergism, Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated, Indoles, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Time Factors, Fluconazole, Itraconazole

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

In vitro activity of fluvastatin, a cholesterol-lowering agent, and synergy with flucanazole and itraconazole against Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans.

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks