The effect of applied sensor contact force on pulse transit time
Open accessAbstract
Pulse transit time (PTT) is usually determined as the time interval between the peak of the electrocardiogram (ECG) R wave and a characteristic point of the peripheral pulse measured by photoplethysmography. However, it was found that the photoplethysmogram (PPG) is affected by the contact force between the photoplethysmographic sensor and the measurement site, i.e. finger. Therefore, we hypothesized that the PTT may be altered by the applied sensor contact force. An ECG and PPG were recorded simultaneously from 30 healthy subjects using 12 magnitudes of contact force (0.1 N-1.8 N). Three characteristic points of the PPG were selected to determine the PTT, including the points near the foot (PTT1), on the systole phase (PTT2) and near the peak (PTT3). Both PTT1 and PTT2 increased significantly (p = 0.014 for PTT1 and p = 0.038 for PTT2) with the sensor contact force until the transmural force reached -0.1 N. With further increase in the contact force, they kept at an almost constant level. Such a changing trend was not found in PTT3. The results of this study suggest that the applied sensor contact force should be carefully controlled in PTT measurement to avoid diminishing its value as a diagnostic tool.
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For the PTT calculated at 90% of the pulse amplitude, there was a similar increasing trend for the PTT but without a significant difference (p = 0.107), and the PTT leveled out to a constant value for a transmural pressure of around 0.1 N.
“Lastly, for the PTT calculated at 90% of the pulse amplitude, there was a similar increasing trend for the PTT but without a significant difference (p = 0.107). The PTT leveled out to a constant value for a transmural pressure of around 0.1 N.”
From Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring (2021) · cites this paper as [208]
For the PTT measured from 50% of the pulse amplitude, there was a significant increase in PTT (p = 0.038) before reaching a constant at −0.1 N transmural pressure.
“For the PTT measured from 50% of the pulse amplitude, there was a significant increase in PTT (p = 0.038) before reaching a constant at −0.1 N transmural pressure.”
From Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring (2021) · cites this paper as [208]
With a contact force of 0.1-0.8 N applied at the finger, the PTT measured from the R peak of an ECG and the peak of the second derivative of the PPG increased significantly (p = 0.014) until the estimated transmural pressure approached −0.1 N, after which the PTT remained roughly constant.
“Regarding PTT, Teng and Zhang discovered that, with a contact force of 0.1–0.8 N applied at the finger, the PTT measured from the R peak of an ECG and the peak of the second derivative of the PPG increased significantly (p = 0.014) until the estimated transmural pressure approached −0.1 N, after which the PTT remained roughly constant [208].”
From Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring (2021) · cites this paper as [208]
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- Authors
- Teng, X. F., & Zhang, Y. T.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Physiological Measurement
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2006-05-26
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 675-684
- ISSN
- 0967-3334 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6579
- OpenAlex
- W2012152853
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Physiological Measurement (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Innovation and Technology Fund
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- pulse transit time, photoplethysmography, finger photoplethysmography, peripheral pulses, measurement artifacts
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Pressure, Body Temperature, Electrocardiography, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Pulsatile Flow, Pulse, Time, Photoplethysmography
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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