The effect of contacting force on photoplethysmographic signals
Open accessAbstract
Photoplethysmography (PPG) has been used in oxygen saturation measurement, heart rate monitoring, and the assessment of peripheral circulation and large artery compliance. However, the waveform of the photoplethysmographic signal may be affected by the contacting force between the sensor and the measurement site. The aim of this study is to investigate the change in pulse amplitude (AC), DC amplitude, ratio of AC/DC and normalized pulse area of the reflective photoplethysmographic signals with increasing contacting force, from 0.2 N to 1.8 N. Signals were recorded from the fingers of fifteen healthy subjects. With increasing contacting force, the DC amplitude increased and the normalized pulse area decreased, whereas the pulse amplitude and the ratio of AC/DC increased first and then decreased. For different subjects, the pulse amplitude and the ratio of AC/DC peaked at different contacting forces, from 0.2 N to 1.0 N, and most of the subjects achieved their maximum pulse amplitude within 0.2-0.4 N. Over the range of contacting force between 0.2 N and 0.8 N, the DC amplitude and the normalized pulse area had significant changes (p < 0.001). The results suggest that the effects of contacting force should be carefully examined in the design of photoplethysmography-based health care devices.
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With an applied force at the finger of 0.2-1.8 N, there was an increase in AC amplitude and AC/DC ratio until the parameters reached a peak and then decreased, while the pulse area decreased, and the DC offset increased.
“As reported by Teng and Zhang, with an applied force at the finger of 0.2–1.8 N, there was an increase in AC amplitude and AC/DC ratio until the parameters reached a peak and then decreased, while the pulse area decreased, and the DC offset increased [206].”
From Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring (2021) · cites this paper as [206]
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- Authors
- Teng, X. F., & Zhang, Y. T.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Physiological Measurement
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2004-08-12
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1323-1335
- ISSN
- 0967-3334 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6579
- OpenAlex
- W1965659123
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 5.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Physiological Measurement (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Innovation and Technology Fund
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- photoplethysmography, contact force, pulse amplitude, finger photoplethysmography
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Biomechanical Phenomena, Female, Humans, Male, Pressure, Pulse, Reproducibility of Results, Artifacts, Photoplethysmography
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