Theoretical study on the effect of sensor contact force on pulse transit time
Abstract
Pulse transit time (PTT) has been widely used for noninvasive examination of the arterial viscoelastic properties, such as elasticity, compliance, and stiffness of the vessel walls. PTT is usually determined as the time interval between the peak of the electrocardiogram R wave and the foot of the photoplethysmogram (PPG). However, it was observed that the PPG is affected by the applied contact force between the photoplethysmographic sensor and the measurement site, e.g., finger. In this study, the nonlinear biomechanical properties of the finger arterial wall were considered when investigating the changes in PTT with varying contact force. Emphasis was placed on the changes in the shape of the arterial wall pressure-volume curve. The simulation results indicated that at positive transmural pressure, PTT increased with the applied contact force, reaching the maximum at zero transmural pressure and remaining at a constant level at negative transmural pressure. The theoretical analysis was further verified by the experiments carried out on thirty young subjects and six elderly subjects using twelve discrete levels of contact force.
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With low applied external pressure from the sensor, the waveform exhibits lower SNR with a low AC amplitude primarily because of a longer optical path length through the tissue and a lower reflectance of photons due to high tissue absorption.
“With a low applied external pressure from the sensor, the waveform exhibits lower SNR with a low AC amplitude primarily because of a longer optical path length through the tissue and a lower reflectance of photons due to high tissue absorption [203].”
From Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring (2021) · cites this paper as [203]
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- Authors
- Teng, X.-F., & Zhang, Y.-T.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- ORCID
- Yuan-Ting Zhang
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
- Published
- 2007-08
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1490-1498
- ISSN
- 0018-9294 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2105257471
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Elasticity and Material Modeling
- Keywords
- pulse transit time, photoplethysmography, arterial viscoelasticity, pressure-volume relationship, transmural pressure, arterial stiffness, arterial compliance, arterial elasticity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Computer Simulation, Female, Fingers, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Cardiovascular, Pulsatile Flow, Sensitivity and Specificity, Stress, Mechanical, Reproducibility of Results, Artifacts, Photoplethysmography
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