Face-to-face or Facebook: Can social connectedness be derived online?
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Social networking has been shown to alleviate mental health symptoms and promote well-being.
“Social networking has been shown to alleviate mental health symptoms and promote well‐being (Grieve et al., 2013)”
From Living through lockdown: A qualitative exploration of individuals' experiences in the UK. (2022) · cites this paper as Grieve et al., 2013
Four reviewed studies (13%) found no significant correlations between online social networking and symptoms of depression.
“Thirteen percent (n = 4) found no significant correlations between online social networking and symptoms of depression.10,20,24,38”
From The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
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“Recently, Internet communities have emerged as a form of social network, and online Social Networking Sites (such as Facebook) have rapidly expanded (Boyd & Ellison, 2008; Nadkarni & Hofmann, 2012).”
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Social Networking Sites, Depression, and Anxiety: A Systematic Review
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“Studies suggest that social support and social connectedness derived from SNSs are constructs distinct from general social support or connectedness [111,113].”
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“Grieve et al. (2013) N = 344 (Study 1) N = 274 (Study 2) Australian university Facebook users Age M = 28.12 Affiliation measures Social Connectedness Scale-revised (20-item self-report questionnaire).”
BackgroundInfluentialAssociation between Facebook addiction, self-esteem and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study
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“Scholars have noted the importance of social connectedness in online social services (Grieve et al. 2013).”
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“However, other studies have indicated higher self-esteem and satisfaction with life, and reduced risk of mental health problems (Valkenburg et al. 2006; Bessièrre et al. 2008; Grieve et al. 2013; Best et al. 2014).”
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“26 In terms of frequency, positive correlations were found between depression and Facebook addiction or pathological SNS use, 23,42,43 and Facebook intrusion, 44 although conversely one study found a negative correlation between depression and addictive SNS use.”
A systematic review of the mental health outcomes associated with Facebook use
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“ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 12 Individuals who used Facebook in a manner that enabled perceived social support and connection reported lower depressive symptoms (Frison & Eggermont, 2016a; Frison & Eggermont, 2016b; Grieve et al., 2013; Mota Pereira, 2014; Wright et al., 2013).”
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“High quality interactions [15–17], reduced social isolation [16, 18] or information seeking [19] are all mechanisms through which well-being may be increased with social media use.”
BackgroundFacebook intrusion, fear of missing out, narcissism, and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study
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“…associated with shallow social ties and the creation of a source of alienation and ostracism (Allen et al. 2014; Twenge 2013), it provides an opportunity to develop and maintain social connectedness and foster the creation of online groups and communities (Allen et al. 2014; Grieve et al. 2013).”
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“Viral marketing can be achieved through businesses working hard to deliver good customer service online so people tell their friends through highly effective word-ofmouth marketing (Grieve et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialInformation and Communication Technology Use Is Related to Higher Well-Being Among the Oldest-Old
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Facebook as a source of social connectedness in older adults
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“Internal reliability for this scale is very good, with Cronbach's a ¼ 0.85 (Grieve et al., 2013).”
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Shiau, W.-L., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Lai, H. (2018) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.06.006 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“…of Facebook has a positive relation with social capital, which has an effect on the development and maintenance of social correlations and enhances satisfaction with life (Ellison et al. 2014; Granovetter 2005; Grieve et al. 2013; Mahan et al. 2015; Oh et al. 2014; Verma 2014; Zhan et al. 2016).”
Trolling on Tinder® (and other dating apps): Examining the role of the Dark Tetrad and impulsivity
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Self-citationHow Social Are Social Media? A Review of Online Social Behaviour and Connectedness
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“…in this article were not exhaustive, this brief overview of the relation between social connectedness and social media use supports previous research (e.g., Ahn & Shin, 2013; Allen et al., 2014; Grieve et al., 2013; Sheldon et al., 2011) and raises new questions for theory and application.”
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“On the one hand, Facebook use seems to sustain users' social capital (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007) and feeling of connectedness (Grieve et al., 2013), thereby increasing the well-being especially of users with low life-satisfaction.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Effect of Belongingness on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in the Use of Online Social Networks
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“In the current study, we use the term OSN belongingness to refer to feelings of connectedness or togetherness derived from individuals’ friends on an OSN [42].”
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Cognitive Benefits of Online Social Networking for Healthy Older Adults
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“We found that high Facebook intensity was associated with higher life satisfaction and eudaimonic well-being, which while contrary to our predictions, confirms previous findings for life satisfaction (Ellison et al., 2007; Grieve et al., 2013; Oh et al., 2014; Valenzuela et al., 2009).”
Development and Validation of Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users
Alkis, Y., Kadırhan, Z., & Şat, M. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.011 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
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Social media for health promotion and weight management: a critical debate
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“For example, a recent study revealed that individuals that reported experiencing social connectedness through Facebook had lower anxiety and depression, and greater subjective wellbeing [50].”
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“found that social connectedness derived from Facebook communication was negatively associated with anxious state (Grieve et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSmart technologies to enhance social connectedness in older people who live at home
Morris, M. E., Adair, B., Ozanne, E., Kurowski, W., Miller, K. J., Pearce, A. J., Santamaria, N., Long, M., Ventura, C., & Said, C. M. (2014) · Australasian Journal on Ageing · doi:10.1111/ajag.12154 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
The uses and gratifications of using Facebook music listening applications
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College Students' Motivations for Facebook Use and Psychological Outcomes
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“Moreover, several studies have looked at either the moderating or mediating role of upward social comparison [25-30], social connectedness [31], envy [32], and intensity of use [33].”
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“However, our findings differ from some prior studies that showed that like FTF emotional support, online support was associated with lower depression (Grieve et al., 2013; Nick et al., 2018).”
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Dimensions of Social Media Utilization Among College Sport Fans
Clavio, G. E., & Walsh, P. (2013) · Communication & Sport · doi:10.1177/2167479513480355 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
MacDonald, J. P., Ford, J. D., Cunsolo, A., & Ross, N. A. (2013) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.3402/ijch.v72i0.21775 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Instagram: Friend or foe? The application’s association with psychological well-being
Mackson, S. B., Brochu, P. M., & Schneider, B. A. (2019) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444819840021 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Grieve et al. (2013) examined the connectedness derived from Facebook use and found a clear association between Facebook connectedness and positive psychological outcomes, including lower depression, lower anxiety, and greater subjective well-being.”
BackgroundPassive social network site use and subjective well-being: A moderated mediation model
Wu, C., Fan, C., Liu, Q., Zhou, Z., & Xie, X. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.038 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Cognitive effects of social media use: A case of older adults
Quinn, K. (2018) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305118787203 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
A novel hybrid social media platform selection model using fuzzy ANP and COPRAS-G
Madjid Tavana, D., Momeni, E., Rezaeiniya, N., Mirhedayatian, S. M., & Rezaeiniya, H. (2013) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2013.05.015 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Disclosures about important life events on Facebook: Relationships with stress and quality of life
Bevan, J. L., Gomez, R., & Sparks, L. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.021 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“There is a positive association between life satisfaction and Facebook use (Ellison et al., 2007; Valenzuela, Park, & Kee, 2009) and Facebook social connectedness (Grieve et al., 2013).”
BackgroundCyberbullying victimization at work: Social media identity bubble approach
Oksanen, A., Oksa, R., Savela, N., Kaakinen, M., & Ellonen, N. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106363 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-presentation styles, privacy, and loneliness as predictors of Facebook use in young people
Błachnio, A., Przepiorka, A., Boruch, W., & Bałakier, E. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.051 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Bike sharing and users’ subjective well-being: An empirical study in China
Ma, L., Zhang, X., Ding, X., & Wang, G. (2018) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2018.08.040 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Social Media Use, School Connectedness, and Academic Performance Among Adolescents
Sampasa‐Kanyinga, H., Chaput, J., & Hamilton, H. A. (2019) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-019-00543-6 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The impact of communication technologies on life and relationship satisfaction
Goodman-Deane, J., Mieczakowski, A., Johnson, D. M., Goldhaber, T. S., & Clarkson, P. J. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.053 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Social media use and well-being: A prospective experience-sampling study
Faelens, L., Hoorelbeke, K., Soenens, B., Van Gaeveren, K., De Marez, L., De Raedt, R., & Koster, E. H. W. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106510 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“, 2019), or even a positive association (Grieve et al., 2013; Mackson et al., 2019; Park & Lee, 2014; Valenzuela et al., 2009, Yang & Lee, 2020).”
BackgroundChin, C. P.-Y., Evans, N., & Choo, K. R. (2015) · Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce · doi:10.1080/10919392.2015.1058118 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“It is, therefore, not surprising that the sense of connectedness provided by ESN use increases the perceived values of ESN use and motivates its adoption (Grieve et al. 2013).”
Background'I Just Want to Hack Myself to Not Get Distracted'
Lyngs, U., Lukoff, K., Slovák, P., Seymour, W., Webb, H., Jirotka, M. D., Zhao, J., Kleek, M. G. V., & Shadbolt, N. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376672 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“Here, researchers often distinguish between use that is more ‘active’ (creating content and communicating with friends) and use that is more ‘passive’ (consuming content created by others without actively engaging), with the former being linked to more positive correlates of subjective wellbeing [14, 26, 30, 32] and t…”
BackgroundOnline social networking in people with psychosis: A systematic review
Highton-Williamson, E., Priebe, S., & Giacco, D. (2015) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764014556392 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“I know you’ve seen it!” Individual and social factors for users’ chatting behavior on Facebook
Mai, L. M., Freudenthaler, R., Schneider, F. M., & Vorderer, P. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.074 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Hughes, N., & Burke, J. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.047 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
LaMonica, H. M., English, A., Hickie, I. B., Ip, J., Ireland, C., West, S., Shaw, T. J., Mowszowski, L., Glozier, N., Duffy, S. L., et al. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7981 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Impacts of the use of social network sites on users psychological well-being: A systematic review
Erfani, S. S., & Abedin, B. (2018) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24015 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“, 2006), social change and human development theory (Manago & Greenfield, 2012), belongingness theory (Grieve et al., 2013) or theory of stress (Nabi et al.”
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Yıldız Durak, H. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9840-8 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“In the research conducted by Grieve et al. (2013), it was identified that problematic social media usage, due to Facebook usage, was negatively associated with anxiety.”
BackgroundHuang, G. C., Soto, D. W., Fujimoto, K., & Valente, T. W. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302038 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Hardy, B. W., & Castonguay, J. S. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.005 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The Psychological Benefits of Being Authentic on Facebook
Grieve, R., & Watkinson, J. (2016) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0010 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook afford individuals who feel uncomfortable in face-to-face situations the opportunity to communicate with others within a more accessible social medium (e.g., Indian and Grieve 11 and Grieve et al. 12 ) and permit users to have greater control over the way in which they p…”
InfluentialSelf-citationMuhammad, S. S., Dey, B. L., & Weerakkody, V. (2017) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-017-9802-y · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“They are psychological goals of users to develop and maintain social relations with others, release anxiety and enhance interpersonal utility (Ellison et al., 2007; Grieve et al. 2013; Whiting and Williams, 2013), as it is human nature to socialise and interact with others (Dyson, 1998).”
Lee, E. W. J., Ho, S. S., & Lwin, M. O. (2017) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444816671891 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“This is not surprising as scholars have found that the use of SNSs can create a sense of online social connectedness (Grieve et al., 2013), which serve as a psychological incentive for increased SNSs usage.”
BackgroundSelf-disclosure on Facebook among female users and its relationship to feelings of loneliness
Al‐Saggaf, Y., & Nielsen, S. G. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.014 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Do Facebook profile pictures reflect user’s personality?
Wu, Y. J., Chang, W.-H., & Yuan, C.-H. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.014 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The Janus face of Facebook: Positive and negative sides of social networking site use
Mäntymäki, M., & Islam, A. K. M. N. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.078 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Robinson, A. D., Aguilar‐Bonnette, A., Howard, K. J., Ceballos, N. A., Dailey, S. L., Lu, Y., & Grimes, T. (2019) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/jabr.12158 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The Impact of Social Media Use Interventions on Mental Well-Being: Systematic Review
Plackett, R., Blyth, A., & Schartau, P. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/44922 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Some studies report benefits of social media use for mental health, including increased social support, strengthened bonds, and help seeking [10,11].”
BackgroundVishnu-Menon, R., Sigurdsson, V., Larsen, N., Fagerstrøm, A., Sørensen, H. B., Marteinsdottir, H. G., & Foxall, G. (2019) · Journal of Air Transport Management · doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2019.05.002 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Vehicle related injury patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic: What has changed?
Sutherland, M., McKenney, M. G., & Elkbuli, A. (2020) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.006 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“As people stay at home and reduce their amount of driving, virtual replacements such as socialmedia are critical tomaintaining social connectedness and decreasing not only vehicle collisions, but depression and anxiety as well [7].”
BackgroundChen, C. (2018) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2018.1518469 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“(Grieve et al., 2013; Valenzuela et al., 2009), whereas the predictive power was significantly positive for HUL.”
BackgroundResultMarciano, L., Lin, J., Sato, T., Saboor, S., & Viswanath, K. (2024) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100331 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Wu, Y., Outley, C. W., Matarrita‐Cascante, D., & Murphrey, T. P. (2015) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-015-0013-9 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“This is true in spite of the positive relationships between Internet technology use and adolescent friend and school connectedness that were found in this review, and which are consistent with previous studies (Grieve et al. 2013; Irvine 2009; Pierce 2009).”
BackgroundResultPersonality Traits, Motivations, and Emotional Consequences of Social Media Usage
Lin, J.-S., Lee, Y.-I., Jin, Y., & Gilbreath, B. (2017) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0043 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Building Library Community Through Social Media
Young, S. W. H., & Rossmann, D. (2015) · Information Technology and Libraries · doi:10.6017/ital.v34i1.5625 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Using Social Media for Peer-to-Peer Cancer Support: Interviews With Young Adults With Cancer
Lazard, A. J., Collins, M. K. R., Hedrick, A., Varma, T., Love, B., Valle, C. G., Brooks, E., & Benedict, C. (2021) · JMIR Cancer · doi:10.2196/28234 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The effect of social connectedness on consumer adoption of social commerce in apparel shopping
Cho, E., & Son, J. (2019) · Fashion and Textiles · doi:10.1186/s40691-019-0171-7 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Mazzoni, E., Baiocco, L., Cannata, D., & Dimas, I. D. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.032 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Choi, D.-H., & Noh, G.-Y. (2019) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2019.1574860 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Jane, M., Hagger, M. S., Foster, J. K., Ho, S. S., Kane, R. T., & Pal, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178326 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Internet-mediated social networking sites improve upon these features; already studies have shown that networked members can provide each other with support [23, 24].”
Why people use social networking sites passively
Zhu, X., & Bao, Z. (2018) · Aslib Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1108/ajim-12-2017-0270 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Benefits and harms of social media use: A latent profile analysis of emerging adults
Keum, B. T., Wang, Y., Callaway, J., Abebe, I., Cruz, T. E., & O’Connor, S. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03473-5 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Research with young adults in Australia identified “Facebook connectedness” to be distinct from other forms of social connectedness, and to be significantly associated with lower depression and anxiety and greater life satisfaction (Grieve et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSchneider, F. M., Lutz, S., Halfmann, A., Meier, A., & Reinecke, L. (2021) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/20501579211054928 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“For instance, these studies found that Facebook use satisfied the need for relatedness, which was in turn associated with less depression and anxiety and greater life satisfaction (e.g., Grieve et al., 2013).”
BackgroundThe effect of digital finance on Residents' happiness: the case of mobile payments in China
Zhao, C., Li, X., & Yan, J. (2022) · Electronic Commerce Research · doi:10.1007/s10660-022-09549-5 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“On the one hand, the Internet increases the efficiency of information and knowledge dissemination and using Internet tools helps improve people’s quality of life [9, 22, 81].”
Social Networking, Mobilities, and the Rise of Liquid Identities
Gössling, S., & Stavrinidi, I. (2015) · Mobilities · doi:10.1080/17450101.2015.1034453 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Networks maintained at a distance are, however, different from networks maintained in proximity, virtual networks are psychological and socially different from physical ones (Turkle 2011), and online connectedness is fundamentally different from offline connectedness (Grieve et al. 2013).”
BackgroundThumbs up: A thematic analysis of image-based posting and liking behaviour on social media
Lowe-Calverley, E., & Grieve, R. (2018) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2018.06.003 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationBłachnio, A., Przepiórka, A., Benvenuti, M., Mazzoni, E., & Seidman, G. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-018-0038-y · Cited by 68 · see citing works
- Authors
- Grieve, R., Indian, M., Witteveen, K., Anne Tolan, G., & Marrington, J.
- Affiliations
- Australian Catholic University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Grieve, Rachel
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 604-609
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1995672666
- Cited by
- 609
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 9
- FWCI
- 129.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- UTAS Research Repository (acceptedVersion)
- eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) (submittedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Media and Digital Communication
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- social connectedness, Facebook, social networking sites, anxiety, depression, subjective well-being, life satisfaction, social media use, relationship maintenance
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