Prevalence and Geographic Distribution of Vector-Borne Pathogens in Apparently Healthy Dogs in Croatia
Abstract
Vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) are a group of globally extended and quickly spreading pathogens that are transmitted by various arthropod vectors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the seroprevalence against Babesia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria immitis, and Ehrlichia canis in dogs in Croatia. We investigated 435 randomly selected apparently healthy dogs in 13 different locations of Croatia for antibodies to B. canis by indirect immunofluorescence using a commercial IFA IgG Antibody Kit. All samples were also tested for qualitative detection of D. immitis antigen and for antibodies to A. phagocytophilum, B. burgdorferi sensu lato, L. infantum, and E. canis with two point-of-care assays. Overall, 112 dogs (25.74%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 21.70-30.12) were serologically positive for one or more of the pathogens. B. canis was the most prevalent pathogen (20.00%, 95% CI 16.34-24.07), followed by A. phagocytophilum (6.21%, 95% CI 4.12-8.90), L. infantum, (1.38%, 95% CI 0.51-2.97), and B. burgdorferi sensu lato (0.69%, 95% CI 0.01-2.00). The lowest seroprevalence was for D. immitis and E. canis (0.46%, 95% CI 0.01-1.65). Coinfection was determined in 12 dogs (2.76%, 95% CI 1.43-4.77), of which 10 were positive to two pathogens (7 with B. canis and A. phagocytophilum and 1 B. canis with B. burgdorferi sensu lato or L. infantum or E. canis). One dog was positive to three pathogens and another dog to four pathogens. Seroprevalence for babesia was age, breed, and lifestyle/use dependent. Purebred dogs had almost half the chance of developing disease than crossbred (OR = 0.58, p < 0.026, 95% CI 0.37-0.94). Seropositivity to B. canis was 3.41 times higher for dogs that lived outdoors/shelter (p < 0.006) or 4.57 times higher in mixed/hunting (p < 0.001) compared to indoor/companion dogs. This is the first comprehensive survey of VBP seropositivity conducted in Croatia. Some of these VBPs are zoonotic and represent a potential risk to public health.
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Serbia and Croatia are considered endemic countries, and in Croatia no increases in canine heartworm prevalence are reported, ranging from 0.46-0.6% in published studies.
“Serbia and Croatia are considered endemic countries. In the latter, there are not reported increases in the prevalence, ranging from 0.46–0.6% in the published studies [66,67].”
From What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? (2022) · cites this paper as [66]
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- Authors
- Mrljak, V., Kuleš, J., Mihaljević, Ž., Torti, M., Gotić, J., Crnogaj, M., Živičnjak, T., Mayer, I., Šmit, I., Bhide, M., & Barić Rafaj, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Zagreb (HR)
- Croatian Veterinary Institute (HR)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Corresponding author
- Mrljak, Vladimir
- ORCID
- Venue
- Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-06
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 398-408
- ISSN
- 1530-3667 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7759
- OpenAlex
- W2610816360
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 3.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bartonella species infections research
- Keywords
- vector-borne pathogens, dogs, seroprevalence, Babesia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis, co-infection, geographic distribution, Croatia, canine babesiosis, canine anaplasmosis, canine leishmaniasis, canine heartworm disease, canine ehrlichiosis, point-of-care testing, indirect immunofluorescence, tick-borne diseases
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Bacterial Infections, Dirofilariasis, Disease Vectors, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Female, Leishmaniasis, Visceral, Male, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Croatia, Leishmania infantum, Coinfection
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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