Hippocampal synaptic plasticity and NMDA receptors: a role in information storage?
Abstract
One way of investigating the functional significance of long-term potentiation (LTP) is to use selective antagonists of those excitatory amino acid receptors whose activation is essential for its induction. This chapter discusses various design requirements for such experiments and reviews work indicating that the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist AP5 causes a behaviourally selective learning impairment having certain common features to the behavioural profile seen after hippocampal lesions. Two new studies are described whose results show that AP5 has no effect upon the retrieval of previously established memories, and that the dose–response profile of the impairment of spatial learning occurs across a range of extracellular concentrations in hippocampus for which receptor selectivity exists. These experiments show that activation of NMDA receptors is essential for certain kinds of learning.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Disruption of NMDARs in the hippocampus leads to blockade of synaptic plasticity and also to memory malfunction.
“Importantly, it has been demonstrated that disruption of NMDARs in the hippocampus leads to blockade of synaptic plasticity and also to memory malfunction (reviewed by Morris et al., 1991; Rawlins, 1996).”
From The essential role of hippocampal CA1 NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in spatial memory. (1996) · cites this paper as Morris et al., 1991
Cites
LOSS OF RECENT MEMORY AFTER BILATERAL HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS
Scoville, W. B., & Milner, B. (1957) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.20.1.11 · Cited by 7,322 · see citing works
Magnesium gates glutamate-activated channels in mouse central neurones
Nowak, L. M., Bregestovski, P. D., Ascher, P., Herbet, A., & Prochiantz, A. (1984) · Nature · doi:10.1038/307462a0 · Cited by 4,033 · see citing works
Morris, R. G. M., Anderson, E., Lynch, G. S., & Baudry, M. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/319774a0 · Cited by 3,640 · see citing works
Self-citationGlycine potentiates the NMDA response in cultured mouse brain neurons
Johnson, J. W., & Ascher, P. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/325529a0 · Cited by 3,151 · see citing works
A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation
Goddard, G. V., McIntyre, D., & Leech, C. K. (1969) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(69)90128-9 · Cited by 3,061 · see citing works
Voltage-dependent block by Mg2+ of NMDA responses in spinal cord neurones
Mayer, M. L., Westbrook, G. L., & Guthrie, P. B. (1984) · Nature · doi:10.1038/309261a0 · Cited by 2,906 · see citing works
Simple memory: a theory for archicortex
Marr, D. (1971) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1971.0078 · Cited by 2,771 · see citing works
Excitatory Amino Acid Transmitters
Watkins, J. C., & Evans, R. H. (1981) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.21.040181.001121 · Cited by 2,497 · see citing works
Collingridge, G. L., Kehl, S. J., & McLennan, H. (1983) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014478 · Cited by 2,413 · see citing works
Memory deficits associated with senescence: A neurophysiological and behavioral study in the rat.
Barnes, C. A. (1979) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077579 · Cited by 2,088 · see citing works
MacDermott, A. B., Mayer, M. L., Westbrook, G. L., Smith, S. J., & Barker, J. L. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/321519a0 · Cited by 1,835 · see citing works
The anticonvulsant MK-801 is a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist.
Wong, E. H. F., Kemp, J. A., Priestley, T., Knight, A. R., Woodruff, G. N., & Iversen, L. L. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.18.7104 · Cited by 1,820 · see citing works
The physiology of excitatory amino acids in the vertebrate central nervous system
Mayer, M. L., & Westbrook, G. L. (1987) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(87)90011-6 · Cited by 1,705 · see citing works
Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage within a distributed memory system
McNaughton, B. L., & Morris, R. G. M. (1987) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(87)90011-7 · Cited by 1,304 · see citing works
Self-citationZilles, K. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-70573-1 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
The Biochemistry of Memory: A New and Specific Hypothesis
LYNCH, G. S., & Baudry, M. (1984) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6144182 · Cited by 1,045 · see citing works
Long-term potentiation and NMDA receptors in rat visual cortex
Artola, A., & Singer, W. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/330649a0 · Cited by 966 · see citing works
Functional organization of the extrinsic and intrinsic circuitry of the parahippocampal region
Witter, M. P., Groenewegen, H. J., Lopes, F. H. D. S., & Lohman, A. H. M. (1989) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(89)90009-9 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Blockade of "NMDA" Receptors Disrupts Experience-Dependent Plasticity of Kitten Striate Cortex
Kleinschmidt, A. K., Bear, M. F., & Singer, W. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2443978 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus involves activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors
Harris, E. W., Ganong, A. H., & Cotman, C. W. (1984) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(84)90275-0 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Foster, A. C., & Fagg, G. E. (1984) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(84)90020-1 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Polyneuronal innervation of skeletal muscle in new‐born rats and its elimination during maturation.
Brown, M. C., Jansen, J., & van Essen, D. V. (1976) · Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011565 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Synaptic enhancement in fascia dentata: Cooperativity among coactive afferents
McNaughton, B. L., Douglas, R. M., & Goddard, G. V. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90030-6 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Heterosynaptic depression: a postsynaptic correlate of long-term potentiation
LYNCH, G. S., DUNWIDDIE, T., & GRIBKOFF, V. (1977) · Nature · doi:10.1038/266737a0 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Intraspinal Sprouting of Dorsal Root Axons
Liu, C. (1958) · A M A Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1958.02340010064005 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Cholinergic function and intellectual decline in Alzheimer's disease
Collerton, D. (1986) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(86)90002-3 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Induction of synaptic potentiation in hippocampus by patterned stimulation involves two events
Larson, J., & Lynch, G. (1986) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3704635 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Synapses as associative memory elements in the hippocampal formation
Levy, W. B., & Steward, O. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)91003-5 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Long-term potentiation phenomena in the rat limbic forebrain
Racine, R. J., Milgram, N. W., & Hafner, S. (1983) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90676-5 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Hebbian synapses in hippocampus.
Kelso, S. R., Ganong, A. H., & Brown, T. H. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.14.5326 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Possible Therapeutic Applications of Antagonists of Excitatory Amino acid Neurotransmitters
Meldrum, B. S. (1985) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0680113 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
From neuropsychology to mental structure
Jennekens-Schinkel, A. (1989) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(89)90066-x · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Harris, E. W., & Cotman, C. W. (1986) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(86)90451-9 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
The current excitement in long term potentiation
Nicoll, R. A., Kauer, J. A., & Malenka, R. C. (1988) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(88)90193-6 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
A Physiological Basis for a Theory of Synapse Modification
Bear, M. F., Cooper, L. N., & Ebner, F. F. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3037696 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Benveniste, H. (1989) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07243.x · Cited by 524 · see citing works
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist desegregates eye-specific stripes.
Cline, H. T., Debski, E. A., & Constantine‐Paton, M. (1987) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.84.12.4342 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Kemp, J. A., Foster, A. C., Leeson, P. D., Priestley, T., Tridgett, R., Iversen, L. L., & Woodruff, G. N. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.17.6547 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Contributions of Quisqualate and NMDA Receptors to the Induction and Expression of LTP
Müller, D., Joly, M., & LYNCH, G. S. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2904701 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
A persistent postsynaptic modification mediates long-term potentiation in the hippocampus
Kauer, J. A., Malenka, R. C., & Nicoll, R. A. (1988) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(88)90148-1 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Monaghan, D. T., Olverman, H. J., Nguyen, L., Watkins, J. C., & Cotman, C. W. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.24.9836 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Specific long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in hippocampal slices
Andersen, P. N., Sundberg, S. H., Sveen, O., & Wigström, H. (1977) · Nature · doi:10.1038/266736a0 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Pavlides, C., Greenstein, Y. J., Grudman, M., & Winson, J. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)91499-0 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Temporally distinct pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms maintain long-term potentiation
Davies, S. N., Lester, R. A. J., Reymann, K. G., & Collingridge, G. L. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/338500a0 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Associative long-term depression in the hippocampus induced by hebbian covariance
Stanton, P. K., & B, T. J. S. A. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/339215a0 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
An N-methylaspartate receptor-mediated synapse in rat cerebral cortex: a site of action of ketamine?
Thomson, A. M., West, D. C., & Lodge, D. (1985) · Nature · doi:10.1038/313479a0 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Tricklebank, M. D., Singh, L., Oles, R. J., Preston, C., & Iversen, S. D. (1989) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(89)90754-1 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Long-Term Synaptic Potentiation
Brown, T. H., Chapman, P. F., Kairiss, E. W., & Keenan, C. L. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2903551 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Conditioning-specific membrane changes of rabbit hippocampal neurons measured in vitro.
Disterhoft, J. F., Coulter, D. A., & Alkon, D. L. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.8.2733 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
McNaughton, B. L., Barnes, C. A., RAO, G. R., Baldwin, J., & Rasmussen, M. (1986) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.06-02-00563.1986 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
The location and function of NMDA receptors in cat and kitten visual cortex
Fox, K., Sato, H., & Daw, N. (1989) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.09-07-02443.1989 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Mediation of thalamic sensory input by both NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors
Salt, T. E. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/322263a0 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
McCabe, B. J., & Horn, G. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.8.2849 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Wigström, H., Gustafsson, B., Huang, Y.-Y., & Abraham, W. C. (1986) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1986.tb07822.x · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Associative long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices.
Barrionuevo, G., & Brown, T. H. (1983) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.80.23.7347 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Errington, M. L., Lynch, M. A., & Bliss, T. V. P. (1987) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(87)90019-4 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Role of excitatory amino acid receptors in mono- and polysynaptic excitation in the cat spinal cord
Davies, J., & Watkins, J. C. (1983) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00238587 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Tonkiss, J., Morris, R., & Rawlins, J. N. P. (1988) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00279671 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Cholinergic Hypothesis of Memory: A Review of Animal Experiments
Hagan, J. J., & Morris, R. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0933-8_7 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationAntagonism of NMDA receptors impairs acquisition but not retention of olfactory memory.
Staubli, U. V., Thibault, O., DiLorenzo, M., & LYNCH, G. S. (1989) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.103.1.54 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Coan, E. J., Saywood, W., & Collingridge, G. L. (1987) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(87)90505-2 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Abraham, W. C., & Mason, S. E. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90582-3 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Robinson, T. E. (1980) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(80)90004-1 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Behavioral effects of MK-801 mimic deficits associated with hippocampal damage
Robinson, G. S., Crooks, G. B., Shinkman, P. G., & Gallagher, M. (1989) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03337831 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Castro, C. A., Silbert, L. H., McNaughton, B. L., & Barnes, C. A. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/342545a0 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The effect of varying stimulus intensity on NMDA-receptor activity in cat visual cortex
Fox, K., Sato, H., & Daw, N. (1990) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1990.64.5.1413 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
NMDA receptor antagonists can enhance or impair learning performance in animals
Mondadori, C., Weiskrantz, L., Hr, B., Petschke, F., & Fagg, G. E. (1989) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00249896 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Selective Hippocampal Lesions and Behavior
Jarrard, L. E. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-8024-9_4 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Cahusac, P. (1984) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(84)90102-3 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Magleby, K. L., & Zengel, J. E. (1976) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011378 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Whishaw, I. Q., & Auer, R. N. (1989) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00441949 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Enhancement of hippocampal field potentials in rats exposed to a novel, complex environment
Sharp, P. E., McNaughton, B. L., & Barnes, C. A. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90105-2 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Effects of the NMDA antagonist 2AP5 on complex spike discharge by hippocampal pyramidal cells
Abraham, W. C., & Kairiss, E. W. (1988) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(88)90477-6 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Clineschmidt, B. V., Williams, M. J., Witoslawski, J. J., Bunting, P. R., Risley, E. A., & Totaro, J. A. (1982) · Drug Development Research · doi:10.1002/ddr.430020205 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Gilbert, M. E., & Mack, C. M. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90064-i · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Dependence of retinogeniculate transmission in cat on NMDA receptors
Sillito, A. M., Murphy, P., Salt, T. E., & Moody, C. I. (1990) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1990.63.2.347 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Morris, R., Halliwell, R. F., & Bowery, N. G. (1989) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(89)90089-4 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationMuscle relaxant action of excitatory amino acid antagonists
Turski, L., Schwarz, M., Turski, W. A., Klockgether, T., Sontag, K. ‐., & Collins, J. F. (1985) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(85)90558-0 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Comparative aspects of studies of amnesia
Weiskrantz, L. (1982) · Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1982.0075 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Onset Characteristics of Long‐Term Potentiation in the Guinea‐Pig Hippocampal CA1 Region in Vitro
Gustafsson, B., Asztély, F., Hanse, E., & Wigström, H. (1989) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1989.tb00803.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Leung, L.-W. S., & Desborough, K. A. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90538-0 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Byrne, W. L., Samuel, D., Bennett, E. L., Rosenzweig, M. R., Wasserman, E., Wagner, A. R., Gardner, F. T., Galambos, R., Berger, B. D., Margules, D. L., et al. (1966) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.153.3736.658 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Rate-Controlled Delivery Systems in Drug and Hormone Research
Urquhart, J., Fara, J. W., & Willis, K. L. (1984) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.24.040184.001215 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Effects of the NMDA antagonists CPP and MK-801 on delayed conditional discrimination
Tan, S.-E., Kirk, R. C., Abraham, W. C., & McNaughton, N. (1989) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00441959 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Butcher, S. P., Hamberger, A., & Morris, R. G. M. (1991) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00229829 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationWenk, G. L., Grey, C., Ingram, D. K., Spangler, E. L., & al, E. (1989) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.103.3.688 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mangham, I. L. (1975) · Industrial and Commercial Training · doi:10.1108/eb003495 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Learning: A step nearer a neural substrate
Goddard, G. V. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/319721a0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The essential role of hippocampal CA1 NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in spatial memory.
Tsien, J. Z., Huerta, P. T., & Tonegawa, S. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81827-9 · Cited by 1,782 · see citing works
Ketamine-Induced NMDA Receptor Hypofunction as a Model of Memory Impairment and Psychosis
Newcomer, J. W. (1999) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00067-0 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Davis, S., Butcher, S., & Morris, R. (1992) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-01-00021.1992 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Self-citationRodrigues, S. M., Bauer, E. P., Farb, C. R., Schafe, G. E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-12-05219.2002 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase does not impair spatial learning
Bannerman, D. M., Chapman, P., Kelly, P., Butcher, S., & Morris, R. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-12-07404.1994 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationTailoring therapeutic strategies for treating posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters
Norrholm, S., & Jovanovic, T. (2010) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s10951 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Liao, C., He, X. J., Wang, Z., Barron, A. B., Zhang, B., Zeng, Z., & Wu, X. (2018) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00244-018-0514-1 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Daisley, J. N., Gruß, M., Rose, S. P. R., & Braun, K. (1998) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/np.1998.53 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Rosenegger, D. G., & Lukowiak, K. D. (2010) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/1756-6606-3-24 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Chiang, A., & Xia, S. (2008) · Frontiers in neuroscience · doi:10.1201/9781420044157.ch10 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Qin, Q., Xu, H., Liu, H., ZHANG, S.-W., & Zeng, Z. (2014) · Turkish Journal of Entomology · doi:10.16970/ted.54867 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Matzel, L. D. (2002) · doi:10.1002/0471214426.pas0305 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Proteases and Neuronal Plasticity
Wright, J. W., & Harding, J. W. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-23101-3_10
Mistlberger, R. E. (2009) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.1162522.624063
- Authors
- MORRIS, R. G. M., DAVIS, S., & BUTCHER, S. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Venue
- Behavioural and Neural Aspects of Learning and Memory
- Publisher
- Oxford University PressOxford
- Published
- 1991-06-20
- Pages
- 89-106
- OpenAlex
- W4244379074
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2020: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.03
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- hippocampal synaptic plasticity, NMDA receptor, long-term potentiation, AP5, NMDA receptor antagonists, spatial learning, memory retrieval, learning disabilities, hippocampal lesions, glutamate receptors, information storage
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review