The effect of varying stimulus intensity on NMDA-receptor activity in cat visual cortex
Abstract
1. A study was made of the relative contribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors to the visual responses of cells in different layers of the cat visual cortex at different levels of excitatory drive (which was varied by altering the stimulus contrast). 2. Receptive fields were mapped for 121 cells in area 17 of cat cortex. Cells were characterized to determine the optimal visual stimulus, the brightness of which was then varied relative to background luminance to construct a contrast-response (C-R) curve for each cell. Curves were made during control conditions and during application of agonists (NMDA and quisqualate) and/or antagonists [(D)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV) and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX)] to examine the excitatory amino acid components of the visual response. 3. Threshold responses were obtained with stimuli between 1/60 and 1.8 X background luminance. The cell response, measured by firing rate, was linearly related to stimulus contrast over 1-2 decades and saturated at higher contrasts. 4. Application of APV reduced the slope of the linear portion of the C-R curve for cells located in layers II and III (average reduction, 59% of control). APV did not decrease the threshold to stimulation. The "just suprathreshold" responses to stimulation were reduced by the same proportion as the saturation responses for individual cells. The principal effect was therefore to reduce the gain of the C-R curve in these layers. 5. Application of APV reduced the spontaneous activity of cells located in layers IV, V, and VI with little if any effect on the gain of the C-R curve. This suggests a tonic background level of NMDA-receptor activation in these layers, which is not directly related to the visual response. 6. Low levels of NMDA increased the gain of the C-R curve in layers II/III and V/VI. On the other hand, low levels of quisqualate increased the overall level of firing without affecting the gain of the C-R curve. NMDA did not increase the gain of the curve in layer IV. 7. These experiments show that visual stimuli that produce just suprathreshold responses activate NMDA receptors. The degree of activation is proportionally the same for small responses and large responses for an individual cell. Rather than finding a threshold for NMDA-receptor activation, a continuous range of NMDA-receptor influence was observed over the entire response range.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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The decreased slope at low contrast and decreased plateau in patients closely resembles results seen after microinfusion of an NMDA antagonist into cat LGN and visual cortex.
“The decreased slope at low contrast and decreased plateau in patients closely resembles results seen after microinfusion of an NDMA antagonist into cat LGN and visual cortex (16,17) (Figure 3A and 3B), consistent with glutamatergic theories of schizophrenia (23–25).”
From Visual perception and its impairment in schizophrenia (2008) · cites this paper as [17]
The resemblance between patient contrast response curves and NMDA antagonist effects is consistent with glutamatergic theories of schizophrenia.
“The decreased slope at low contrast and decreased plateau in patients closely resembles results seen after microinfusion of an NDMA antagonist into cat LGN and visual cortex (16,17) (Figure 3A and 3B), consistent with glutamatergic theories of schizophrenia (23–25).”
From Visual perception and its impairment in schizophrenia (2008) · cites this paper as [17]
NMDA antagonists produce shallower gain at low contrast and a much lower plateau indicating decreased signal amplification.
“Indeed, NMDA antagonists produce shallower gain at low contrast and a much lower plateau indicating decreased signal amplification (16,17) (Figure 3A).”
From Visual perception and its impairment in schizophrenia (2008) · cites this paper as [17]
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Chapter 17 GABA mediated inhibitory processes in the function of the geniculo-striate system
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Cortisol reduces plasticity in the kitten visual cortex
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“Our finding that NMDARs amplify the activity of well-driven neurons whereas the influence of AMPARs tend to be additive is compatible with previous results in the cat visual cortex (Fox et al., 1990; Sato et al., 1999).”
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Regulation of NMDA Receptor mRNA During Visual Map Formation and After Receptor Blockade
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“Interestingly, studies on NMDA-receptor activity in cat visual cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus [84,85] have reported similar effects (i.”
ResultLearning-related changes in hippocampal field potentials
Moser, E. I. (1995) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(95)00051-8 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Esguerra, M., Kwon, Y. H., & Sur, M. (1992) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/s0952523800005642 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Measures for investigating the contextual modulation of information transmission
Smyth, D., Phillips, W., & Kay, J. (1996) · Network Computation in Neural Systems · doi:10.1088/0954-898x/7/2/011 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Calcagnotto, M. E., & Baraban, S. C. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01155.2004 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“This would parallel the “normal” brain, where it has been shown that glutamatergic synaptic excitation is mediated predominantly by NMDARs (Davies and Watkins 1983; Fleidervish et al. 1998; Fox et al. 1989, 1990).”
BackgroundThe Cortical Neuron as an Electrophysiological Unit
Gutnick, M. J., & Crill, W. E. (1995) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195083309.003.0003 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Beneficial Effects of the NMDA Antagonist Ketamine on Decision Processes in Visual Search
Shen, K., Kalwarowsky, S., Clarence, W., Brunamonti, E., & Paré, M. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6317-09.2010 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Ketamine has been shown to impair the responsiveness of a broad range of neurons, including those in early visual pathways, such as in the lateral geniculate nucleus (Kwon et al., 1992) and primary visual cortex (Fox et al., 1990).”
BackgroundKasamatsu, T., Imamura, K., Mataga, N., Hartveit, E., Heggelund, U., & Heggelund, P. (1997) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00222-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Hartveit, E., & Heggelund, P. (1992) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/s0952523800011317 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Functions of Local Circuits in Neocortex: Synchrony and Laminae
Connors, B. W., & Amitai, Y. (1995) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195083309.003.0009 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Kirson, E. D., & Yaari, Y. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-13-04844.2000 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“In adult mammalian central neurons, glutamatergic synaptic excitation mediated predominantly by NMDA receptors has been demonstrated previously in the cat spinal cord (Davies and Watkins, 1983) and visual cortex ( Fox et al., 1989, 1990 ) and in the mouse barrel cortex (Fleidervish et al., 1998).”
BackgroundProgress toward an understanding of cortical computation
Phillips, W. A., & Singer, W. (1997) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x97451609 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A Model for the Action of NMDA Conductances in the Visual Cortex
Fox, K. D., & Daw, N. W. (1992) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.1992.4.1.59 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The data to be modeled were obtained from contrast-response curves measured from cells in the visual cortex of the cat (Fox et al. 1990).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationShima, K., & Tanji, J. (1998) · The Japanese Journal of Physiology · doi:10.2170/jjphysiol.48.275 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Inhibitory Inputs to Hippocampal Interneurons Are Reorganized in Lis1 Mutant Mice
Jones, D. L., & Baraban, S. C. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00392.2009 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Drums Keep Pounding a Rhythm in the Brain
Stryker, M. P. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.291.5508.1506 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hohnke, C., Oray, S., & Sur, M. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-21-08051.2000 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
NMDA and non-NMDA receptors mediate taste afferent inputs to cortical taste neurons in rats
Otawa, S., Takagi, K., & Ogawa, H. (1995) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00231062 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Neurotransmission in the visual cortex and the somatosensory cortex is known to be mediated by both types of receptor (Armstrong-James et al. 1993; Fox et al. 1990; Hagihara et al. 1988; Miller et al. 1989; Tsumoto et al. 1987).”
SI Neuron Response Variability Is Stimulus Tuned and NMDA Receptor Dependent
Whitsel, B. L., Favorov, O. V., Delemos, K. A., Lee, C.-J., Tommerdahl, M., Essick, G. K., & Nakhle, B. M. (1999) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1999.81.6.2988 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lindquist, D. H., & Brown, T. H. (2004) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.118.1.36 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Schizophrenia: Putting context in context
Park, S., Lee, J., Folley, B. S., & Kim, J. (2003) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x03380021 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Handbook of neurochemistry and molecular neurobiology, schizophrenia
Lajtha, Á., Javitt, D. C., & Kantrowitz, J. T. (2009) · Digital Access to Libraries (Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Université de Namur (UNamur) and the Université Saint-Louis (USL-B)) · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30410-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Fukuda, M., Hata, Y., Ohshima, M., & Tsumoto, T. (1998) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/s0168-0102(98)00018-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Recent studies have suggested, however, that NMDA receptors also participate in the processing of visual information in the adult cortex (Miller et al., 1989; Shirokawa et al., 1989; Fox et al., 1990; see Daw et al., 1993 for review).”
BackgroundNMDA receptors in sensory information processing
Nelson, S. B., & Sur, M. (1992) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0959-4388(92)90184-m · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Why do schizophrenic patients hallucinate?
Roelfsema, P. R., & Supèr, H. (2003) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x03410029 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The proposal of the target article that contextual effects are mediated by NMDA-receptors would account for the multiplicative interaction between contextual and driving connections (Fox et al. 1990).”
Udin, S. B., Scherer, W. J., & Constantine‐Paton, M. (1992) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(92)90240-3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Inhibition in the Cortical Network
Benardo, L. S., & Wong, R. K. S. (1995) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195083309.003.0010 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fox, K., Sato, H., & Daw, N.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1990-11-01
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1413-1428
- ISSN
- 0022-3077 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1598
- OpenAlex
- W1248076745
- Cited by
- 185
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY000053, EY-00053)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS18070)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Keywords
- NMDA receptor, non-NMDA receptors, cat visual cortex, area 17, stimulus contrast, excitatory amino acids, D-APV, quisqualate, spontaneous activity, receptive fields, cortical layers, visual responses, excitatory drive, gain control, layer 4, layer V, layer 6, layer 2/3
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acids, Animals, Cats, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Hippocampus, Iontophoresis, Neurons, Photic Stimulation, Quinoxalines, Visual Cortex, 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Quisqualic Acid, Receptors, Neurotransmitter, Receptors, AMPA, 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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