Assessment of the longer-term effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods in hypercholesterolemia
Open accessAbstract
Background Cholesterol-lowering foods may be more effective when consumed as combinations rather than as single foods.Objectives Our aims were to determine the effectiveness of consuming a combination of cholesterol-lowering foods (dietary portfolio) under real-world conditions and to compare these results with published data from the same participants who had undergone 4-wk metabolic studies to compare the same dietary portfolio with the effects of a statin.Design For 12 mo, 66 hyperlipidemic participants were prescribed diets high in plant sterols (1.0 g/1000 kcal), soy protein (22.5 g/1000 kcal), viscous fibers (10 g/1000 kcal), and almonds (23 g/1000 kcal). Fifty-five participants completed the 1-y study. The 1-y data were also compared with published results on 29 of the participants who had also undergone separate 1-mo metabolic trials of a diet and a statin.Results At 3 mo and 1 y, mean (+/-SE) LDL-cholesterol reductions appeared stable at 14.0 +/- 1.6% (P < 0.001) and 12.8 +/- 2.0% (P < 0.001), respectively (n = 66). These reductions were less than those observed after the 1-mo metabolic diet and statin trials. Nevertheless, 31.8% of the participants (n = 21 of 66) had LDL-cholesterol reductions of >20% at 1 y (x +/- SE: -29.7 +/- 1.6%). The LDL-cholesterol reductions in this group were not significantly different from those seen after their respective metabolically controlled portfolio or statin treatments. A correlation was found between total dietary adherence and LDL-cholesterol change (r = -0.42, P < 0.001). Only 2 of the 26 participants with <55% compliance achieved LDL-cholesterol reductions >20% at 1 y.Conclusions More than 30% of motivated participants who ate the dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods under real-world conditions were able to lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations >20%, which was not significantly different from their response to a first-generation statin taken under metabolically controlled conditions.
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The LDL-C lowering effect of the Portfolio dietary pattern components was additive when combined as part of the dietary pattern.
“Controlled feeding trials of the portfolio dietary pattern demonstrated that each of the components had a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering effect of 5-10% [14][15][16][17][18] and that the effect was additive when combined as part of this dietary pattern.[8][9][10][11][12][13]”
From Portfolio Dietary Pattern and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Trials (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
Adherence has been directly associated with reductions in LDL-C in the available trials.
“Adherence has also been directly associated with reductions in LDL-C in the available trials 11,13”
From Portfolio Dietary Pattern and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Trials (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
The LDL-C lowering effect of 5-10% of each of the 4 core food components can be considered additive.
“These data provide confirmation that the LDL-C lowering effect of 5-10% [14][15][16][17][18] of each of the 4 core food components can be considered additive, [8][9][10][11][12][13]”
From Portfolio Dietary Pattern and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Trials (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
Reductions of 13-23% in LDL-C are maintained when the Portfolio Diet is extended to 12 months.
“Reductions of 13–23% are maintained when this diet was extended to 12 months (282,283).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [283]
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- Authors
- Jenkins, D. J., Kendall, C. W., Faulkner, D. A., Nguyen, T., Kemp, T., Marchie, A., Wong, J. M., de Souza, R., Emam, A., Vidgen, E., Trautwein, E. A., Lapsley, K. G., Holmes, C., Josse, R. G., Leiter, L. A., Connelly, P. W., & Singer, W.
- Affiliations
- St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Kendall, Cyril WC
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-03
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 582-591
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2182342318
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 18.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Natural Products and Biological Research
- Keywords
- hypercholesterolemia, LDL cholesterol lowering, phytosterols, soy protein, almond, dietary adherence, statin comparison, long-term dietary intervention, hyperlipidemia
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anticholesteremic Agents, Cholesterol, Dietary, Combined Modality Therapy, Dietary Fiber, Female, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Compliance, Phytosterols, Treatment Outcome, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Prunus, Soybean Proteins
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