Plant Protein and Animal Proteins: Do They Differentially Affect Cardiovascular Disease Risk?
Open accessAbstract
Proteins from plant-based compared with animal-based food sources may have different effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Numerous epidemiologic and intervention studies have evaluated their respective health benefits; however, it is difficult to isolate the role of plant or animal protein on CVD risk. This review evaluates the current evidence from observational and intervention studies, focusing on the specific protein-providing foods and populations studied. Dietary protein is derived from many food sources, and each provides a different composite of nonprotein compounds that can also affect CVD risk factors. Increasing the consumption of protein-rich foods also typically results in lower intakes of other nutrients, which may simultaneously influence outcomes. Given these complexities, blanket statements about plant or animal protein may be too general, and greater consideration of the specific protein food sources and the background diet is required. The potential mechanisms responsible for any specific effects of plant and animal protein are similarly multifaceted and include the amino acid content of particular foods, contributions from other nonprotein compounds provided concomitantly by the whole food, and interactions with the gut microbiome. Evidence to date is inconclusive, and additional studies are needed to further advance our understanding of the complexity of plant protein vs. animal protein comparisons. Nonetheless, current evidence supports the idea that CVD risk can be reduced by a dietary pattern that provides more plant sources of protein compared with the typical American diet and also includes animal-based protein foods that are unprocessed and low in saturated fat.
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Animal and plant proteins differ in amino acid composition, and choosing one protein source over another also changes intake of other macronutrients, micronutrients, and polyphenols, which could produce different health effects.
“Furthermore, among protein sources, proteins originating from animal and plant sources have different amino acid combinations, 11 and the choices of dietary protein source also necessarily influence other macronutrients, micronutrients, and polyphenols in the diet, 12 potentially leading to differential health effects.”
From Association of Animal and Plant Protein Intake With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in a Japanese Cohort (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Vegetable protein is linked to a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease.
“Instead, vegetable protein has been linked to a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease [88].”
From A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis (2022) · cites this paper as [88]
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- Authors
- Richter, C. K., Skulas-Ray, A. C., Champagne, C. M., & Kris-Etherton, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Richter, Chesney K
- Venue
- Advances in Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-11
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 712-728
- ISSN
- 2156-5376 (ISSN-L)
- 2161-8313
- PMC
- PMC4642426
- OpenAlex
- W2174050008
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Advances in Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Almond Board of California
- California Walnut Commission
- National Cattlemen's Beef Association
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- plant proteins, animal protein, cardiovascular risk, dietary protein, amino acids, gut microbiota, dietary habits, saturated fat, cardiovascular risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adult, Aged, Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diet, Dietary Proteins, Female, Food, Fruit, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Plant Proteins, Risk Factors, Vegetables
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