γ-Tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention
Open accessAbstract
gamma-tocopherol is the major form of vitamin E in many plant seeds and in the US diet, but has drawn little attention compared with alpha-tocopherol, the predominant form of vitamin E in tissues and the primary form in supplements. However, recent studies indicate that gamma-tocopherol may be important to human health and that it possesses unique features that distinguish it from alpha-tocopherol. gamma-Tocopherol appears to be a more effective trap for lipophilic electrophiles than is alpha-tocopherol. gamma-Tocopherol is well absorbed and accumulates to a significant degree in some human tissues; it is metabolized, however, largely to 2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman (gamma-CEHC), which is mainly excreted in the urine. gamma-CEHC, but not the corresponding metabolite derived from alpha-tocopherol, has natriuretic activity that may be of physiologic importance. Both gamma-tocopherol and gamma-CEHC, but not alpha-tocopherol, inhibit cyclooxygenase activity and, thus, possess antiinflammatory properties. Some human and animal studies indicate that plasma concentrations of gamma-tocopherol are inversely associated with the incidence of cardiovascular disease and prostate cancer. These distinguishing features of gamma-tocopherol and its metabolite suggest that gamma-tocopherol may contribute significantly to human health in ways not recognized previously. This possibility should be further evaluated, especially considering that high doses of alpha-tocopherol deplete plasma and tissue gamma-tocopherol, in contrast with supplementation with gamma-tocopherol, which increases both. We review current information on the bioavailability, metabolism, chemistry, and nonantioxidant activities of gamma-tocopherol and epidemiologic data concerning the relation between gamma-tocopherol and cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Levels of gamma tocopherol are inversely associated with cardiovascular disease risk in humans.
“Levels of gamma tocopherol are inversely associated with cardiovascular disease risk in humans [47].”
From Novel Insights on Intake of Fish and Prevention of Sarcopenia: All Reasons for an Adequate Consumption (2020) · cites this paper as [47]
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Ravaglia, G., Forti, P., Lucicesare, A., Pisacane, N., Rietti, E., Mangialasche, F., Cecchetti, R., Patterson, C., & Mecocci, P. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1306 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Rondanelli, M., Rigon, C., Perna, S., Gasparri, C., Iannello, G., Akber, R., Alalwan, T. A., & Freije, A. M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020307 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Safety Assessment of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols as Used in Cosmetics
Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Toxicology · doi:10.1177/1091581818794455 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) as a marine functional source of gamma-tocopherol
Menoyo, D., Sanz-Bayón, C., Nessa, A., Esatbeyoglu, T., Faizan, M., Pallauf, K., De Diego, N., Wagner, A., Ipharraguerre, I., Stubhaug, I., et al. (2014) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md12125944 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Gamma tocopherol (gT) occurs at high concentrations in plant-derived oils including soya- and rapeseed oil [9,10].”
Background
- Authors
- Jiang, Q., Christen, S., Shigenaga, M. K., & Ames, B. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Bern (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Ames, Bruce N
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 714-722
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2097481089
- Cited by
- 776
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 4.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Edible Oils Quality and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- gamma-tocopherol, vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol, tocopherol metabolism, natriuretic activity, cyclooxygenase inhibition, anti-inflammatory activity, cardiovascular disease, prostate cancer
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Antioxidants, Biological Availability, Cardiovascular Diseases, Chromans, Humans, Intestinal Absorption, Neoplasms, Nutritive Value, Propionates, Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases, Vitamin E Deficiency, alpha-Tocopherol, gamma-Tocopherol
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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